Kune akatiwandei eMagetsi pasi pano, ayo vanhu, sezvavanofambira mberi mukuziva matekinoroji matsva ekushandisa kwavo, vakakwanisa kutora mukana iwo. Parizvino Main Sources eMagetsi anoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi kunyanya. Aya masimba anoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa nevanhu kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana. Dzidza nezveMain Sources eMagetsi aripo.
Zvitubu zvesimba
Simba guru uye guru rinowanikwa kuNyika rinogadzirwa neZuva.Nyeredzi iyi ndiyo inotanga kubuda kwemvura pamusoro pemvura, kuvhenekera kwemaawa ezuva uye kupisa kwepasi, kuumbwa kwezviedza zvekuchamhembe , ndicho chikonzero chekuchinja kwemakemikari mumiti yekugadzirwa kweokisijeni uye shuga yekudya kwezvirimwa uye zvipenyu zvinogona kufema. Saizvozvowo, ijenareta isina kunanga yemamwe masosi emagetsi senge mafuta efosi, semafuta nemarasha akaumbwa kubva mukushandurwa kwesimba remhuka nemiriwo anoramba ari pamusoro pemamiriyoni emakore.
Maererano nemutemo wepasi rose wekuchengetedza simba, simba harina kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, rinoshandurwa. Nekuda kweizvi, kana simba richidikanwa, rinofanirwa kuwanikwa kubva kune mumwe muviri kana chinhu icho chakachengetwa kana kuchengetwa uye chinogona kushandurwa. Mitumbi kana zvinhu izvi zvinodaidzwa kuti Energy Sources. Zvinoenderana nezviri pamusoro apa, chero yakasikwa kana yekugadzira sisitimu iyo simba rayo rinogona kushandurwa nayo inonzi Chitubu cheMagetsi.
Huwandu hunoshandiswa hwesimba kubva kune idzi ndihwo hunonzi simba rekushandisa. PaNyika, zviwanikwa zvesimba zvinowanikwa muhuwandu hukuru, chimwe chezvipingamupinyi izvo vanhu vanofanirwa kugadzirisa kuraswa uye kushandurwa kwavo nenzira ine musoro, kudzivirira kushandiswa kwavo zvakanyanya.
Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa Energy Sources ndeaya anotarisisa huwandu hukuru hwesimba (yakawanda yakawanda yesimba pachikamu cheuniti). Aya masosi emagetsi akanyanya marasha, oiri, gasi rechisikigo, pakati pezvimwe. Kusiyana neMagetsi aya, kune mamwe mitumbi anoburitsa simba rakapararira nekuti rinonyanya kunetsa kuwana uye kuisa pfungwa, senge simba rezuva uye simba remhepo.
Nekushandiswa kweiyo irimo Energy Sources, kungwarira kunofanirwa kutorwa kuti kunze kwekubvisa simba ririmo, zvinhu zvakasvibiswa netsvina zvinobviswa, nzvimbo yedhipoziti panowanikwa Energy Source, kuoma uye nyore kwesimba rekubvisa, tekinoroji kufambira mberi, zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvakananga kana mamiriro ekudyara kwekutorwa kwesimba uye nekudaro mutengo wekushandisa.
Kuomerwa kwekushandiswa kwesimba rakapararira hakusi kubviswa kwesimba iri asi kuisa kwayo, kuchengetedza uye shanduko. Misiyano inokanganisa mutengo wehupfumi wekunakidzwa nekupararira kwesimba iro rakaiswa kubva kuMagetsi Source semhepo, solar, tidal, hydraulic nezvimwe.
Rimwe nerimwe remasimba aya rakakosha. Nekudaro, zvichipihwa kushandiswa kwayo, imwe neimwe yezvinyorwa inogona kana kusatsiviwa kune imwe neimwe. Sezvazviri, kuwana simba rekugadzira magetsi. Kugadzira magetsi, anogona kuwanikwa kubva kumarasha, oiri, gasi chairo, mvura, kana uranium uye mamwe manyuko esimba. Kune rumwe rutivi, nokuda kweprojekti yesimbi, uranium haigoni kutsiva marasha. Saizvozvowo, mafuta anobva mupetroleum anotorwa separafini, peturu, haagone kutsiviwa nemarasha, huni uye uranium.
Kurongwa
Iwo akasiyana Masimba Masimba anogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana neakasiyana maficha: iwo anogona kudzokororwa kana asingadzokerikezve, zvichienderana nekuitika kwavo uye zvinoenderana nehupfumi hwavo munyika. Masimba eMagetsi asingapere anonzi Renewable Energy Sources. Kana kuvepo kwakaganhurirwa mumasikirwo, anonzi Non-Renewable Energy Sources. Zvinoenderana nezviitiko zvavo, ivo vanorongedzerwa se: Mamiriro Emagetsi Emagetsi uye Non-Conventional Energy Sources uye maererano nekushandiswa kwavo, Masimba Masimba ndeaya: Primary kana Sekondari.
- Renewable Energy Sources. Maererano nokuwanika kwaro uye kugona kwaro, hariperi nokuti pasi rinorigamuchira nguva dzose kubva mumwaranzi yemwaranzi yezuva uyewo nekuita kwesimba rinokwevera repasi nemamwe mapuraneti ari muchadenga. Renewable Energy Sources ndeiyi: Solar, Mhepo, Hydraulic, Tidal uye Biomass Energy.
- Masimba Asingadzokeri Anogona Kudzorerwa. Kuwanikwa kwavo mumasikirwo kunorambidzwa, nokuti kuvandudzwa kwavo kwenguva refu, nekuda kweizvi vanogona kupera kana vakashandiswa pasina kutonga. Ikozvino kudiwa kwesimba munyika kuri kupihwa nerudzi urwu rwesimba, semarasha, gasi rechisikigo, mafuta uye uranium.
- Conventional Energy Sources, inodaidzwa nenzira iyi izvo zvitubu zvesimba zvinokanganisa kupa kwesimba renyika dzakabudirira, pano unogona kudoma iwo masosi emagetsi anonyanya kushandiswa mumagariro nehupfumi mapurojekiti, akadai se: nyukireya, gasi rechisikigo, hydraulic simba, marasha, mafuta. .
- Non-Conventional Energy Sources. Aya Masimba Masimba ari kubatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo tekinoroji inoshanduka, inonziwo masimba matsva. Sezvo ichiri muchikamu chekuyedza, kushandiswa kwayo hakusati kwawedzerwa uye haina kukanganisa kudiwa kwesimba renyika. Semuenzaniso, solar, mhepo, biomass uye tidal simba.
- Primary Energy Sources. Zvitubu zvekutanga zvinobva kune zvakasikwa, zvakaita semarasha, oiri, gasi rechisikigo, uye mamwe manyuko. Iri tsime resimba isimba rakachengetwa.
- Secondary Power Source. Iwo anonziwo anobatsira kana ekupedzisira masimba, uye anowanikwa kubva mukuita kwehunyanzvi hwekutanga simba, zvichikonzera magetsi kana mafuta, gasi rechisikigo kana mamwe echipiri masimba.
simba re hydraulic
Tsime reHydraulic Energy iZuva, izvi imhaka yekuti simba rekupisa rezuva, kana tembiricha yawedzera, inoburitsa mvura yemakungwa nemakungwa, inobatsira kuumbwa kwemakore, mumakore mhepo inopisa yakasimuka kubva gungwa rinonyungudutsa madonhwe emvura anoriumba uye rinoshandurwa kuva mvura inonaya ichidzokera kunyika nemakungwa, nenzira iyi kutenderera kwemvura uye naizvozvo kwemvura kunozadzikiswa zvakare.
Simba reHydraulic rinogadzirwa nemapopoma emvura mumadhamu ayo nesimba rawo anofambisa akatevedzana maturbine anobatsira kugadzira magetsi. Madhamu akaomesesa hydraulic engineering zvimiro zvinotsvaga kudhamu yakawanda yemvura kubva munzizi zvisirizvo. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuvhara mupini wemvura mumupata uchishandisa dike kana dhamu rinobvumira kuchengetedza kuyerera kwemvura kubva murwizi. Mvura yakachengetwa inoshandiswa kudiridza minda yekurima, kupa mvura yekunwa uyezve kugadzira magetsi munzvimbo inogadzirwa nemagetsi.
Kuvakwa kweaya mahydraulic complexes nemadhamu ane chinangwa chekugadzira simba remagetsi. Nyika dzine nzizi dzakawanda dzine kuyerera kwemvura zhinji, dzine simba remagetsi emvura uye dzinogadzira chikamu chikuru chemagetsi munyika dzadzo mumagetsi emagetsi nekuda kwemabhenefiti adzo ekuva chisikwa chinovandudzwa uye chisingaperi chinovandudzwa cyclic muzvisikwa, zvakasara. inogona kushandiswa kune mamwe mapurojekiti evanhu.
Nekudaro, simba re hydraulic rine zvimwe zvakaipira nekuti isimba rekuti kugara kwayo hakubvi pamatekinoroji akagadzirwa nemunhu asi pane zvisingafungidzirwe zvakatipoteredza zvakaita sekunaya kwemvura uye, nekudaro, makore ane yakawanda kana kushoma kunaya kwemvura anoigadzirisa neizvi zvakatipoteredza. .
Izvi zvinomera zvemagetsi zvinogara zvichivakwa munzvimbo dziri kure nemataundi kana kunogara vanhu, nekuda kweizvi simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa rinofanira kutamiswa kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi anodhura. Saizvozvo, chimwe chinokanganisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza ndiko kuvakwa kweiyo hydraulic complexes (iyo reservoir uye hydraulic power plant), uko kunokanganiswa nzira dzenzizi, kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu uye zvinomera zvenzvimbo yakakanganiswa, kukoromoka, ivhu. kurasikirwa , kurasikirwa kwemabasa pakupera kwemapurojekiti nezvimwe.
Pamusoro pezvisizvo izvi, zvinotevera zvinowedzerwa: mutengo wakakura wekudyara pakuvakwa kweaya ma hydraulic complexes, kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo yakanaka yekuvavaka, saka izvi zvinoita kuti zvisakwanise kuwedzera mapurojekiti kutora mukana werudzi urwu rweMagetsi. Kwakabva. Pasinei neizvi, simba re hydraulic rinoramba richinyanya kushandiswa kweRenewable Energy Sources kugadzira magetsi.
Shandisa Solar Energy
Chitubu chikuru chesimba pasi pano izuva, simba iri rinouya muchimiro chemwaranzi yemagetsi inogadzirwa nezuva, iyo inogadzirwa kubva mukusanganiswa kwenyukireya. Muzuva, kuita kwekusanganiswa kunoitika nguva dzese pakati pemaatomu ehydrogen uye kuburitsa maatomu ehelium, mukuita uku huwandu hwesimba rezuva hunoburitswa. Iri simba rezuva rinosunungurwa, chikamu chiduku chete chinosvika pasi, uye chimwe chikamu chesimba chinoratidzwa munzvimbo yekunze, nokuti mhepo yepasi inodzivisa kupinda kwayo kuNyika.
Iri simba rezuva rinosvika pasi penyika kuburikidza nenzira mbiri, dzive idzi: Kuburikidza nemwaranzi yakananga kubata zvinhu uye kuvhenekera ivo kuburikidza nezuva. Zvakare kuburikidza nemwaranzi yakapararira, ndiko kuti, kuratidzwa kwemwaranzi yezuva iyo inotorwa nemhepo yePasi uye huruva yemuchadenga. Yakananga mwaranzi inogona kushandiswa zvakananga uye pachinzvimbo chechipiri, ndiko kuti, kupararira kwemwaranzi kunoshandiswa muchikamu nenzira ye photovoltaic masero uye flat collectors.
Zvakanakira zveSolar Energy Source zvakati wandei, pakati peizvi ndezvekuti isingaperi Simba Sosi uye kuti haigone kusvibiswa. Inogona kushandiswa nekukurumidza sezvo isingagone kuchengetwa, mamwe mabhenefiti ndeaya:
- Kuti utore mukana wesimba rezuva, mapurojekiti einjiniya yenyukireya akagadzirwa nechinangwa chekugadzira maitiro anobatsira ekusimbisa.Tembiricha dzinosvika 3.000 °C dzinogona kuwanikwa kubva kusimba iri, iro kana rangowanikwa rinogona kutanga thermodynamic cycles nemhedzisiro. .
- Inogona kushandiswa nekukurumidza nekuti haigone kuchengetwa, saka inofanirwa kushandurwa kuita kupisa simba, magetsi uye biomass.
- Kuti ushandise zvakanaka iyi Solar Energy Source, inofanirwa kuitwa kuburikidza nemahombe-hombe ekuunganidza masisitimu uye chikamu chezvikamu zvayo uye zvikamu zvemutengo wehupfumi.
- Iyo inopindirana uye isina kurongeka Energy Source.
Kunyangwe iyo Solar Energy Source iri yemahara sosi, nekuda kweiyo tekinoroji iripo, kushandiswa kwayo kunodhura uye ichiri muchikamu chekutarisa uye chekuyedza. Iyo tekinoroji mapurojekiti ekushandisa mukana weiyi Energy Source anoitwa nenzira mbiri: kuburikidza nekupisa uye photovoltaic simba.
- Kuburikidza negwara rinopisa, simba rinosvika pasi kubva kuzuva rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekupisa, pamhando dzakasiyana dzekushisa, pasi, pakati nepamusoro.
- Thermal nzira inoshandurwa pakupisa kwakaderera. Iri simba rinoshandiswa kuishandisa sekudziya kwedzimba, kudziyisa kwenzvimbo dzekutengesa, kune zvinopisa mvura mumadziva ekutuhwina uye nzvimbo dzekubatsira. Kuti ukwanise kurasa simba rezuva nenzira iyi, iwe unofanirwa kuve neakawanda akafuratira anotora anogona kutora mwaranzi yezuva uye wozoaendesa nenzira yekupisa, kuitira kutsigira kudziyisa system. Kupisa kwavanoshandisa simba rezuva kunosvika 35 kusvika 90 °C, kuSpain ndiyo nzira huru yekutora simba rekupisa kubva kuzuva.
- Thermal pathway inoshandurwa pane tembiricha yepakati. Tembiricha painobatwa simba rekupisa iri kubva pa90 ° C kusvika 200 ° C. Kuti utore simba rekupisa pane tembiricha iri pakati nepakati, zvishandiso zvakaita semagetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi zvinoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana: NekuCylindrical- parabolic, izvi zvinobvumira tora simba rezuva uye utore nenzira yekupisa kune acethermic fluid. Pamwe chete neHeliostat, yakavakwa nemirazi inogadziriswa kuitira kuti mwaranzi inosvika ionekwe muchidimbu chitsvuku. Inoshandiswa muzvivakwa zveindasitiri.
- Thermal nzira yakashandurwa kuita tembiricha yepamusoro. Iyi shanduko inoitwa ne thermoelectric plant. Inoitwa pane tembiricha inosvika kupfuura 400 ° C. Iyi mhando yekuisa inoumbwa nenzvimbo hombe yeheliostats inotsigirwa neakasiyana tsigiro anobvumira mwenje wezuva kuti uratidzike uye izvi zvinobvumira kuti inakirwe munzvimbo diki yekugamuchira.
Iyi poindi yekugamuchira inofambisa mwaranzi yezuva sesimba rekupisa kumvura (mvura, mhepo, simbi dzemvura), uye inotenderera kuburikidza neyekutanga dunhu. Zvino inoshandurwa kuita mhute yemvura kuti ipfuure nepakati pejenareta rehutsi uye kutenderera nepakati yechipiri dunhu, izvi zvinotyaira akati wandei maturbine nemaalternator uye zvinogadzira simba remagetsi. Kuiswa uku kune goho re20%.
Photovoltaic shanduko. Iyi mhando ye photovoltaic solar energy shanduko system inoumbwa neseti ye solar kana photovoltaic masero akaiswa mumapanera ane basa rekushandura simba rezuva kuita simba remagetsi. Simba rinotakurwa nechiedza chezuva rinosvika muchimiro cherukova rwemafotoni.
Kana mafotoni aya arova zvimwe zvinhu uye mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoburitsa magetsi. Izvi ndizvo zvinozivikanwa se photovoltaic effect. Aya mafotovoltaic kana masero ezuva akatevedzana ezvidiki zvakagadzirwa ne semiconductor crystalline zvinhu, zvichibva pasilicon-germanium (Si-Ge). Pakusangana nesimba iri, maphoton anokonzera kufamba kwemaerekitironi muchikamu chemukati mesero uye mutsauko ungangoitika kumagumo ayo unoushandura kuita mugadziri diki wemagetsi.
Kukanganisa kwehupfumi hwemhando iyi yemidziyo inodhura zvikuru uye kushanda kwayo kwakaderera zvikuru. Midziyo iyi yakagadzirwa panguva imwe chete nemapurojekiti ekuvaka emasatelliti ekugadzira. Muchidimbu, nekuda kwemaitiro avo ekushanda, huremu hwakaderera uye kuderera kwekugadzirisa zvinodiwa, masisitimu aya akagadzirwa kuti asangane nezvinodiwa zvesimba zvema satellite.
Simba remhepo
Mhepo ndiyo Wind Energy Source, iyi ndiyo imwe yekutanga Energy Sources yakagadziridzwa nevanhu, kuvaka mhepo uye ngarava dzekufamba dzakavabvumira kushandisa iyi Energy Source. Parizvino, masisitimu akagadzirwa uye akavakwa ayo anobatsira kubva kune kinetic simba remhepo uye anoishandura kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza nemhepo turbines.
Zvakanakira uye kuipa kweiyi Wind Power Source ndeaya anotevera: Chitubu chayo chikuru chesimba izuva, iro risingaperi, risingasvibiswe, zvisikwa. Pamusoro pazvo, kana yangoiswa kuti ichengetedze, inenge yakasununguka. Izvo zvisingabatsiri ndezvekuti isimba rakapararira, kwete nguva dzose uye simba rayo rinoshanduka. Midziyo yekutora simba remhepo, inonyanya kushandiswa munzvimbo idzo mhepo inosvika nekusimba kukuru uye inoenderera ndeiyi:
- Magadzirirwo ayo anobvumira kusimudza mwero wemvura, nekuda kweizvi vanoshandisa mavhiri ane mashizha matanhatu kusvika gumi nemashanu, pombi iyi iri pakati pe500 kusvika 600 litres paawa, ese ari maviri akawandisa kuti avhare zvinodiwa zvezvirongwa zvidiki zvekurima.
- Iyi sisitimu inosanganisira kuisirwa shongwe, iyo rotor ine mablades akati wandei akateedzana achitevera kutungamira kwemhepo anoiswa pamusoro. Iyo rotor inoshanda pamwe chete nejenereta inobvumira kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi.
- Isolated wind turbines. Aya ma turbines emhepo akaiswa munzvimbo dziri kure uko iyo yakajairika network network isingasviki. Izvi zvinogona kugadzira masimba e10 kusvika ku100 Kw.
- mhepo zvinomera. Iwo akavakwa ane majenareta akati wandei anosvika simba rinosvika 100 kusvika 600 Kw.
Midziyo yekutora simba remhepo inogara ichiongororwa sezvo ichiri muchikamu chekuyedza. Kuti tive nehunyanzvi mukubata rudzi urwu rwesimba, mhando dzemagetsi ekugadzira magetsi emagetsi akagadzirwa ari madiki muhukuru, akasimba uye ari nyore kuchengetedza, pamwe nehupfumi mukuvaka, nechinangwa chekudzikisa nharaunda. Kukanganisa, zvakaipa zvinogadzirwa nemagetsi emhepo.
biomass simba
Iri rudzi rwebiomass simba rinowanikwa kubva kuEnergy Sources kubva kune organic komisheni panguva yechisikigo maitiro. Simba rinowanikwa kuburikidza neiyi Energy Source rinowanikwa nekuwana:
- Kubva pane chimwe chirimwa chemhando yemiti, kubva kwairi kuwanikwa kunogona kuwanikwa uye kushandura iyo biomass inokohwewa.
- Kuti uwane rudzi urwu rwesimba, masango, epamba uye ekurima masara anoshandiswa uye obva ashandurwa kuita huni kana kusara biomass.
- Kutora mukana wekuumbwa kwemakemikari ezvimwe zvipenyu zvezvirimwa uye kushandura biomass yavo kuita huni zvingave zvichibva pamethanol kana ethanol.
Iyi biomass inokohwewa inoshandiswa kugadzira kupisa kuburikidza nekupisa. Kuti azadzise chinangwa ichi, zvinomera zvine hunde hwemakwenzi uye huni zvinosarudzwa, zvinosarudzwa uye zvinounganidzwa munzvimbo yazvo kana yemusango uye muzvirimwa zvakasimwa zvemhando iyi yemapurojekiti eagroenergy. Mapurojekiti ane zvirimwa zvekurima kuti awane simba rebiomass ari muchikamu chekuyedza. Aya mapurojekiti ari kuvandudzwa kuti ape mune ramangwana, iyi Yakakohwa Biomass Tsime reMagetsi seMusi Mukuru Wesimba munzanga yeramangwana.
Aya mapurojekiti asara ebiomass, ipurojekiti umo mune tarisiro huru maererano nemukana wekupa simba. Residual biomass inowanikwa kubva kune zvakasara zvinogadzirwa mumasango, zvekurima uye zvipfuyo zvirongwa, pamwe neizvo zvinogadzirwa mumaguta kubva kune dzakasimba masara uye mvura yakasara musimboti.
Zvisinei, zvinotarisirwa zvinogumira nekusagadzikana kwekusvibiswa kunogadzirwa nekuwana kubviswa kwemarara aya uye kusvika nhasi, kakawanda kugadzirwa kwesimba kubva mumarara kuduku kudarika kusvibiswa kunogadzirwa. Ndokusaka, kusvika zvino, rudzi urwu rwebiomass kugadzira simba rinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzazvinogadzirwa, senge mapurazi ezvekurima, zvidyarwa zvesuweji zvemadhorobha, masango kana mapurojekiti emasango, sezvo zvichivabvumidza kuwana simba uye kuderera mutengo. nekusabatanidzwa kwemarara.
Imwezve inopa simba rebiomass kubva kumafuta emvura anopihwa nemafuta emuriwo.Chinangwa chekugadzira rudzi urwu rwesimba ndechekupa mafuta egasi mumotokari dzine injini dzedhiziri, pamwe nebioethanol inowanikwa nekuviriswa kwebiomass uye kupa peturu mumotokari. vane injini dzinomhanya parudzi urwu rwemafuta. Chinangwa ndechekuti ma biofuel aya anogona kushandiswa mukupisa kwemukati kungave, mukudzvanya kupisa uye kupisa kwe spark, rudzi urwu rwema biofuels ishanduko kubva mukushandiswa kwemafuta efossil uye anogona kuve mafuta kubva kubiomass.
Geothermal simba
Geothermal Energy Source inobva kusimba rinowanikwa pasi pevhu uye rinochengetwa muchimiro chekupisa, iro rakanyanya kubva mukuparara kwepasi rinoita radioactive components. Kupisa kunopararira mukati menyika uye kunobuda nepamusoro penyika. Dai simba iri raigona kushandiswa, raizopa simba rinodiwa munyika, asi iri geothermal simba isimba rinopararira rakaoma kushandisa.
Simba iri harina kufanana kwese kwese pasi, asi rinosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti magma homwe kubva kumatunhu akadzika anoenda kumatunhu ane yakaderera kudzvanywa. Sezvo matombo anofamba, anonyunguduka uye anobudisa huwandu hukuru hwemagasi anobuda mumitswe nemitswe yepasi kuburikidza nekuputika kwegomo rinoputika, magasi anopisa anobuda mufumaroles uye solfataras, mhute yemvura inofashaira kubva mumagiza uye maburi ekupisa. mvura yakaita sezvitubu zvinopisa, uye shoma shoma dzinoshandiswa.
Iyi Geothermal Energy Source yakashandiswa nemunhu kubvira kare. Parizvino mapurojekiti ari kuitwa kuti ashandise zvakanyanya simba remhando iyi iyo nyika inochengeta muchimiro chesimba rinopisa uye iro mune zvimwe zviitiko rinorasika. Mune mamwe matunhu epasi, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vakabatsirwa nekugona kushandisa rudzi urwu rwesimba regeothermal sosi, seIceland neLanderello muItaly. Kushandiswa kwegeothermal simba kunogona kuwanikwa pakupisa kwakasiyana.
- Low tembiricha geothermal simba. Pakutonhora kwakadzika, zvinokwanisika kutora mukana wekupisa kunokwira kusvika kune tembiricha iri pasi pe100 ° C uye kuishandisa nenzira dzakasiyana: kuishandisa mudzimba uye muhutsanana mvura inopisa, mukupisa, madziva ekutuhwina, dryer, greenhouses uye mudzimba. zvimwe zvinoshandiswa.. Zvisinei, kushandiswa uku kune mutsara wezvipingamupinyi zvekufunga, uye izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekushisa kwakadzika uko simba iri rinoshandiswa, saka nzvimbo yekushandiswa uye dhipoziti inofanira kuva pedyo kana zvakare, inofanira kushandiswa mukupisa kwakananga kushandiswa.
- Geothermal simba pane yepakati uye yakakwirira tembiricha. Kuti utore mukana weiyi geothermal simba sosi iyo yakanamirwa mune yepasi lithosphere, kushandiswa kwepakati geothermal fluid senge ammonium kana freon inodiwa, kuitira kuti iite semotokari inobvumira geothermal simba kutamiswa. Kana simba richinge ratorwa nekuunzwa pamusoro, rinofanirwa kupfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvekukwanisa kurishandisa.
Maji emagetsi egeothermal anowanikwa aine tembiricha iri pamusoro pe150°C anoshandiswa zvakananga kugadzira magetsi, kuburikidza nematenderedzwa akasiyana. Rudzi urwu rwesimba rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri kana tembiricha yegeothermal fluid iri pakati pe100°C ne150°C.
Iri rudzi rweEnergy Source parizvino riri kudzidzwa, nechinangwa chekuita mapurojekiti ekushandurwa kuri nani kwerudzi urwu rwesimba pane tembiricha yakaderera, iyo inobvumira kushoma kwekudyara uye kushomeka kwekutsvaga kuchera, kuderedza njodzi. .
Simba remvura yegungwa
Mafungu ndiwo mhedzisiro yesimba rinokwevera resimba rinoitwa neZuva neMwedzi paNyika, uye simba remvura isimba rinogadzirwa nemafungu egungwa. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, misiyano yehuwandu hwemafungu inowanzosvika mamita akati wandei pakureba, ayo akasiyana pakati pemvura yakadzika uye yakakwira, ndiko kuti, kuderera kwemvura uye kukwira kwemvura.
Iyo Tidal Power Source inogona kuwanikwa padanho remaindasitiri munzvimbo idzo dzemahombekombe umo mamwe mamiriro ekunze uye emugungwa anocherechedzwa umo mutsauko mukusaenzana pakati pemasaisai uri wehukuru zvekuti unogona kuenzaniswa nehukuru hwegwenya remagetsi emvura. yehurefu hwakaderera hwemapopoma, uye nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemvura.
Dzimwe nguva masaisai anogona kupfuura nepadiki diki, kuburikidza nemadhiki, inyaya yekuregedza mafambiro emvura achipinda nemo uye kuita kuti mvura ipfuure nepaturbine kana masaisai adzika. Mumatanho aya ndimo umo kuwanda kwesimba remvura kunobva kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi emvura. Kuwana iyi mhando yeTidal Power Source kwakaoma kubata uye nekuda kweizvi, tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa kuwana iyi mhando yesimba ichiri muchikamu chekuyedza.
Simba rinowanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwealternator inobvumira hurongwa hunoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi, zvichibatsira kushandura simba remvura kuti rive simba rinogadziriswa, zvichiita kuti simba rive rakachengeteka uye rinowanikwa. Zvakanakira ndezvekuti isimba rinodzoreredzwa, saka iyo Yekutanga Energy Source haigone kupera, zvakare isimba rakachena nekuti panguva yekushandurwa kwemhando iyi yesimba, haiburitse kusvibisa ne-zvigadzirwa mugasi, mvura uye yakasimba nyika.
Kuvandudzwa kwemapurojekiti kutora mukana werudzi urwu rwesimba kunodhura zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi huripo panguva ino, pamwe nemutengo wezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi hwekuisa michina yekuigadzirisa, kana ichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwesimba hunogona. kuwanikwa nhasi. Chirongwa chekushandisa simba remumvura chiri kudzidzwa nehurumende yeCantabria kuSpain neInstitute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDAE), chinangwa ndechekupa simba rekushandisa mudzimba nedzimba dzinosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ezviuru.
Pamusoro pesimba remugungwa, imwe nzira yekushandisa simba remvura yemugungwa ndeiyi: simba remasaisai, riri kuburikidza nemasaisai; nemusiyano wekupisa kwemvura iri pamusoro uye nepakati pegungwa, inonzi oceanic thermal gradient; kuburikidza nemunyu, kubva kumvura yemugungwa inonzi offshore wind energy.
Simba simba
Wave energy ndiyo Tsime reWave Energy, iyo inogadzirwa kubva kumafungu emakungwa. Isimba rinodzokororwa rinogona kuburitsa simba munzvimbo dzemahombekombe enyika dzakawanda uye rinogonawo kuva nzira yekugadzira simba kurudzi uye kubatsira kusatsamira pamafuta anounzwa kubva kunze kwenyika. Izvo zvakashata ndezvekuti kugadzira simba remafungu kunokonzeresa kukanganisa kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa uye kunokanganisa mafambiro ezvikepe zvekutengesa uye zvakavanzika. Shanduko yesimba inogadziriswa newavelength uye inoburitsa kusvibiswa kwekuona uye ruzha.
Marasha
Iyo Coal Energy Source inobva kufossil fuels, iyi yanga iri mhedzisiro yakawanikwa kubva mukuora kwekupedzisira kwechirimwa chakachengetwa munzvimbo dzine machakwi, nyanza uye rwizi deltas, panguva yecarboniferous yePasi. Iyi kabhoni inogadzirwa semhedzisiro yekuchinja kwakasiyana kwemakemikari uye tembiricha munguva dzakasiyana dzenguva, mukati meiyo nguva yakareba iyo inoshandurwa kuita kabhoni kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi carbonization.
Apo miti inofa kana matavi awo anowira uye anounganidza munzvimbo dzine hunyoro hwepamusoro uye otanga kuora, anaerobic mabhakitiriya anotanga kuita pa cellulose uye lignin ye bark yemiti iyi yakafa kana matavi. Kuchinja kunoitika pamatanda emiti kune marudzi maviri: makemikari uye maitiro.
Mukushandurwa kwekemikari yehuni kuti ibudise marasha, hydrogen uye oksijeni inosunungurwa, chikamu chavo chakananga nehuwandu hwemarasha anogadzirwa. Dzimwe nguva, sezvakaitika kune anthracite, zvinenge zvese zvechigadzirwa chinowanikwa. Mukuwedzera kune kushanduka kwemakemikari, kuchinja kunewo maitiro.
Idzi shanduko dzemagadzirirwo dzinoitika muhuni fiber inoshandurwa kuita akasiyana microcrystalline chimiro kune yega yega chirimwa uye saka inoguma kabhoni ine misiyano yayo uye ruvara rwayo rwunosiyana, kubva kune brown kusvika kune dema. Zvinoenderana nerudzi rweshanduko, nguva uye mamiriro ekumanikidza uye tembiricha kuburikidza neakaomeswa panguva yecarbonization process uye mhando yemiti, marudzi akasiyana emarasha anogadzirwa.
- Iri irasha rakaoma, nekuti rinogadzirwa nekabhoni rose. Chitarisiko chayo chakanyanya compact uye chinopenya. Ine pearly kupenya uye dema muruvara.
- Kabhoni inokonzeresa iyi yakaoma, zvakare yakagarwa nekabhoni yese uye yakasiyana nekuti ruvara rwayo rwunopenya dema uye zvakare ine pearly inopenya ine inopenya uye matt mabhendi.
- Iri marasha ane dema muruvara uye ane yakapfava kuenderana yakafanana nepeat, ndeyenguva pfupi yapfuura kana mushure meCarboniferous nguva, nekuda kweichi evolutionary factor haina kuita yakazara carbonization process. Chitarisiko chayo chakafanana nehuni yakatsva uye inopenya muzvidimbu.
- Ndiro marasha anogadzirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura maererano nemamwe marasha efossil. Kubatana kwaro kwakanyorova, kwakasviba uye matte, uremu hwayo hwakaderera uye masara emiriwo anoonekwa.
Huwandu hwema caloric simba anochengeterwa marasha aya anobva pa7.000 kusvika 2.000 kcal/kg, kubva kune anthracite uye marasha kusvika kune lignite uye peat. Huwandu hwayo hwehunyoro hunosiyana pakati pe3% kusvika 40% uye makemikari ayo anoputika anogona kusiyana kubva pa8% kusvika 50%. Sulfur uye nitrogen zvinogona kuwanikwa sezvinhu zvinobvisa kuchena, zvicherwa izvi kana zvapiswa zvinopisa uye kuita kuumba SO.2 uye NOX inosunga nemhute yemvura iripo mumhepo uye inoburitsa mvura ine acid.
Coal Energy Sources anoshandiswa se: semafuta anogona kudzokororwa kugadzira gasi remumba uye maindasitiri, sesimba rinoderedza muindasitiri yesimbi, kushandisa seyakagadzirwa mukugadzira gasi rekuvhenekesa uye sehuni inoshandiswa musimba. zvinomera.
Iyo Energy Source kubva kumarasha, mune yayo Anthracite mhando inomiririra, inoshandiswa pakushandisa mudzimba nemaindasitiri. Kana marasha akapfuudzwa kuburikidza yakaoma distillation, anoburitsa zvikamu zvina, zvinoti: ammonia, tara, gasi uye coke. Mune metallurgy, coke, yakaoma, inodzivirira zvinhu ine porous texture, inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kweindasitiri yesimbi nesimbi indasitiri. Kunobva simba remarasha rakashandurwa kuita lignite rinotanga kushandiswa mumagetsi ekupisa kugadzira magetsi. Peat inoshandiswa kugadzira mafuta epamba.
gasi rechisikigo
Iyo Natural Gas Energy Source inowanikwa kubva mukusanganiswa kwemagasi akati wandei, akaumbwa muhuwandu hukuru nemethane gasi, muinenge muzana ye75% kusvika 95% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hweiyi musanganiswa wemagasi anovamba gasi rechisikigo. Nekuda kwehuwandu hwemethane gasi inoumba chikamu chegasi rechisikigo, gasi rechisikigo rinowanzonzi methane gasi. Mamwe magasi anoumba gasi rechisikigo ethanol, propane, butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, helium, uye argon.
Indasitiri yegasi yechisikigo yakagadziridzwa mushure mekuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kwemafuta. Pakutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kwemafuta, gasi rechisikigo rakagadzirwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzeindasitiri iyi, gasi rechisikigo raionekwa semarara uye rakapiswa seimwe tsvina yeindastiri iyi.
Zvisinei, gasi rechisikigo, iro rine uwandu hwemakoriori, pakutanga harina kushandiswa nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwaraive naro pakurichengeta nekuitakura. Izvi zvakagadziriswa nekutsvaga kweEnergy Sources itsva, izvo zvakatungamirira kukudzidza kwemaitiro matsva ekugadzirisa gasi uye nzira dzekugadzirisa pombi kuti dzimire kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya, kuitira kuchengetedza gasi rechisikigo uye mamwe masimba emagetsi. Gasi rechisikigo rinogona kushandiswa kune: mudzimba uye muindasitiri peturu uye yezvakagadzirwa muindasitiri yepetrochemical.
- Gasi rechisikigo rekushandisa mudzimba uye rechisikigo. Gasi rechisikigo rine high calorific value. Iyo yakaderera-kusvibisa uye kupisa kwayo kunogona kudzorwa.
- Gasi rechisikigo seyakagadzirwa muindasitiri ye petrochemical. Muindasitiri yepetrochemical, gasi rechisikigo rinoshandiswa kuiparadza uye kuwana magasi echisikigo emethane, ammonia, ethylene, butadiene uye propylene.
Mafuta
Etymology yezwi rekuti petroleum inoratidza "petro" zvinoreva dombo uye "oleum" mafuta, zvinoreva dombo remafuta. Dombo iri rinoumbwa neCarbon uye musanganiswa wesarufa, oxygen nenitrogen yakasanganiswa muhuwandu hwakasiyana neHydrogen, iyo inodaidzwa kuti Hydrocarbons. Mahydrocarbon anogona kuva gasi, liquid, semi-solid and solid, zvichienderana nekuti anoonekwa sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana pamusoro penyika, kana magasi uye zvinwiwa sezvaanowanikwa mukuumbwa kwe geological muivhu repasi. Yakasviba zvakanyanya kusvika kune dema muruvara, haina kukora pane mvura, uye ine hwema hunonhuwa.
Iyo Simba Tsime reoiri rinobva kune yakasvibirira inovamba kubva kune zvakasara zvebiotic komisheni senge: zvipenyu zvemumvura zvechirimwa nemhuka zvakabva, izvo zvaigara mumvura ecosystem senge: makungwa, madhamu, miromo yenzizi, uye matunhu ari pedyo kusvika kumahombekombe ari pedyo. gungwa. Kuora kwezvisaririra zvezvipenyu kunoitika nekuda kwekuvapo kweanaerobic uye aerobic bacteria, iyo mukuora inoburitsa magasi anoumbwa nehydrogen uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwekabhoni neokisijeni, inonzi mahydrocarbon.
Iyo mikuru mikuru ye sediment inoita kumanikidzwa kunotungamirira mukudzingwa kwemafuta ane mafuta, kureva, mafuta, ari pakati pezvikamu zve sedimentary rocks. Mafuta anofamba achitevedza materu ari kure kure, achichengetwa mumatombo ane porous texture. Oiri inoumbwa nemahydrocarbon akasiyana siyana uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwawo. Kubva pane yakapfava hydrocarbon, methane (CH4) kumakomboni ehydrocarbon anoumbwa nemabhondi e40 carbon atomu.
Oiri sezvainochengetwa mumasikirwo yakaoma kushandisa, nekuda kweizvi inofanirwa kupfuura nemaitiro akati wandei ekunatsa, kuitira kuti irase iyo uye yayo inobuda. Munguva yekunatsa kwayo, chidimbu che distillation chinoitwa. Kuwana zvakasiyana siyana zvekutengesa zvigadzirwa kune distillates patembiricha dzakasiyana uye kubva kumafuta asina kuchena. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa ndezvi: tar, parafini, parafini, methane, ethanol, propane.
Nzvimbo yeminda yemafuta iri kure nemataundi uko zvinhu zvawo zvinodyiwa panguva yekusimudzira maindasitiri, saka oiri inotakurwa nemapombi anofamba kubva kutsime kuenda kunocheneswa kana kumachiteshi kwaanotumirwa mumatangi kana matangi emafuta. , kuaendesa nemugungwa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuchenesa.
Oiri inoshandiswa kupisa mudzimba uye mumaindasitiri, mafuta ekuzora, mafuta uye zvigadzirwa muindasitiri yepetrochemical. Indasitiri yanga ichigadzira matekiniki ekushandura chimiro chezvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa muchikamu che distillation, uye nekudaro kuwana zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa nevagari. Iwo akakosha mafractional distillation matekiniki ari kupaza uye polymerization.
Munguva yechikamu chedistillation tekinoroji inonzi kutsemuka, inowanikwa nekutsemuka kweiyo inorema molecule ine akawanda mabhondi ane kabhoni maatomu, kugadzira "mafuta", kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvine mashoma kabhondi mabhondi senge peturu. Kuburikidza nepolymerization, mamorekuru ezasi mamorekuru anonzi monomer, akabatanidzwa kune mamwe mamorekuru ediki mamorekuru kuburikidza nemakemikari bond achigadzira makomisheni akadai se "ethylene", kusvika agadzira macromolecules anonzi polymer.
Oiri inoshandiswa seyakabikwa muindasitiri yepetrochemical, 60% yemakemikari anotengeswa anogadzirwa uye 80% zvinhu zvakaita semafetereza emakemikari, mapurasitiki, antifreeze, dhayi, rubber, zvinonyungudutsa nezvimwe zvinotorwa mumafuta.Petroleum. . Nekuda kweizvi, oiri inoita basa rinotungamira muindasitiri yemakemikari uye zvakare mumunda wesimba rekupa.
Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen ndiyo inonyanya kuwanikwa kemikari papasi nekuti chikamu chemorekuru remvura (H2O), ine zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveHydrogen uye inogonawo kuwanikwa ichigadzira mamwe makemikoro emakemikari pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu. Nekuparadzanisa atomu yehydrogen kubva mumisanganiswa iyi, simba remagetsi rinogona kugadzirwa. Iyo Hydrogen Power Source inogona kuve nzira yekupa simba rekufamba, mota, dzimba, maindasitiri nezvimwe. Isimba rinodzokororwa uye risingasvibise, iro rinogona kugadzirisa kudiwa kwesimba.
Atomic Energy
Mugore ra1911, Rutherford akawana nucleus yemaatomu kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwezvikamu.alpha” akaparadzirwa nemaatomu. Nekudaro, kubva mugore ra1932, Chadwick paanoona neutron nebasa revakaroora veJoliot-Curie, iyo nucleus inopiwa kukosha. The atomic nucleus idiki chaizvo uye iri pakati peatomu, mukati memoyo machaji akanaka emaatomu uye hunenge huremu hweatomu hwese hwakanyura. Inoumbwa nemapurotoni nemanyutroni, ine zvidimbu zvinonzi nucleon.
Mapurotoni ane chaji yakanaka yakaenzana neyerekitironi, yakaenzana ne (1,602 x 10-19 C). Nepo manyuturoni asina kwaakarerekera emagetsi. Zvimedu zvakabatanidzwa nemasimba enyukireya, izvo zvinobvumira kurambwa kwesimba re electrostatic pakati pemaproton, nesimba iri rinoitika mukati memukati.
simba renyukireya uye simba reatomu
Simba reatomu uye simba renyukireya zvinoreva chinhu chimwe chete, kumwe kushandiswa kwemazwi maviri aya kana dhinominesheni iyi ine chekuita nekutanga kwezvidzidzo zvesimba remagetsi eradioactive. Nyika dzemapiyona uko zvidzidzo zvakatanga kuona simba rinoburitswa ne "radioactive" zvinhu uye nekudaro zvimwe zvinhu zvakaonekwa se "vashandisi" vesimba iri.
Nyika dzemapiyona dzakatanga kudzidza radioactivity yaive United Kingdom neFrance, uko kuferefetwa kwevaCurie vakaroora, vaongorori Becquerel, Rutherford nevamwe vavo vaongorori, vakataurirana nekukurukura mafambiro eongororo yavo paAtomic Energy yemakomisheni eradioactive. migumisiro yezvidzidzo zvake zvesimba guru rakachengetwa mumaatomu ane radioactive.
Dzimwe nyika dzakatangawo zvidzidzo zveradioactivity, dzakaita seSpain, dzakatanga kushandisa izwi rekuti Nuclear Energy nenguva uye yakasimba. Kuedza kwakaitwa kuwedzera kushandiswa kweizwi rekuti Nuclear Energy kunzvimbo dzese dzepasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvakaoma kutsiva izwi rekuti Atomic Energy yeNuclear Energy, tichitarisa huwandu hwemasangano kana masangano epamutemo, pamwe nemirau yakasiyana munyika, inoshandisa izwi rekuti Atomic Energy.
nyukireya fission
Nuclear fission izwi rinoshandiswa munuclear physics kutsanangura kuita kwenyukireya kunoitika mugotsi reatomu. Nuclear fission inoitika kana nucleus inorema ikatsemuka kuita nuclei diki, pamwe nezvinobuda zveatomic nucleus zvakaita semahara manyutroni, maphoton akadai segamma rays, nezvimwe zvikamu zvenucleus zvinoonekwa sealpha (helium nuclei) uye beta particles. (maerekitironi emagetsi epamusoro uye positrons) uye akawanda emagetsi kuchaja. Nuclear fission yakawanikwa naOtto Hahn naLise Meitner, Mubairo weNobel wekuwanikwa kwayo wakapihwa kune wekutanga.
Kuwanda kwekuita kunoitika panguva yenyukireya fission yakapihwa zita rekuti "chain reaction". Izvi zvinodaro nekuti muchikamu chidiki chemasekonzi, kana kutsemuka kwenucleus kunoitika, nhamba yenyuclei yakatsemuka inoburitsa simba rakapetwa ka106 kupfuura rinogadzirwa kana bhuroka remarasha rikapiswa kana tsvimbo yedhamu inoputika nehukuru hwakafanana. . Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekumhanya kunoitika nyukireya, saka simba rinofungidzirwa nekukurumidza, zvichienzaniswa nekuita kwemakemikari. Zvinoenderana nechinhu ichi bhomba reatomu rakavakirwa.
Kusiyana neizvi, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti imwe chete yemanyutroni inosunungurwa apo kupera kwekupedzisira kunoitika, munyaya iyi nhamba yefission inoitika pasekondi inogara uye maitiro anodzorwa. Maererano nemhando iyi yekudzora fission, inobva pakushanda kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Manuclear reactors ndiwo manyuko anodzoreka esimba renyukireya fission.
Kusanganiswa kwenyukireya
Kusanganiswa kweNuclear kunoitika kana nuclei mbiri dzemaatomu echiedza dzinoita, dzakadai sehydrogen neisotopes yayo deuterium netritium, uye kana dzabatana dzinoumba nucleus inorema uye yakagadzikana, panguva iyi simba remubatanidzwa rinoburitswa. Kuti kuita kwerudzi urwu kuitike, nuclei ine positive charged inofanirwa kunge iri padyo nekurova repulsive electrostatic forces. Kuti ukunde kupindirana, simba rekinetic rinofanira kuwanikwa uye nenzira iyi nuclei inogona kukunda kusangana uku, simba rekinetic rinogona kupihwa nenzira yekupisa kana caloric simba kuburikidza nechidimbu chekuwedzera.
Iyo inonyanya kushanda yenyukireya fusion ndeye thermal fusion, panguva yerudzi urwu rwekuita thermonuclear reactions inoitika, inoitika mufusion reactors uye kunyanya nehydrogen isotopes (protium: 11H, deuterium: 21H, uye tritium: 31H). Panguva yekusanganiswa, chero yeanotevera maitiro anogona kuitika:
21H + 21H→3 1H + 11H + 4MeV
21H + 21H→32Iye + 10n + 3,2 MeV
21H + 31H→42Iye + 10n + 17,6 MeV
Vanhu vanogona kushandisa simba rekusanganisa, kana vachigona kufambira mberi mukuferefeta uye kumisikidzwa kwematekinoroji anozadzisa zviviri zvakakosha zvinodiwa: kupisa uye kuvhara. Pakupisa, chinangwa ndechekuwana gasi rinopisa zvikuru (plasma) umo maerekitironi anosiya nzira dzawo uye nuclei inogona kudzorwa nemagnetic field. Saizvozvovo, chinodiwa chekuvharira kana kuvhara kuchengetedza zvinhu munzvimbo yakaita seplasma kana ionized gasi, mukati megomba rereactor kwenguva inofungidzirwa kuti iite.
Parizvino, tsvakiridzo pamusoro penyukireya fusion iri kunangana kuzadzisa kusanganiswa kweiyo isotopes yehydrogen: deuterium-tritium, nekuti inoburitsa simba rakawanda pane yakaderera tembiricha, zvichienzaniswa nekudziya kunowanikwa nemamwe manyukliya fusions. Kuzadzikiswa kwemhando iyi yemapurojekiti nekuti aya marudzi ekuita anoyevedza seSisi reMagetsi, zvichipihwa kuti deuterium haina radioactive uye inowanikwa muzvisikwa muhuwandu husingaverengeki. Uye tritium inonzi radioactive haisati yavapo.
Simba
Kuti uenderere mberi unofanirwa kuziva pfungwa yesimba. Simba harigone kuonekwa kana kuyerwa uye haritore nzvimbo. Izvi zvinongogona kuyerwa nezvinokonzeresa pachinhu, ndiko kuti, neimwe nzira inozivikanwa kuti simba chii kana uchida kufambisa chinhu. Nekuti kana wada kufambisa chinhu chine huremu hwakakura pane imwe sipidhi uye imwe chinhambwe, unofanirwa kushandisa simba rakawanda pane paunoda kutamisa misa diki.
simba pfungwa
Simba rine tsananguro dzakasiyana dzinoibatanidza nekuita kwekuita, kusimuka, kushandura kana kuseta mukufamba. Tsanangudzo yaro inoenderana nenzvimbo yekudzidza, iyo: muhunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi, simba rine hukama kune zvakasikwa, izvo zvinotosanganisira tekinoroji inoshandiswa kuibvisa, kuishandura uye kukwanisa kuipa kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kana kwehupfumi. Mufizikisi, pfungwa yesimba ndiko kugona kuita basa.
Ndiko kuti, simba kugona kwenyaya kuita basa uye kugadzira shanduko mukati mavo kana mune mimwe miviri. Maererano nepamusoro, pfungwa ye "simba" ndiko kukwanisa kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande. Chiyero chinopimwa nechikamu chayo chechiyero, chinova joule (J), mukukudza nyanzvi yefizikisi James Prescott Joule, yeChirungu. Izwi rekuti simba rinobva kuChigiriki ἐνέργεια enérgeia, chiitiko, kubva ku ἐνεργóς energós "simba rekuita".
Muchifizikisi, "simba" rinotsanangurwa se ... kugona kune miviri yekuita basa remuchina, kuburitsa kupisa, kubudisa chiedza nezvimwe. Kuve nekusiyana kwakafanana mune zvese izvi zviratidzo, iro simba, iro muviri wega wega nehurongwa hune, huwandu hwayo hwesimba hunosiyana kana mamiriro ayo ashandurwa. Zvinoenderana neaya simba anogona kuratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana: kugona, kinetic, makemikari, magetsi, magineti, nyukireya, inopenya, uye neimwe nzira. Kukwanisa kuchinja pakati pavo, nguva dzose vachiremekedza Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba.
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba
Iyo Universal Mutemo weKuchengetedza kweMagetsi ndiyo hwaro hwekutanga musimboti we thermodynamics, iyo inoreva chokwadi chekuti simba rakanamirwa kune yakasarudzika system rinoramba rakagara nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinodudzirwa kuti kune akawanda echinyakare masisitimu emuviri, huwandu hwesimba remagetsi, simba remagetsi, kinetic simba, thermodynamic simba, uye mamwe marudzi esimba ringangoita inhamba inoramba iripo.
Izvi zvinofananidzirwa nenzira yekuyera masimba akasiyana, simba rekinetic rinoyerwa nekufamba kwenyaya, simba rinopisa nekupisa kwaro, simba ringave nehunhu hwayo hwakadai semamiriro ekusaenzana kana chinzvimbo chairi kuwana nyaya. maererano nemasimba ari kushanda pairi uye simba remakemikari maererano nemakemikari.
kuyerwa kwesimba
Zvichipa kuti simba rine muviri rinogona kuongwa zvichienderana nebasa rakaitwa, ipapo kukosha kwebasa iri kucharatidza chiyero chesimba raunaro. Kune rumwe rutivi, basa rinoitwa pamuviri uye rinorichengeta muchimiro chesimba, simba rinogona kuyerwa nekukosha kwebasa rinoitwa pahuwandu kana muviri, richatipa kukosha kwesimba raive. zvakachengetwa muhuwandu . Naizvozvo, simba rakaburitswa kana kuchengetwa richava nezvikamu zvakafanana nechiyero chebasa.
Maererano neInternational System of Units (SI) chikamu chebasa uye simba ndiro joule (J) rinotsanangurwa sebasa rinoitwa nechisimba che 1 newton painofambisa nzvimbo yayo yekushandisa 1 mita.
Muchifizikisi chenyukireya, chikwata chinoshandiswa ielectron volt (eV) uye chinotsanangurwa sesimba rinotorwa nerekitironi kana richipfuura kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda pane imwe pakati pacho panogona kuita mutsauko we1 volt. Kuenzanisa neyuniti yeInternational System ndeiyi:
1 eV= 1,602 x 10-19 J
Kuyera simba remagetsi, kilowatt-awa (kWh) inoshandiswa sechikamu chekugadzira.Ichi chinotsanangurwa sebasa rinoitwa kweawa imwe nemuchina une simba re1 kilowatt. Kunyorerana kwayo nechikamu cheInternational System ndeiyi:
1 kWh = 36x 105J
Kana chinangwa chiri chekuongorora hutano hwesimba hweMagetsi akasiyana-siyana, mamwe mayuniti anogadziriswa zvichienderana nekorific simba reimwe neimwe yeMasimba Masimba. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa muhupfumi hwesimba ndeye kcal/kg, tec uye chigunwe. Iko kcal / kg formula inoshandiswa kune mafuta inotibvumira kuona nhamba ye kilocalories yatingawana mukupisa kwe 1 kg yemafuta iwayo.
1 kcal = 4,186 x 103J.
Iyo unit tech = yakaenzana toni yemarasha. Inomiririra simba rinobudiswa nekupisa kwe1 toni yemarasha (marasha).
1 tec = 29,3 x 109J
Chigunwe chechigunwe = yakaenzana toni yemafuta. Iyo yakaenzana nesimba rinoburitswa mukupisa kwe1 toni yemafuta asina kuchena.
1 chigunwe = 41,84 x 109J
Kuenzana pakati pezvikamu izvi =
1 chigunwe = 1,428 tec
Simba
Simba ibasa rinoitwa nehurongwa muchikamu chenguva. Maererano neInternational System (SI) ndiyo Watt. Watt isimba remuchina unoita basa re 1 joule munguva yakaenzana nesekondi imwe. Chiratidzo chesimba ndi "W". Mazhinji echikamu ichi anowanzoshandiswa, aya ndeaya: Kilowatt (kW) uye horsepower (CV kana HP). Semuyenzaniso:
1kW = 103W
1 CV kana HP = 735,5 W
1 MeV.s-1 = 1,602 x 10-13 W
manyuko esimba munhoroondo
Sezvo murume ari Prehistoric Era akawana moto uye aiziva nzira yekuishandisa kuti adziye, kuvhenekera usiku uye kubika chikafu chinogadzirwa uye chakawanikwa mukuvhima. Vanhu vanga vachitsvaga akasiyana Energy Source kuti vabatsirwe uye nekuvandudza hupenyu hwavo. Kumutungamirira kuti avake zvigayo zvemhepo, kukuya zviyo zvakakohwewa muMiddle Ages. Sezvakangoita muNguva yeContemporary, akakwanisa kuita zvidzidzo zvakamuita kuti abate nucleus yeatomu uye kugadzira mafuta akaomarara zvekuti anoshandiswa mukufambiswa kwemuchadenga.
Pamusoro pekugadzira chikafu kuburikidza nekusimudzira kurima, vanhu vakatengawo zvekushandisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana aripo, zvikuru machira ekugadzira marokwe neshangu dzine matehwe emhuka dzakabatwa. Kuedza kuwana matsime emagetsi kubva kumasango kuti agadzirise zvinhu izvi mbishi uyewo kudziyisa. Mararamiro evanhu mukati meMiddle Ages aitsamira pasimba rinowanikwazve kubva kuzuva uye kubva kumasango. Around iyo yakagadzira hurongwa hwekutsinhana kwehupfumi.
Kuwanikwa kwemafuta ezvicherwa kwakatungamira kusimukira kwehupfumi hwevanhu kuenda kushanduko dzemaindasitiri, kutanga neFirst Industrial Revolution, nekubatanidza marasha ekudyisa maboilers einjini dzechipfunga, ayo akatanga kushandiswa kupomba mvura yemumigodhi, kuzopa simba kumagetsi. mechanical loom uye kubva ipapo zvichienda kune dzinenge dzese dzemakanika maindasitiri maitirwo enguva iyoyo. Kusanganisira chekufambisa (njanji, steamship), metallurgical process sesimbi uye blast furnaces. Zvakare zvemakemikari uye epamba maitiro sekudziya uye epamba makicheni.
MuRevolution Yechipiri Yeindasitiri, Tsime reMagetsi kubva mukushandiswa kweoiri yakatora baton, nekushandisa zvakabva mairi mune akasiyana maindasitiri maitiro uye mukufambisa, izvo zvakatungamira mukugadzirwa kweinjini yekupisa yemotokari nendege. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, vanhu vaigara nekushandiswa padiki diki reEnergy Sources kusvika panguva ino yaizivikanwa panguva ye pre-industrial hupfumi, senge simba remhepo rekufambisa nemhepo. Hydraulic simba remavhiri emvura uye hydraulic mill, uye Biomass Energy Source yekushandisa huni nemarasha.
Kubva kuChimurenga cheMaindasitiri, iyo modhi yebudiriro yenharaunda yeindasitiri inoshandisa zvisaririra pasina kutarisisa zvakanyanya kuti hazvisi zviwanikwazve uye kuti kutsiva kwavo kunogona kutora mamirioni emakore. Kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwemamwe manyuko esimba uye kuedza kwenyika dzakabudirira kuvandudza hupfumi hwenyika yavo nekuderedza kutsamira pamafuta ezvicherwa munyika dzavo, akaraira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvesimba izvi munzvimbo dzekunze.
Nekuda kwekuderera kwezviwanikwa zvavo, nyika dzakabudirira dzakanangidzira kuedza kwadzo pakudzidza nezvesimba renyukireya uye, zvakare, kugadzira mapurojekiti ekutora mukana weHydraulic Energy Source kugadzira magetsi kubva mukuyerera kukuru kwemvura. nzizi.
Zvisinei, pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, nekuda kwezvinetso zvekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinokonzerwa nekupisa kwemafuta emafuta, izvo zvakatanga kukanganisa kuchena kwemhepo mumaguta makuru akadai seLondon neLos Angeles. , apo cherechedza utsi, uye makore iwayo gare gare yakava dambudziko repasi rose rekugadzira kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nemabasa evanhu. United States, kungozi dzokushandisa Nuclear Power Source, dzinopupurirwa mutsaona dzakadai seThree Mile Island muUnited States, pamwe chete neChernobyl muSoviet Union neFukushima muJapan.
Mukutsvaga kwezvitsva zvesimba, zvidzidzo zvichangoburwa zviri kutarisana nekushandiswa kwemamwe masimba, semhepo, solar, hydraulic, biomass, tidal uye geothermal simba, kushandisa pachiyero cheindasitiri. Nekudaro, kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri kweaya Energy Source kuri kubvunzwa zvakanyanya nemapoka ekutsvagisa akasiyana uye kunyangwe nemapoka ezvemamiriro ekunze, nekuda kwekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvivakwa zvavo uye simba ravo rekugovera simba panzvimbo dzechisikigo dzemhandara.
Zvemagariro nehupfumi
Iyo nharaunda inodzidza kugoverwa kweEnergy Source, kugoverwa kwemagetsi zvigadzirwa, simba uye mashandisiro ayo ndiyo geography yesimba. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, chikamu chepamusoro-soro chesimba rinoshandiswa nderemhuka nevanhu. Kune rimwe divi, munyika dzeindasitiri, simba remagetsi rinopihwa nemidziyo yakaita semotor, turbines nezvimwe; iyo inodzora uye inoshandura simba rezvisikwa simba masosi kubva kumapopoma emvura, masaisai, mhepo, solar radiation, geothermal, uye iyo chaiyo sangano renyaya.
Zvinoenderana nezviri pamusoro, kushandiswa kwesimba pamugari wega wega kunogona kuve kwakakosha kuona budiriro yehupfumi hwenyika. Tichifunga kuti nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo uye kugovaniswa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvehupfumi, chiyero chekushandiswa kwesimba chinotemerwa mune yakatarwa geographic furemu, nekuda kwekugoverwa kwayo zvichienderana neakasiyana masimba echisikigo kwavanoenda, ayo anotaridza iyo simba system.
Kukosha kwekushandiswa kwesimba renyika uye kugona kwaro kwekugovera kwezviwanikwa zvakasiyana zvesimba hazvienderane nekukosha kwadzo kana kuumbwa kwesimba rawo rechisikigo. Kukosha kwepamusoro kwekushandiswa kwesimba kunongoenderana nekugona kweindasitiri uye hupenyu hwehupenyu hwevagari vemo. Iyo inogara yakabatana nehupfumi hwehupfumi hunobvumira kuwanikwa kunze kwenyika kwezvinodiwa simba zvigadzirwa.
Kwemakore akawanda, nyika dzakabudirira dzanga dzichitenga zvinhu zvakawanda zvemagetsi kubva kunze kwenyika, izvo zvaitengwa nemitengo yakaderera tichitarisa kudzora kugadzirwa kwazvo, pamwe chete nechiyero chesimba radzo, icho changa chichiwedzera kushomeka. Nedambudziko resimba ra1974, rinoita kucheka mune iyi nzira yekutora simba. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekukanganisa kwakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kwemitengo yeChitubu cheMagetsi kubva mumafuta, mukudonha kwa1973 uye zvakare muna 1979 uye kwete zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuderera kwechinhu ichi.
Yakabatana nedambudziko rehupfumi rinogona kuitika, izvo zvinoratidza kuderera kwemapurojekiti uye kudiwa kwepasi rose kwesimba. Mutengo wakakwira wemafuta uyo vanotenga kunze kwenyika unofanirwa kubhadhara zvakanyanya unokanganisa kutengeserana kwavo uye hupfumi hwavo. Pamusana peizvi, pane kuderera mukushandiswa kwayo uye kuwedzera kukuru kwekuchengetedza simba.
Mhedzisiro yemitengo yakakwira yemafuta yakonzera kuwedzera kwezvidzidzo uye kusimudzira mapurojekiti nemamwe Masimba Masimba, anodzorwa nemakambani emafuta akamiswa pasirese, kutangazve kushandiswa kwemarasha, gasi rechisikigo, simba renyukireya uye akasiyana maindasitiri ezvemagetsi anovandudza masosi. .
Izvi zvakonzera kudzikira kwekushandiswa kwemafuta kusvika padanho rakaderera pane dambudziko risati raitika. Uku kudzikira kwemitengo yemafuta kwakauya kuzopokana nepurofiti yekudyara kukuru kwezvidzidzo uye mapurojekiti kutora mukana kune mamwe masosi esimba, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kukuru mumusika wesimba.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuziva hunhu hunoshamisa uye maitiro ekuzvichengeta, uchiverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa: