Idzi hove dzinoshamisa dzakagoverwa kumativi ose emakungwa nemakungwa paNyika, kune marudzi anopfuura 350 akasiyana e shark, tisingatauri 1.000 inozivikanwa fossils yemamwe marudzi nhasi. Zvinoenderana neakasiyana zvidzidzo zvesainzi, prehistoric shark yakaonekwa paPasi makore angangoita 400 miriyoni apfuura. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve kuti ingani mhando dzeshaki dziriko, usazeza kwechinguva kuenderera mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Imhando ngani dzeshaki dziriko?
Sezvatakambotaura, hove idzi dzakanaka dzakaonekwa paPasi makore angangoita mamirioni mazana mana apfuura, kubva ipapo huwandu hukuru hwezvipenyu hwakatsakatika, zvisinei, kune dzakawanda dzakakwanisa kurarama, kushanduka uye kuenderana nekuchinja kwakasiyana kwakaitwa pasi. .pasi, naizvozvo, nhasi, nhamba huru yezvipenyu zvichiri kurarama.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti shark sezvatinodziziva nhasi dzakaonekwa makore angangoita mamiriyoni zana apfuura; Nekuda kwehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo emashaki, nhasi anoiswa mumapoka mazhinji, mapoka matinogona kuwana akawanda eizvi. Pazasi iwe unogona kuwana ese marudzi e shark aripo nhasi.
Squatiniformes Sharks
Sharki ari weiyo order Squatiniforme inowanzonzi "angel sharks". Hunhu hukuru hwekurongeka uku kusavapo zvachose kwechimbi chimbi, kuve nekukura kwepectoral fins uye zvakare kuve nemuviri wakatsetseka. Vamwe vanhu vanowanzovavhiringidza nemwaranzi yeManta, nekuda kwekufanana kwavo kukuru, zvisinei, ivo havasi pachena.
Pakati pemhando dze squatiniformes sharks, tinogona kusimbisa spiny angelshark, sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo rezvesayenzi, Squatina aculeata. Idzi shark dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogara kunyanya kumabvazuva kweAtlantic Ocean, inenge kubva kuMorocco nemhenderekedzo yeWestern Sahara kusvika kuNamibia, ichipfuura nenyika dzakasiyana dzeAfrica dzakadai seSenegal, Nigeria, Guinea, Mauritania, neGabon kumaodzanyemba kweAngola; vanogona kunyange kuonekwa muMediterranean.
Zvisinei nekuti mhuka iyi ndiyo hombe paboka rayo, inosvika kureba kusvika pamamita maviri, shark idzi zvinosiririsa kuti nhasi dziri munjodzi yekutsakatika nekuda kwekuwanda kwekubata hove pachavo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti hove idzi viviparous placental mhuka.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero uye kumadokero pakati pePacific tinogona kuwana rumwe rudzi rwe squatiniformes shark. Iyi ishaki yakavharidzirwa, kana nesainzi inonzi Squatina Tergocellatoides; Pane ruzivo rushoma kwazvo maererano nerudzi urwu rweshaki, sezvo kune mienzaniso shoma yakanyorwa iripo. Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana uye data inoratidza kuti shark idzi dzinowanzopedza dziri pasi pegungwa, dzinenge zana kana mazana matatu metres kubva pamusoro, izvi zvakare imhaka yekuti mazhinji emashaki aya anovhimwa netsaona mukukweva. Mamwe marudzi e squatiniformes shark atinogona kuwana ndeaya:
- Squatina armata, kana Chilean Angel Shark.
- Squatina albipunctata, Eastern Angel Shark.
- Argentine Squatina, kana Argentine Ngirozi Shark.
- Squatina forma, inozivikanwa zviri nani seTaiwan Ngirozi Shark.
- Squatina australis, Australian Angel Shark.
- Squatina dumeril, Atlantic ngirozi shark.
- Squatina californica, Pacific ngirozi shark.
- Squatina japonica, Japanese Angelota.
Pristioporiform Sharks
Kurongeka kwepristiophoriformes kunoumbwa nemhando dzesawshark. Mhuno dzezvipenyu izvi dzakarebesa uye dzine micheto yakatsetseka, kunova ndiko kunobva zita radzo chaizvo. Kufanana nema squatiniformes shark, shark dziri yeiyi hurongwa zvakare hadzina anal fin. Idzi hove dzakaisvonaka kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsvaka zvokudya zvadzo mukati megungwa, kuti dziite chiito ichi dzinoshandisa ma<em>appendages maviri akareba zvikuru pedyo nemuromo wadzo anodzibetsera kuona vanyajambwa vadzo.
Pakati pemhando dze pristiophoriformes shark, tinogona kuwana refu-nosed saw shark, iyo inonyanya kugoverwa muIndia Ocean, uye kumaodzanyemba kweAustralia neTasmania. Idzi shark dzinofarira kugara munzvimbo dzine jecha, kunyanya pakadzika dzinowanzosvika pakati pe40 ne300 metres, nekuti pakudzika uku vanogona kuwana mhuka yavo zviri nyore. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti ivo rudzi rwemhuka ye ovoviviparous.
Pamusoro peiyo refu-nosed sawshark, tinogona zvakare kutaura nezveBahamas sawshark, kana Pristiophorus schroederi, inova rudzi rwepristiophoriform shark inoparadzirwa muGungwa reCaribbean uye inofarira kugara mumvura yakadzika. Panyama, mhuka iyi ine kufanana kukuru kune yambotaurwa uye zvakare kune mamwe marudzi esawshark. Vanowanzogara pakadzika pakati pe400 ne1.000 metres. Parizvino, kune marudzi matanhatu chete emasowe anotsanangurwa zvizere, mamwe mana asara kuti ataure ndeaya:
- Pristiophorus nudipinnis, kana Southern Sawshark
- Pristiophorus japonicus, Japanese Sawshark
- Pristiophorus delicatus, inozivikanwa zviri nani seWestern Sawshark
- Pliotrema warreni, kana Sixgilled Sawshark
Squaliformes Sharks
Panyaya yekurongeka kweiyo squaliformes, tinogona kuona kuti inoumbwa neanenge zana akasiyana marudzi e shark. Imwe yehunhu hukuru hwemhuka dzeiyi kurongeka ndeyekuti ine mapeya mashanu ekuvhura kwegill kana gill, uye zvakare ane mashanu spiracles, ari maburi akasiyana ane hukama zvakanyanya nekufema system ye shark. Zvakare, shark dzerudzi urwu hadzina membrane inobata kana eyelid yechitatu, uye hadzina mbichana.
Kuti titaure mamwe marudzi ehurongwa uhu, tinogona kuwana bramble shark munenge mumakungwa ese epasi, anonzi nesainzi seEchinorhinus brucus, kunyangwe iwo anonziwo munzvimbo dzakawanda sehove dzezvipikiri. Parizvino hapana ruzivo rwakawanda nezve biology yehove idzi; zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvinoratidza kuti mhuka iyi inogara pakadzika kwegungwa, iyo inotarisana pakati pe400 ne900 mamita, kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvehove idzi dzakawanikwawo zvakanyanya pedyo nepamusoro.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti bramble shark imhuka dzinogona kusvika kureba kusvika kumamita matatu uye nekuda kwehukuru uhu hukuru ivowo vanowanzo nonoka mhuka. Zvakare, nzira yekuberekana kwebramble shark, semhando dzakambotaurwa, ndeye ovoviviparous.
Imwe shark iri yehurongwa hwe squaliformes, ihove inozivikanwa sespiny sea pig, kana kuti spiny puppy fish. Idzi hove dzakanaka dzinonzi nesainzi Oxynotus bruniensis; Iwo anoparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumvura yeSouth Australia neSouth New Zealand, muIndia uye zvakare muSouthwest Pacific. Aya ma shark akaonekwa mumvura yakadzika uye zvakare padyo nepamusoro, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudzika kwenzvimbo kwavanogara kunosvika pakati pe45 ne1.067 metres.
Zvisinei, mhuka idzi iduku zvikuru, sezvo vasingatombosviki hurefu hwose huri pakati pe 73 ne 77 centimita. Kufanana nemhando dzakapfuura, idzi dzine ovoviviparous, asi dziriwo placental ine oophagy. Pakati pemamwe marudzi aripo e squaliformes shark tinogona kuwana mamwe akadai se:
- Squaliolus aliae, kana kuti Diki-eyed Pygmy Tollo
- Aculeola nigra, kana kuti Quelvacho blight
- Scymnodalatis albicauda, iyo inozivikanwa zviri nani seWhite-tailed Witch
- Mollisquama parini, kana Soft Dogfish
- Miroscyllium sheikoi, kana inozivikanwa seScreech-Tooth Tollo
- Zameus Ichiharai, Japanese Muroyi
- Centrocyllium fabricii, kana Black Tollo
- Centroscymnus plunketi, kana Plunket Shark
Carcharhiniformes Sharks
Mukati meiyi nhevedzano, dzinenge 200 marudzi akasiyana eshaki anosanganisirwa, mazhinji aaya anosanozivikanwa, akadai seSphyrna lewini, kana kuti nezita rayo rokutanga, Hammerhead shark. Kusiyana nema squaliformes sharks, mashaki ari eiyi order ane anal fin; Pamusoro peizvi, chimwe chehunhu hukuru hweiyi kurongeka ndechekuti mhino yacho yakanyatsoti sandara, muromo wakapamhama unotopfuura muganhu wemeso, ziso rezasi remashaki aya rinoita basa rekuita nictitating membrane, kuwedzera. mumidziyo yayo yekugaya ine spiral intestinal valve.
Imwe yemhando yecarcharhiniform shark yatinogona kuwana itiger shark, kana nesainzi inozivikanwa seGaleocerdo cuvier; Iyi ndiyo imwe yemhando dzakakurumbira dze shark dziripo, kunyange, pamwe chete nehama dzayo, white shark nehando shark, aya marudzi matatu ndiwo anonyora zvakanyanya kurwiswa.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti tiger shark dzinogara mumakungwa uye zvakare mumakungwa ane tembiricha yekupisa kana kudziya, kutenderedza pasirese. Izvi zvinowanikwa pamusoro pesherufu yekondinendi nematombo; Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, sezvipenyu zvakawanda zvataurwa pamusoro apa, nzira inoberekana nayo mhuka iyi ndeye ovoviviparous ine oophagy.
Imwe mhando yerudzi rweiyo carcharhiniformes, imbwa kana Galeorhinus galeus, mhuka idzi dzinowanzogara mumvura yeWestern Europe, Western Africa, South America, kumaodzanyemba kweAustralia uye kumadokero kwemahombekombe eUnited States of America. .
Ihove idzi dzichagara dzichida kushandisa munzvimbo dzisina kudzika; Uyezve, maitiro avo ekubereka ndeye placental viviparous uye vanogona kuva nemarara anotangira pakati pe20 ne35 pups. Idzi shark idiki chaizvo kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhuka, dzinogona kutadza kusvika kureba pakati pe120 ne135 centimita. Pakati pemamwe marudzi e carcharhiniformes shark tinogona kuwana:
- Hemipristis elongata, kana Elongated Galeus
- Chaenogaleus macrostoma, Harpoon-toothed Galeus
- Hemigaleus microstoma, kana Crescent Galeus
- Scylliogaleus quecketti, Zino-mazino Tollo
- Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, Grey Shark
- Ctenacis fehlmann, kana Harlequin Horned Tollo
- Leptocharias smithii, Bearded Shark
- Carcharhinus bornensis, Borneo Shark
- Carcharhinus albimarginatus, kana Whitetip Shark
- Carcharhinus perezi, Caribbean Reef Shark
- Carcharhinus cautus, kana inozivikanwa seNervous Shark
Lamniform Sharks
Hunhu hukuru hwelamniform shark ndehwekuti vane mhedzi yekumashure uyezve maviri dorsal fins. Zvakare, idzi hadzina ziso remaziso anoyevedza, asi zvakare dzine zvidimbu zvishanu zvegill uye spiracles. Ruzhinji rwezvipenyu zvinoumba urongwa uhwu hune mhino yakareba uye kuvhura kwemuromo kunosvika kuseri kwemaziso avo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti intestinal vharafu hove idzi ane mhete chimiro.
Pakati pemhando dzelamniform shark tinowana mamwe akadai seyakasarudzika goblin shark, kana nesainzi inonzi Mitsukurina owstoni. Aya mashaki akagoverwa kutenderera pasirese, zvisinei, iri munzira ine chigamba, zvinoreva kuti haina kugovaniswa muzvikamu zvakaenzana. Muchokwadi, zvinogoneka kuti mhuka iyi inogona kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvisinei, iyo data inouya kubva kwakasiyana netsaona kubatwa mumambure ekuredza.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti izvi zvinowanzogara mumvura ine hudzamu hunogona kubva pakati pe0 kusvika 1.300 metres, uye idzi zvakare shark dzakakura, sezvo dzinogona kusvika kureba kusvika kumamita matanhatu. Sezvineiwo, nanhasi rudzi chairwo rwekubereka rwavanarwo haruzivikanwe, uye hapana zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezve biology yavo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tinogonawo kuwana basking shark, kana kuti inonziwo Cetorhinus maximus; Kusiyana nehuwandu hwemashaki ehurongwa uhwu, basking shark haisi zvikara zvakakura, iyi imhando hombe uye inochengeterwa mumvura inotonhora, idzi shark dzakanaka ndedzesefa feeder. Uyezve, shark idzi dzinotama, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi dzakapararira kumativi ose emakungwa nemakungwa ose epasi.
Nehurombo, huwandu hwevasking shark muNorth Pacific neNorthwest Atlantic vari munjodzi huru yekutsakatika. Mukati meboka re lamniform shark tinogona kuwana imwe yakakura kwazvo yeiyi, pano tinogona kuwana mhando dzakadai se:
- Megachasma pelagios, kana Greatmouth Shark
- Carcharodon carcharias, kana inozivikanwa zviri nani seWhite Shark
- Alopias superciliosus, kana Bigeye kana Black Fox
- Pseudochararias kamoharai, Crocodile shark
- Alopias pelagicus, Pelagic Fox
- Isurus oxyrinchus, inozivikanwa zviri nani seMako shark
- Carcharias tricuspidatus, Bambaco bull
- Carcharias Taurus, kana Bull Shark
Orectolobiform Sharks
Sharki dziri dzeorectolobiformes order dzinozivikanwa nekuve mhuka dzinofarira kugara mumvura inodziya kana mvura dzinopisa. Zvakare, chimwe chehunhu hwayo ndechekuti vane mhedzi yekumashure, mbiri isina musana, muromo mudiki kana uchienzaniswa nemuviri wayo muhombe, vanewo mhuno (yakafanana chaizvo nemhino) yakabatana nemuromo, uye pekupedzisira a. mhuno pfupi iri pamberi pemeso ayo. Inofungidzirwa kuti kune angangoita 33 marudzi akasiyana e orectolobiform shark
Mukati meiyi nhevedzano tinogona kuwana mhuka dzine mukurumbira, pakati padzo tinowana whale shark, kana kuti nesayenzi inonzi Rhincodon typus; Whale sharks kazhinji vanogara munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzinopisa uye dzinodziya makungwa, kusanganisira Gungwa reMeditera. Hudzamu hwavanogara hunosiyana pakati pepamusoro uye 2.000 metres. Avhareji saizi yavo ingangoita 20 metres, uye vanogona kurema kusvika matani makumi mana nemaviri.
Muhupenyu hwese whale shark vanodya pane zvakapambwa zvakasiyana, mhuka idzi dzakatemerwa zvachose nedanho rekukura umo iri shark. Saizvozvowo, sezvainokura, iyo yakakura kudya kwayo inofanira kuva.
Nekudaro, isu tinogona zvakare kuwana iyo carpet shark, kana zvakare inonzi Orectolobus halei; Idzi shark dzakaisvonaka dzinoparadzirwa zvikurukuru mumhenderekedzo yegungwa yose yekumaodzanyemba kweAustralia.Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti dzinogara pakadzika zvisina kudzika, sezvo dziri nyore kuoneka pakadzika kunobva pakati pe150 ne200 metres.
Kazhinji, shark idzi dzinogara pedyo necoral reef, kana munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzine matombo, nokuti munzvimbo idzi dzinogona kuvhara nyore nyore. Hove idzi imhuka dzehusiku, husiku ndipo padzinosiya kwadzinogara kunotsvaga chikafu chadzo. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti rudzi rwekubereka rwavanarwo viviparous neoophagy. Pakati pemamwe marudzi e orectolobiformes shark, tinowana mamwe akadai se:
- Chiloscyllium griseum, kana Grey Long-tailed Dogfish
- Parascyllium ferrugineum, kana inozivikanwa seRusty Carpet Shark
- Chiloscyllium arabicum, Arabian refu-tailed catshark
- Cirrhoscyllium expolitum, kana Nhema ine ndebvu catshark
- Brachaelurus waddi, Blind Shark
- Stegostoma fasciatum, Zebra shark
- Nebrius ferrugineus, Tawny Mukoti Shark
Heterodontiform Sharks
Panyaya yemashaki eiyo heterodontiformes kurongeka, tinogona kuwana mhuka diki chaizvo, dzine musana pane dorsal fin, uye zvakare anal fin. Ivo havana nictitating membrane uye pamusoro pemeso avo vane crest. Kufanana nemhando dzakawanda dzemhando dzataurwa pamusoro apa, shark idzi dzine shanu gill slits, nhatu dzacho dziri pamusoro pectoral fins.
Nekudaro, mashaki eiyi odha ane marudzi maviri akasiyana emazino, ayo anowanikwa kumberi akapinza uye ane conical, kune rimwe divi, iwo ekumashure akati sandara uye akafara chose, izvo zvinovabatsira muGreat pakugaya chikafu chako. . Zvakakoshawo kutaura kuti rudzi rwayo rwekubereka ndeye oviparous.
Mukati mekurongeka kweHeterodontiformes, kune zvipfumbamwe zvipenyu zvakasiyana, chimwe chezvakakurumbira zvatinogona kuwana ihorn shark, kana nesayenzi inonzi Heterodontus francisci; Idzi shark dzinonyanya kugara kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweCalifornia, kunyange zvazvo inogona kuonekwa nyore nyore pamhenderekedzo dzakasiyana dzeMexico. Hudzamu hune mashaki aya hunosvika pakati pe2 ne250 metres, zvisinei, zvakajairika kuvaona pahupamhi hwepamusoro pakati pe2 ne11 metres.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tinogonawo kusimbisa Port Jackson shark, kana kuti inonzi Heterodontus portusjacksoni; mhuka iyi inogara kunyanya mumvura yekumaodzanyemba kweAustralia uye zvakare muTanzania. Kufanana nemhando dzese dzeshark dzeiyi kurongeka, Port Jackson shark dzinogara mumvura isina kudzika, ndiko kuti, kudzika kwepamusoro uko mashaki aya akaiswa pasi angangoita 275 metres.
Mhuka idzi zvakare dzehusiku, uye mukati mezuva dzinoramba dzakavharika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine matombo kana pamatombo. Idzi shark dzinosvika pahurefu hurefu hunotangira pakati pe150 ne165 centimita. Pakati pemamwe marudzi eheterodontiform shark, tinowana mamwe akadai se:
- Heterodontus omanensis, kana Oman Horned Shark
- Heterodontus quoyi, Galapagos Great Horned Shark
- Heterodontus mexicanus, kana Mexican Horned Shark
- Heterodontus galeatus, Great Horned Shark
- Heterodontus japonicus, kana Japanese Horned Shark
- Heterodontus zebra, Zebra ane nyanga shark
- Heterodontus ramalheira, kana African Horned Shark
Hexanchiformes Sharks
Pakupedzisira, tinowana mashaki eiyo hexanchiforme order. Mukati mehurongwa uhu mune mhando dzechinyakare dzemashaki mhenyu, ayo angori matanhatu akasiyana. Zvikuru, izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuve nekamwe dorsal fin nemusana, hazvina kana membrane inopinza, uye zvinogonawo kuva pakati pematanhatu kusvika manomwe maburi maburi kana maburi.
Mukati mehexanchiformes shark marudzi, tinowana eel kana chlamys shark, inonziwo Chlamydoselachus anguineus; Aya mashaki akanaka anowanzo kugara mumvura yeAtlantic Ocean nePacific Ocean, zvakare akagovaniswa nenzira yakasarudzika. Kudzika kwakadzika uko izvi zvinowanikwa pakati pe50 uye 1.500 metres. Idzi imhando yemhuka ine viviparous uye kubata kwe "fetus" yavo kunogona kugara pakati pegore kana maviri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tinowanawo shark yemombe ine maziso makuru, kana kuti nesayenzi inonzi Hexanchus nakamurai; shark idzi dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzese dzinodziya kusvika kumakungwa anodziya uye nyanza, zvisinei, senge shark eels, bigeyed mhou shark dzakagovaniswa zvakaringana.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti shark idzi imhando yegungwa-yakadzika, sezvo inowanzopfuura pakadzika inosvika pakati pe90 ne620 metres. Vanogona kusvika pakureba kwe 180 centimita; uyewo, rudzi rwekubereka kwe shark idzi ndeye ovoviviparous, uye pamararamiro ega ega vanogona kuisa pakati pe13 ne26 vana. Mamwe marudzi erudzi urwu ndeaya anotevera:
- Hexanchus griseus, Peinetas shark kana grey boot shark
- Chlamydoselachus africana, South Africa eel shark
- Heptranchias perlo, kana Sevengill Shark
- Notorynchus cepedianus, Spotted Shark kana Shortnose Cow Shark
Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhuka dzese dziripo pasi rose, usazeza kwechinguva kubva usina kutanga waverenga zvinyorwa zvitatu izvi zvinoshamisa: