Muchikamu chino tinokuunzira ruzivo rwese rwakakosha nezve Paint maitiro, tichakuudza pamusoro pezvose zvakakosha izvo kupenda kwave kuine munhoroondo yenyika, nokuti yakasiya zviratidzo zvakawanda uye nyaya dzakawanda, ndicho chikonzero kana uchicherechedza mufananidzo unokosha, unofanira kufunga nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzekupenda. chinyorwa chazvino chaunoda!
Paint maitiro
Hunyanzvi hwekumiririra magirafu kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe pigment yakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekugadzira kana organic zvinosunga ndizvo zvatinoziva sekupenda.Kushandisa hunyanzvi hwekupenda, unofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwakawanda nezve theory yeruvara uye maumbirwo emifananidzo. maitiro akasiyana epende ichashandiswa.
Kuti ukwanise kuita hunyanzvi hwekupenda nekudhirowa, tsika yekupenda inofanirwa kugara ichiitwa uye izvi zvinosanganisira kutora mukana weimwe nzvimbo senge bepa, canvas, chidimbu chejira, chidimbu chepepa. huni, mudhuri.mauri kuzopendwa, uchishandisa imwe nzira yekuwana mubatanidzwa wemavara, maumbirwo, madhirowa, maumbirwo pakati pezvimwe, nokudaro zvichipa dhizaini yebasa reunyanzvi rinozadzisa mamwe misimboti yekunaka.
Nenzira iyi, muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mugadziri wezvivakwa uye nyanzvi yezvidzidzo André Félibien wekubva kuFrench akauya kuzosimbisa mune imwe yehurukuro dzake paFrench Academy pamusoro pehukuru hwemhando dziripo mumhando yekupenda, idzo dziri. “nyaya, mufananidzo, nzvimbo, makungwa, maruva nemichero”
MuFine Arts, kupenda ndechimwe chekare chemaitiro ehunyanzvi aripo pane manomwe aripo, musainzi yeArt theory uye mune aesthetics, pendi yakaonekwa sechikamu chepasirese uye inozosanganisira zvese zvisikwa zvehunyanzvi zvakaitwa pamusoro. . Imwe yemhando dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekupenda imhando yetsigiro inoshandiswa kana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye parizvino zvinotsigira kana akasiyana dhijitari matekiniki.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti munhoroondo yekupenda yaitongwa kwenguva nechitendero kana unyanzvi hwechitendero. Kune mienzaniso yakawanda yorudzi urwu rwemifananidzo, kubvira pamabhuku akapendwa achisimbisa vanhu vengano nevechitendero, kusvika kumifananidzo inorondedzerwa muBhaibheri, yakadai sesirin’i yeSistine Chapel iri muVatican City, Rome. Kunyange mifananidzo yakafanana yakapendwa kubva muupenyu hwaBuddha, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakapendwa inotsinhira dingindira rechitendero rokumabvazuva.
Tsanangudzo yekupenda
Kutsanangura kupenda, uye kutaura nezve hunhu hwayo hukuru hwekupenda, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti iratidziro yemifananidzo uchishandisa mutsara we pigment yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu, ingave organic kana synthetic, kuita hunyanzvi kutaura. Asi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti hunyanzvi hwekupenda hwakaoma, nekuti hunoda maitiro mazhinji ekupenda uye nzira, pamwe nekudhirowa nekuona kuumbwa kwemugadziri uye mashandisiro aanoita dzidziso yeruvara.
Kushandisa hunyanzvi uhu mupendi anogona kushandisa nzira dzependi yefresco kana nzira yekupenda mafuta. Asi pendi yacho inogona kusangana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemadingindira, pamwe neakasiyana maitiro enhoroondo pendi kana mhando dzakasiyana dzataurwa pamusoro.
Iwe zvakare uchawana akasiyana masitaera ekupenda akadai prehistoric uye Gothic pendi uye mune chero nguva yekupenda iyo inonongedzwa. Asi mifananidzo yacho imabasa ounyanzvi, sokutaura kunoita Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, munyori wezvakaitika kare wokuBritain akaberekerwa kuAustria:
“Hapana chakaipa pakuzvifadza nemufananidzo wenzvimbo nekuti unotiyeuchidza musha wedu kana mufananidzo nekuti unotiyeuchidza shamwari, nekuti sevarume zvatiri, kana tichitarisa basa reunyanzvi tinoiswa. ndangariro yezvizhinji zvezvinhu izvo, nokuda kwezviri nani kana kuti zvakaipa, zvinopesvedzera zvatinoda.
Gombrich, Nhoroondo yeArt (2002)"
Nenzira imwecheteyo Arnold Hauser, munyori wenhau dzakaitika wekubva kuHungary mushure mekudzidza hupenyu hwake hwese pakati peGermany neItari, anotsanangura pfungwa yekupenda achitaura zvinotevera:
"Isu tinozvidudzira (mifananidzo) maererano nezvinangwa zvedu uye zvatinoshuvira, tinoendesa zvinoreva kwavari, avo vanobva mumararamiro edu uye maitiro epfungwa."
Muzivi akaberekerwa kuGermany Ernst Bloch, mubhuku rake rakanyorwa muna 1918 rine musoro unoti. Mweya we utopia, anoratidza hungwaru hwake kudzivirira umhizha husiri hwekufananidzira, uye anoita hukama nekubata pamuviri kwemurume utopian, ane magumo asina kuratidzwa, asi asingazivi arimo mukatikati memunhu uye mubhuku rake rinouya kuzosimbisa zvinotevera:
"Kana basa rekupenda raizozviisa pamberi pemeso emhepo uye kukosha kwakakosha kwenzvimbo nezvimwe zvese, zvingava nani kuenda zvakananga uye wakasununguka kunakidzwa nezvose izvozvo."
Kune vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye kunyanya VaErwin Panofsky, vakaongorora zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo yakawanda kuburikidza nechimiro chavo uye zvinyorwa zvavanomiririra, vakaita zvidzidzo zvakawanda vachiedza kunzwisisa kuti mufananidzo wacho unomiririra chii kunzanga, zvino zvinoreva kuti kupenda kwaiva kune uye pakupedzisira zvinhu zvairehwa nekupenda patsika nechitendero.
nhoroondo yekupenda
Muchikamu chino, ane kodzero maitiro ekupenda, tichakuudza zvishoma nezvenhoroondo yekupenda. Saka kuti iwe uve neruzivo rwakakosha, sezvo patinenge tichitaura nezvenhoroondo tinofanira kudzokera kunguva yeprehistory uye kusvika kuzera remazuva ano, iro rinosanganisira zvose zvinomiririra zvinogadzirwa nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa mukupenda uye kudhirowa kweunyanzvi.
Zvose izvi zvinopindirana nenhoroondo yeunyanzvi mune zvetsika uye nhoroondo, kana tichiedza kuongorora nhoroondo yekupenda tinofanira kudzokera kune mifananidzo yakaitwa semurals mumapako akasiyana, ayo anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzePyrenean iyo. ndezvenyika dzeSpain neFrance uye chikamu chegungwa reMediterranean mune yainzi Levantine art.
Kune mamwe mapendi akaitwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope ari padiki padiki, ayo ari munyika dzinotevera: Portugal, Italy, muchikamu cheEastern Europe uye kuNorth Africa. Kune mimwe mifananidzo yakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yekupenda yakaita semifananidzo yemapako uye ndiyo yekare inozivikanwa nevanhu.
Munhoroondo yekupenda ndiyo bako reChauvet riri muFrance, sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo kuburikidza nekuferefeta kwakaitwa pabako rakati, rine makore anopfuura zviuru makumi matatu nemaviri uye riri muAurignacian uye Gravettian nguva. Hunhu hwemufananidzo wakaitwa mubako iri hwaive hwekuti maartist akashandisa ocher ivhu, red iron oxide uye dema manganese dioxide.
Mune mamwe mapako anomirawo pachena nekuva nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana ndeaya eAltamira neLascaux, mumifananidzo iyi yakadhirowewa zvipembere, mammoth, shumba, nyati, mabhiza kana vanhu vari mukuvhima vachitarisa mhuka. Zvakare mifananidzo inowanikwa mumapepa enhokwe uye mumadziro akasiyana emakuva eEgypt ane makore ane zviuru zvishanu Kristu asati auya, zviono zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwechiverengero ichi uyewo zvengano dzavo nezvavanotenda.
Icharatidzawo hunhu nehunhu hwenzanga iyoyo nekushandisa hukuru hwenhamba sechinzvimbo chenzanga. Sezvakaita muRoma yekare, zvaive zvakajairika kushongedza kana kupenda madziro edzimba nedzimba dzemadzimambo, parizvino iro riri munzvimbo yakanakisa yekuchengetedza iguta rekare rePompeii neguta reHerculaneum.
Vachisvika panguva yepaleochristian mumakomba akavamba kuashongedza kupfurikidza nokupenda zviono zvomutestamende itsva uye kumirira Jesu somufananidzo womufudzi akanaka, vakapenda zviumbwa nameso makuru vachigadzira fungidziro yokuti vakanga vakatarira muoni. Ichi chimiro chakayemurwa zvakanyanya uye chakaramba chichiitwa muchikoro cheByzantine chiri muConstantinople.
Ipapo pendi yerudo inokura pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nembiri neregumi nenhatu, munzvimbo dzinonakidza kwazvo dzeEurope dziri kumaodzanyemba kweFrance nenzvimbo dzeCatalonia, kunyangwe mapendi akaitwa aive emhando dzakasiyana dzechitendero dzakaitwa muchikamu chepamusoro chechechi uye zvichienda mberi. madziro makuru kuti vanhu vaacherekedze, chimwe chezviratidziro chaishandiswa zvikurusa chakanga chiri chiya che<em>pantocrator, uri mufananidzo waJesu weNazareta uye weMhandara Maria.
Vakatangawo kugadzira mifananidzo inoratidza hupenyu hwevatsvene. Mukupenda kwechiGothic kwaivewo nependi yechitendero asi ichimiririra madingindira ekwakabva kunyika asi yaive yechikamu chikuru munyika dzeItari neFrance uko ainyanya kukosha aive mupendi Giotto aishanda semuralist uye mugadziri wemabviro eFlorentine.
Muzera reRenaissance, classical pendi yaive nebasa rakakura mukupesvedzera kufambira mberi kwevanhu, panguva iyoyo maonero emutsetse akagadzirwa uye chimiro chemunhu chaive chichidzidzwa pachishandiswa pendi sechinhu chekutsigira, Imwe yeakanyanya kukosha maitiro ekupenda. kwaive kushandiswa kwemaitiro emafuta.
Panguva iyi paive nevapendi vakuru vaizivikanwa nekuda kweruzivo rwavo uye nzira dzekupenda dzavakashandisa, pakati pevainyanya kusimba vaive Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael Sanzio naTitian. Mune hunhu hwependi vanomira pachena mubasa rinoitwa naLeonardo Da Vinci pakugadzira The Mona Lisa, iyo inozivikanwawo se iye Mona Lisa, Zvakanaka, ini ndinoshandisa chiaroscuro uye sfumato nzira.
Mugadziri uye muvezi Michelangelo akaita rimwe remabasa akanyanya kukosha nekupenda sirin'i yeSistine Chapel, inozivikanwa serimwe remabasa makuru eRenaissance, uyezve maartist akawanda akashandisa madingindira ekufananidzira pakati peaya anobva kuchamhembe kweEurope. vanosanganisira hama Jan van Eyck naHubert van Eyck. MuGermany, mupendi uye munhu Dürer akasimuka.
Nepo iyo yainzi inopesana nereformation chechi kana kuvandudzwa kwekereke yekatorike yaaida kurwisa chiPurotesitendi, yakatsvaga kushandisa unyanzvi hwechitendero uye kuita izvi yakashandisa chibvumirano chekugadzira chemaitiro, avo vakadzora unyanzvi pakati. muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX, asi panguva ino maitiro ekupenda kwavakashandisa kwaiva kuramba mitemo uye rusununguko rwekuumbwa kwezvimiro uye mavara, asi hutsva hweCaravaggists hwakashandiswa.
Ava vakashandisa hunyanzvi hwekuona, uko vakashandisa musanganiswa wekutarisa kwepanyama kudonongodza zvese zvaida kujekeswa uye kuita kuti pendi yacho ive nemitambo yemitambo uye inoshamisa art yepakati kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwechiaroscuro. Zvakanaka, akashandisa mumvuri uye chiedza, mune iyi art Caravaggio naAnnibale Carracci vakatanhamara, vapendi vaviri vaive vemazuva ano uye vakanyanya kukosha mukuumbwa kwemifananidzo yeBaroque art.
Imwe yeakanyanya hunhu hweBaroque pendi ndeye simba rezvinyorwa zvakaitwa nevapendi Rubens Rembrandt naVelázquez. Muchikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechiXNUMX, rococo artic movement yakasimudzirwa, iyo yainyanya kufara uye inofadza kudarika unyanzvi hwebaroque uye yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya munyika dzeFrance neGermany.
Mufambiro wetsika wokudanana wakatanga pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, wakanga uchiratidzira mirangariro uye mirangariro mikuru, asi muFrance mupendi akatanhamara akanga ari Delacroix, muUnited States mupendi akatanhamara akanga ari Thomas Cole, apo akanga ari kuUnited Kingdom. United yakamiririrwa naConstable naTurner uye muSpain aive mupendi Francisco de Goya.
Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, kutora mifananidzo kwakagadzirwa uye kudhirowa kwakatanga kurasikirwa nechinangwa chayaive nacho kusvika panguva iyoyo nekupa mifananidzo yechokwadi, panguva iyoyo hunyanzvi hwekufamba kweimpressionism hwakaita kuti chitarisiko chayo chimiririrwe nemupendi werudzi rwechiFrench anonzi Edouard Manet. uyo akanga ari mutangiri wesangano iri akaita kuti zvibvire zvichibva pamabhurashi ake asina kusimba uye ukama hwemavara aakashandisa kugadzira chifananidzo chechokwadi asi pasina kupa ngwariro huru kumashoko akajeka zvikuru.
Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hunhu hwekupenda hwakanyanya kuoneka nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwemifananidzo, pakati pedu tine Fauvism, iyo inozivikanwawo seFauvism uye iboka remifananidzo rakazvarwa muFrance ndokuzopararira kunyika dzinoverengeka uye inoratidzirwa nekuramba mavara echinyakare uye kushandisa mavara echisimba kana anoshamisa kwazvo.
Sangano retsika rinonzi Expressionism rakazvarwawo asi muGermany, asi rakaiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveunyanzvi hwakadai sepurasitiki, zvivakwa, mabhuku, mimhanzi, bhaisikopo, theatre, kutamba, kutora mifananidzo, nezvimwe. Uye kwairatidzirwa nokuita kuti kunzwa kunzwe kunopfuura kuita chibereko chakatendeka chechokwadi.
Saizvozvo, Cubism yakazvarwa sesangano rehunyanzvi pakati pe1907 na1924, rakagadzirwa naPablo Picasso naGeorges Braque, uye rakateverwa nevanyori Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, María Blanchard naGuillaume. Apollinaire, raive sangano iro yakavakirwa pakugadzira mifananidzo muchimiro chediki cubes. Kugadzira matatu-dimensional mifananidzo inove maviri-dimensional pendi.
Abstract pendi inogarwa nhaka kubva kune iyi tsika yekufamba kwe cubism, inova nzira yeabstract expressionism yakagadzirwa muNew York City pakati pemakore ekuma1940 kusvika kuma1950.
Zvino, kuUnited Kingdom, Pop art inooneka, sangano rehunyanzvi rinofemerwa neaesthetics yehupenyu hwemazuva ese uye zvinhu zvevatengi zvakashandiswa panguva iyoyo. Eya, ziviso dzakaitwa kuzivisa rudzi rwakati rwechinwiwa kana kuti zvokudya. Kuve mumiriri wayo mukuru Andy Warhol.
Pakupedzisira, muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, minimalism inooneka, inova muitiro apo zvinhu zvose zvinoderedzwa kusvika kune zvakakosha kana kubvisa zvinhu zvakasara uye kugadzira maitiro emifananidzo nekushandiswa kwehushoma hwekushongedza zviwanikwa. Ndichiri muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX pfungwa yehuwandu inogadzirwa uye nhasi kwakasiyana siyana masitaera uye aesthetics anoshandiswa.
Mhando dzehunyanzvi dzinoshandiswa mukupenda
Pakati pemhando dzeunyanzvi dziripo uye dzichaiswa muzvikamu nemadingindira, ayo akave akaverengerwa kuburikidza nenhoroondo yekupenda iyo yakave nemhedzisiro pahunyanzvi, zviyero, maitiro uye matauriro anoita iyo artwork. Vanyori vakadai saPlato (427-347 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC) naHorace (65-8 BC) vakasvika pakusimbisa kuti unyanzvi chiedzo.
"Pfungwa inoshandiswa nevanyori ava nekudaro ichidaidza kutevedzera zvisikwa sechinangwa chakakosha chehunyanzvi"
Kune iyi pfungwa, kukosha kunoitwa mukushandiswa kweiyo didactic kukosha kwainayo uye inoita inomiririra yakanaka, asi haifanirwe kuita misiyano pakati pemufananidzo wakaitwa nekufungidzira uye iwo chaiwo mufananidzo. Mugadziri Marco Vitruvio Polión ari pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga, akatanga kushongedza dzimba dzekudyira uko kwaionekwa mifananidzo ine chikafu chakasiyana-siyana uye mune mamwe makamuri maratidziro enzvimbo uye zvimiro zvengano.
MuRenaissance, mugadziri Leon Battista Alberti aive nepfungwa yekusimudza dhigirii rekupenda mhizha kune iro reakasununguka muimbi, achitotaura kuti basa rakakosha iro muvendi ane nhoroondo, asi mugadziri anoshandisa Izwi renhoroondo. inotaura nezve rondedzero yekupenda ichiita epic kana yechitendero zviitiko, wozotaura zvinotevera:
"Iyo inoratidzira mabasa makuru evarume vakuru vanofanirwa kuyeukwa inosiyana neiyo inotsanangura tsika dzevagari vega, kubva kune iyo inoratidza hupenyu hwevarimi. Yekutanga ine hunhu hwakanaka, inofanirwa kuchengeterwa zvivakwa zveveruzhinji uye pekugara kwevakuru, nepo imwe yacho inokodzera magadheni ”
Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, pendi yemafuta yakaita kutaridzika kwayo uye kuunganidzwa, kunyangwe chokwadi chekugadzira mifananidzo mikuru yekurondedzera haina kurasika, yakapawo kupendi yekutengeserana uye akasiyana mafomati anogoneka. Nenzira iyi, mhando dzemifananidzo dzakasiyana uye hunyanzvi hwemuimbi wega wega zvakatanga kuiswa.
MuItaly, kupenda kwezvakaitika kare kunoenderera mberi uye vapendi vakanga vari kuchamhembe kweItaly vakagadzira mifananidzo, nepo vanyori vakanga vari muNetherlands vakatanga kugadzira mifananidzo yemhando asi pamwero muduku, kupenda mabasa ehupenyu hwevarombo, kuwedzera kune hupenyu huripo. uye landscape.
Nenzira iyi, mugore re1667, mugadziri wezvivakwa uye theoretician anonzi André Félibien akauya neimwe nzira yekuisa mhando dzemhando dzekare, iyo nhoroondo, mufananidzo, mamiriro, makungwa, maruva nemichero.
Mhando yekupenda: Iyo inonziwo genre scene, pendi iyi yakavakirwa pamaitiro epachivande evanhu muzviitiko zvavo zvemazuva ese uye zvemazuva ano zvemuimbi, inozivikanwawo se costumbrista pendi. Mifananidzo yakakurumbira yemhando iyi yakagadzirwa muNetherlands pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Pakati pevanyori vane mukurumbira mumhando iyi ndiPieter Brueghel Mukuru uye Vermeer. Kunyange zvazvo zvisinganyatsozivikanwi kana vakaitwa kuti vamiririre chokwadi kana kuti nechinangwa chokuvhiringidza vacherechedzi kubva pamifananidzo iyo dzimwe nguva yaisekesa zvikuru. Zvichida vaive nechinangwa chekuzvibata kuburikidza nemienzaniso yakasiyana yavakaita yevaoni.
Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti mumhando yekupenda yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vaifunga nezvese kunyomba kana hunhu chinangwa chemamiriro ezvinhu mumabasa akasiyana akaitwa nevapendi William Hogarth kana Jean-Baptiste Greuze, uku kuSpain muvezi Diego. Velázquez akarima rudzi rwekupenda achiita basa rake Mukadzi Akwegura achikacha mazai uye mutakuri wemvura weSeville, nenzira iyi muvezi Francisco Goya.
Mufananidzo: Muchikamu chemhando dzemhando dzinoshandiswa mukupenda, mufananidzo unotora nzvimbo yakakosha asi isinganzwisisike sezvo neimwe nzira iwe unomiririra vanhu mumufananidzo waMwari, uye kune rumwe rutivi vanoedza kukudza munhu nekuda kwekusabatsira kwavo uye izvo zvavakaita munhoroondo. , nokuti vanhu vakapfuma uye vane simba zvikuru vagara vachimiririrwa.
Asi nekufamba kwenguva, mapoka epakati aitsvaga vanyori kuti varatidze vanhu vose vakaumba mhuri, nhasi kune mifananidzo inogadzirwa pakati pemhuri dzeavo vanotonga, makambani, masangano uye vanhu.
Kana mupendi agadzira mufananidzo wake uyu unonzi self-portrait, mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira mune iyi aive Rembrandt akagadzira zvinopfuura makumi manomwe ega mifananidzo yake. Kazhinji, muimbi anoita mumiriri anozvimiririra, sezvakataurwa naEdward Burne-Jones anova muimbi weChirungu uye mugadziri achiti:
"Matauriro chete anogona kubvumidzwa mumufananidzo mukuru kuratidzwa kwehunhu uye hunhu, hapana chenguva pfupi, ephemeral kana netsaona."
Mune nzira yemafuta iyo yakashandiswa nemumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kunaka vekuchamhembe kweEurope muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu ainzi Jan Van Eyck, aive mumwe weavo vakasimudzira hunyanzvi hwekuzvitora, muenzaniso unokosha weizvi paive apo muimbi akapenda Arnolfini Marriage, mumufananidzo uyu muvendi anoratidzwa aine mukadzi wake ane pamuviri aine muviri uzere.
Munguva yeRenaissance yaimiririrwa senzvimbo yemagariro uye seine kubudirira kwakawanda kwevanhu vakafananidzirwa, nenzira iyi maartist mazhinji akamira pakati pavo Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael Sanzio naDurero vakatanhamara.MuSpain Zurbarán, Velázquez uye Francisco de Goya.
Zvakare akawedzerwa kumapoka aya maFrench Impressionists aiitawo rudzi urwu, Degas, Monet, Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Cézanne etc, uye muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, Matisse, Gustav Klimt, Picasso, Modigliani, Max Beckmann, Umberto Boccioni, Lucian. Freud, Francis Bacon kana Andy Warhol.
Historical painting: Humwe hunhu hwekupenda ndeye nhoroondo yekupenda, iyo inoonekwa semhando huru mune zvechitendero, ngano, nhoroondo, zvinyorwa uye zvekufananidzira mifananidzo. Mumhando iyi yekupenda vairatidza hupenyu hwemunhu uye hwepfungwa kana hutsika hwemunhu akapendwa. Mune imwe yehurukuro dzavo, Sir Joshua Reynolds, avo vakauya kuzoratidzira paRoyal Academy of Arts pakati pa1769 na1790, vakapokana zvinotevera:
“Chinangwa chikuru cheunyanzvi ndechekumutsa fungidziro… Maererano netsika, ndinodaidza chikamu ichi cheArt Historical Painting, asi chinofanira kunzi Nhetembo. (…) Anofanira dzimwe nguva kutsauka kubva pachokwadi chakashata uye chakasimba chenhoroondo achitsvaga ukuru hwebasa rake”
Zvino muimbi anonzi Nicolás Poussin wekuFrance kwakabva ndiye muvendi wekutanga akagadzira rudzi rwenhoroondo yekupenda mune diki fomati, asi hutsva uhu hauna kubudirira. Nepo mupendi Diego Velázquez mugore ra1656 akapedza basa rake rainzi Las Meninas kwaanotsanangura mhuri yaPhilip IV, mune yakakura pendi apo inoratidzwa nenzira yekufananidzira kuti mufananidzo wemhuri yehumambo mukati merudzi rwenhoroondo yekupenda.
Mushure meizvi uye nekufamba kwenguva, munyori wemifananidzo Pablo Picasso mugore ra1937, akapedza basa rake rine mukurumbira rainzi Guernica, kugadzira mufananidzo uyu akashandisa hukuru hukuru mumhando yemifananidzo yekare.
Mamiriro: Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD, mapendi ane rudzi kana dingindira renzvimbo anowanikwa munyika dzeChina neJapan, sezvo muEurope maratidziro anoonekwa asi nekusimbirira kwezviitiko zvinorondedzera kana zvirevo zve pharmacy uye botany.
Asi dingindira iri rinotanga zvechokwadi muzana ramakore rechitanhatu AD apo kutaridzika kwekuunganidza kwakatanga kukumbirwa uye misoro yakasiyana-siyana yakatsaurirwa kumifananidzo yenyika yakatanga kukumbirwa uye vapendi vekuchamhembe kweEurope vakadomwa senyanzvi mumunda, nenzira iyi. , rudzi rwemaDutch landscapes rwakasimudzirwa nenzira yakananga. Kuti ndakanga ndakatarisa pakupenda nzvimbo yakaderera uye denga rakazara nemakore.
Pamusoro pezvo, mumhando iyi yakajairika maDutch windmills, mombe uye mabhoti ehove akasiyana akapendwa. Munzvimbo dzeVenetian dziri muItaly, dzakapendwa naGiorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco nevadzidzi vake, mifananidzo iyi yakagadzirwa nechitarisiko chenziyo uye ine mavara akanaka ekurapa.
Rudzi urwu rwependi rwakagadzirwa mukati mezana ramakore regumi nemasere, asi rainziwo vedutismo, sezvo yaive rudzi rweItaly rwakagadzirwa muVenice uko maonero eguta anomiririrwa akafanana neiyo cartographic maitiro, sezvo mifananidzo inogadzirwa panoramas. guta.
Ikoko migero, zviyeuchidzo uye nzvimbo dzakanyanya kufanana dzeVenice dzinotsanangurwa, dzimwe nguva dzakapendwa dzoga kana nemifananidzo yevanhu, vamiririri vakanyanya kukosha verudzi urwu vaiva Canaletto, Bernardo Bellotto, Francesco Guardi, Michele Marieschi naLuca Carlevarijs.
Muchikoro cheBarbizon, uko kwakadanwa nzvimbo iyo vanyori venzvimbo, sezvo ava vaive mavara ekutanga kupenda kunze nekuita chidzidzo chekushanda kunze uye hwaro hwemhando iyi mwenje uye akasiyana mazhinji kunyanya. kukanganisa Impressionist pendi.
Hupenyu huchiripo: Iyo inomiririra yakawanda yerudzi rwekutevedzera zvisikwa uye zvinhu zvisina hupenyu, izvo zvinomiririrwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva semichero, maruva, chikafu, midziyo yekicheni, tableware, mabhuku, zvishongo, nezvimwe. Asi humwe hwehunhu hwemufananidzo parudzi urwu ndehwekuti kushoma kunyora.
Kutanga kwemhando yehupenyu huchiri hupenyu, hunoitika mukare kwaishandiswa kushongedza horo huru dzezviitiko zvakakosha, senge mafrescoes echiRoma muPompeii, munyori Pliny mukuru akataura kuti vanyori vechiGiriki mavambo emazana emakore apfuura vaive. vane hunyanzvi hwekuita mifananidzo uye vachiri vapenyu.
Rudzi urwu rwekupenda rwainyanya kukosha mumifananidzo yekuMadokero muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD. Muenzaniso wakakosha werudzi urwu mufananidzo une musoro. Butchery Yakagadzirwa nemuSpanish painter Joachim Beuckelaer. Muzana ramakore rimwe chetero vapendi Caravaggio naAnnibale Carracci vakaita mabasa anomiririra hupenyu hwakanaka huchiripo.
Muzana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe AD, C. muNetherlands anoshandura rudzi rwemuvhini unonzi zvisina maturo, Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatanga kuratidzwa ipapo, zvakadai sezviridzwa, girazi, sirivheri nemidziyo, pamwe chete nezvishongo nezviratidzo zvakadai semabhuku, skulls kana hourglasses, iyo yakashanda semharidzo yetsika yemafaro ekupedzisira emanzwiro.
Nepo French Academy yakakodzera nzvimbo ino nenzvimbo yekupedzisira yehumambo hwemifananidzo. Asi kusvika kweiyo artic movement ye impressionism pamwe neakawanda maitiro ekupenda, hupenyu huchiri zvakare dingindira rakajairwa pakati pevanopenda uye nzanga, mifananidzo yeVan Gogh's Sunflowers ndeimwe yemifananidzo yakapararira yerudzi urwu.
Cubist artists vakatangawo kuumba vachiri vapenyu, pakati pavo vanotevera Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Maria Blanchard naJuan Gris vanomira pachena.
nudes: Munyaya iyi imhando yehunyanzvi apo kumiririrwa kwemuviri wemunhu kuchabuda pachena uye zvakare chimwe chehunhu hwekupenda, mushutu. Inoonekwa seimwe yezvikamu zvedzidzo zvemabasa ehunyanzvi. Asi dzimwe nyanzvi dzinowanzoibatanidza nekukwezva.
Asi rudzi rwevasina kupfeka nguva dzose rinosvika pakuva nekududzira kwakasiyana-siyana nerevo dzakawanda, kubvira kubva mungano kuenda kuchitendero uye kusimbisa kudzidza kweanatomical kana sechiratidzo cherunako nerunako rwekukwana sezvaiitwa muGirisi yekare.
Muchidzidzo cheunyanzvi, kudzidza kwekukwana uye kumiririrwa kwemuviri wemunhu kwagara kwagara kuri munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, kubva prehistory ine chivezwa cheVenus yeWillendorf kusvika ikozvino. Musoro wemushutu wakave unomiririra muGreece yekare, uko mushwi wakabatwa sekukwana uye runako rwakakwana.
Iyi pfungwa yakagara mu classicist art uye yasvika kuzuva ranhasi uye yakanyanya kurongeka nemaonero eveMadokero nzanga yakananga kune mushwi uye hunyanzvi. MuMiddle Ages, tapuro yadzo yakasvika kurudzidziso, sezvo yakanga yakavakirwa pamisoro yorudzidziso nezviono zveBhaibheri, ichipa ruramiso kuuyu rudzi.
MuRenaissance maive netsika itsva yainzi humanist uye yaive yakanyanya anthropocentric, ichiisa munhu sepakati pezvinhu zvese, uye nedzidziso itsva iyi akasimbisa kudzoka kwerudzi rweusina kudhirowa, asi zvichibva munhoroondo uye ngano. madingindira.. Kushingirira panyaya dzechitendero.
Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX AD, rudzi rwevasina kupfeka rwakatanga kurasikirwa nechimiro chechimiro nekuda kwekubuda kwetsika yekufamba kweImpressionism uye yaizomiririrwa neunhu hwayo hwekunakisa semufananidzo unofadza uye unonyadzisa, asi unonyatsoratidza.
kupenda unyanzvi
Kuti titsanangure hunhu hwependi, isu tinofanirwa kuzvimisira pamaitiro anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, nekuti iyo pigment inonatswa sei uye inogadzika pamusoro painozopendwa, nekuti kana pigment isinganyungudika mubinder inoshandiswa. , vanoramba vakapararira mairi. Pakati peakanyanya kukosha matekiniki tine:
Oiri: Chimwe chemaitiro ekupenda ndiko kushandiswa kwemafuta, sezvo marudzi akasiyana-siyana emafuta anoshandiswa kugadzirisa pigment uye solvent inonzi turpentine kuti ijekese, sezvo iri mvura inopisa zvikuru. Kupenda kwemafuta kunonyanya kuitwa ne pigment pulverized yakaoma uye zvino yakasanganiswa neakakodzera viscosity nemafuta emuriwo anoshandiswa, sezvo kune mafuta anoomesa zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura mamwe uye anozviita neoxidation uye kwete nekubuda.
Nehunyanzvi uhu, mitsetse ye pigment inoumbwa iyo yakanyudzwa mukati uye ndosaka nguva dzekuomesa dzichifanira kudzorwa zvakanyanya kuitira kuti pendi inyatsogadziriswa mune yega yega pendi iyo inoshandiswa kubasa.
Iyo oxidation process inopa iyo artwork kupfuma uye kudzika kune mavara anoshandiswa kubva pakaoma pigment inoshandiswa, uye mugadziri achakwanisa kusiyana pamafuta anoshandiswa pamwe neanonyungudutsa kuitira kuti kunaka kwepende kuratidze huwandu. yemavara uye hunhu kubva kuopaque kuenda kune yakajeka zvakanyanya kana kubva kune matte kusvika kune inopenya.
Nechikonzero ichi nezvimwe zvakawanda, maartist anotsvaga kushandisa mafuta akanakisa uye ndiyo inonyanya kuchinjika svikiro inogara ichiishandisa nenzira iri nyore, sezvo pendi yemafuta isingachinji panguva yekuomesa, asi nekufamba kwenguva inotanga kutendeuka. yero kana isina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kuitira basa rakaitwa.
Kunyangwe pendi yemafuta ichikwanisa kumira muzvikamu zvakawanda zvinotevedzana zvichibvumira muimbi kuti aone pfungwa yemifananidzo yakagadzirwa muzvikamu zvakati wandei, semuenzaniso mupendi Hilaire-Germain-Edgar de Gas akadana maitiro aya se. kumhanya zvakanaka asi nguva inononoka yekuomesa inobvumira maartist kuti abvise pendi yakawandisa uye aende munzvimbo dzese.
Mune miedzo yakaitwa pamifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana ne-X-rays, vakatibvumira kuona kuti vatenzi vakuru vekupenda vakaita shanduko dzakawanda panguva yekushanda kwebasa remifananidzo.
Wakisi: Nehunyanzvi uhu hunowanzo shandiswa kupisa, hunonzi encaustic, zvinoreva kunyora mumoto, inyanzvi inoshandiswa nekushandiswa kwenamo semuvhari we pigment, kana ichisanganiswa nechinhu ichi ine zvakawanda zvekuvharisa kubva. wakisi yakaoma uye creamier.
Kupenda kwewakisi kunoiswa nespatula kana nebhurashi rinopisa, mushure mekunge basa reunyanzvi rapera rinofanira kukwenenzverwa nekuita shamhu nemicheka yerineni padandemutande rewakisi rakatopararira.
Kuti munyaya iyi haizoiti sebhainda asi kuchengetedza basa reunyanzvi uku kuvhiyiwa kunonzi mu causticization, uye nzira iyi inotsanangurwa naMarco Vitruvio Polión uyo muhupenyu aive mugadziri wezvivakwa uye mupendi akararama pakati pemakore 75 BC na25 AD, uyo maererano nezvakauya kuzosimbisa zvinotevera:
“Unofanira kuparadzira wakisi inopisa papende uye wozoipukuta nemachira akaoma erineni”
Watercolor: Mufananidzo unogadzirwa pabepa kana makadhibhokisi, asi chimwe chezvimiro zvependi yemvura ndeyekuti inonatswa nemvura uye mavara anove akajeka kana kureruka zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura inoshandiswa. Mukuwedzera, iwe unomira kuona kumashure kwepepa kana iri chena.
Rudzi urwu rwependi runoumbwa neagglutinated pigment uye gum arabic kana nehuchi, mukuita uku pendi yacho inoshandiswa nematehwe akati wandei akajeka kuitira kuti iwane kupenya kukuru uye kureruka kwekuumbwa kunoitirwa dhizaini yependi. .
Kuti ushandise hunyanzvi uhu, muimbi anofanirwa kuve nekuchengetedzeka kwakawanda mukurova kwaari kuita uye nekuzvibata kwakawanda pakuita mabhurashi, sezvo nzira iyi ine hunhu hwayo hukuru hwekupenda kujeka uye kutsva kwemavara. izvo zvinoshandiswa.
Kune zvakare iyo hyper-realistic watercolor iyo ichaenda kunopesana neyakapfuura postulate uye mavarnish anoshandiswa kukwanisa kubvisa ekutanga akaturikidzana kuti ape anotevedzana glaze uye neiyi chaiyo chiaroscuro ichawanikwa mubasa reunyanzvi asi nekupenya kudiki. yeiyo classic watercolor tekinoroji inoshandiswa.
Tempera: inozivikanwawo se gouache Iyo inyanzvi yakada kufanana newatercolor, asi inosiyana nekuti inotakura mutoro weindasitiri talc iyo inowedzerwa nemaune kuitira kuti pigment iwedzere kujeka uye isingashanduke mumhepo, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yemhando huru yekupenda tempera. uye ndosaka ichisiyana newatercolor.
Nenzira iyi, mimvuri yakasiyana-siyana inogona kuiswa kubva kune yakasviba kusvika kune yakareruka, uye maitiro aya muwatercolor anoonekwa seasina kunaka, tempera inzira yakanakisa yekuiisa kune akasiyana mifananidzo uye kukwanisa kugadzira yakaoma kana impasto sitiroko.
Nenzira imwecheteyo semvura, tempera inofanira kusanganiswa negum arabic, asi mazuva ano tempera yakawanda iri kuiswa mupurasitiki nokuti iri nyore kuwana uye yakachipa.
Nehunyanzvi hwekuita tempera, François Boucher, mupendi weFrance, akagadzira hunyanzvi uye maartist ezana ramakore reXNUMX AD, vachishandisa tempera pamwe chete newatercolor, vakakwanisa kupa musiyano kune dzakananga nzvimbo mukati mebasa reunyanzvi rakagadzirwa newatercolor. Ndosaka munyori wemifananidzo Paul Signac French pendi aive nemukurumbira wekuita dhizaini yekuparadzanisa akauya kuzosimbisa zvinotevera:
"Mamwe mapingi epepuru mumatenga eTurner, mamwe magirini muJohan Jongkind's watercolors angadai asina kuwanikwa pasina kana gouache"
Acrylic: kushandiswa kwe acrylic pendi senzira maitiro ependi akakosheswa zvakanyanya nevemazuva ano maartist nekuda kwekuoma kwayo nekukurumidza, nekuti pigment irimo nepolymer emulsion iyo inowanzo vinyl glue, kunyangwe inogona kuve Nyore kubvisa kana. dilute nemvura, mushure mekuoma ivo vanonyanya kupikisa mvura.
Chinonyanyo nyanya kuoma pahunyanzvi uhu kuve nyore uye nekumhanya kwekuomesa, asi kana yaoma, toni yeruvara inongochinja zvishoma, dzimwe nguva ichisviba kana kupenya zvichienderana neruvara rwakashandiswa. Acrylic pendi ichiri nyowani, ine mabviro ayo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX AD.
Iyo acrylic tekinoroji yakagadzirwa muUnited States neGermany, asi mukuwirirana, muvendi akaberekerwa kuAmerica Jackson Pollock akashandisa pendi ye acrylic, sezvainouya mumidziyo, kuitira kuti iwane mitsva mitsva uye iite kuti iwedzere. Nepo mupendi Morris Louis, wekunyika imwe chete iyoyo, akashandisa pendi ye acrylic, asi akaikanya nemvura kupenda machira mahombe nekuipa dhayi pane kupendwa.
Pie: Unyanzvi hwakanyanya kukosha mukupenda ndiyo pastel tekinoroji, nekuti inosanganisira kushandisa mazariro emavara, umo mapigment anowanikwa muhupfu hwakakanyiwa nerabha kana resin kuitira kuti vagone kuunganidza uye kugadzira yakaoma uye yakanyanya compact paste. .
Ndokusaka izwi rekuti pastel richisimbisa izwi rekuti paste, sezvo rakanamira uye ivo vakaenzanisirwa muchimiro chebhari uye iro rinenge riine munwe mukobvu uye rinogona kushandiswa zvakananga pamusoro peiyo basa rehunyanzvi richagadzirwa. pasina kushandisa mabhurashi kana spatula uye kana chero solvent.
Kuti ushande nehunyanzvi hwepa pastel, bepa rakanaka kwazvo rine girama rakanaka rinoshandiswa seyepamusoro, kuve chena kana ruvara rwakarerekera rusingakanganise pendi, pamwe nekuve nekukasharara kudiki, kunyangwe iyo pastel hunyanzvi. inochinjika zvakanyanya uye panguva imwechete inochinja-chinja sezvo inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo dzakasiyana sehuni kana plastiki.
Kunyange zvazvo mavara anoshandiswa anogona kuva akasimba zvikuru uye asina kujeka, ane dambudziko ndiko kunamatira kwe pigment kumusoro kuti ipendeke, saka pakupedzisira kupa kusimudzira kune basa reunyanzvi uye chigadziro chekudhirowa chinoshandiswa nemaatomizers ( spray), izvo zvakakosha kune iyi nzira.
Asi kazhinji isu tinoziva maitiro e pastel semakrayoni, chitubu chayo chinonyanya kushandiswa ndiyo mutsara unokwanisa kuumbwa mutsara weforemu, imwe nzira yekuishandisa ndeyekuishandura kuita upfu, sezvo pastel ichiwanzo kuburitsa yakawanda yehupfu ine mavara.
Vazhinji vevanyori vari kushandisa nzira iyi yekushandisa hupfu hweruvara kupa hunyanzvi kumabasa avo ehunyanzvi, pakati pavo ndiLeonardo da Vinci aive mumwe wevanyori vekutanga kushandisa nzira iyi mukudhirowa kwaakaitira Isabel de Este nevamwewo. vakadai saHans Holbein Mudiki, Correggio, Fragonard kana Degas.
Tembere: Paunenge uchishandisa tekiniki yekupenda yeTempera, mushonga unoshandiswa sebhainda rinogadzirwa nemvura uye kuchena kwezai nemafuta akakosha.Chekutanga kuita kusanganisa kuchena kwezai nemafuta kusvika wava nehomogeneous paste. , mushure mezvo wedzera mvura kusvikira wava ne emulsion kana kuti yepakati ye tempera technique.
Chiyero chinoshandiswa chikamu chezai rose pamwe chete nemafuta, pamwe nezvikamu zvitatu zvemvura, asi izvi zvinoenderana nekuyerera kuri kuda kuitwa nemuvendi, kune vazhinji vanodhirowa vanowedzera varnish shoma kuti vakwanise. tsiva mafuta eflakisi anonyanya kushandiswa. Paunenge uchiita maitiro aya, nzira yekupisa inopa kusimba kukuru uye kubata zviri nani, pamwe nekuomesa nekukurumidza.
Asi mushure mekuoma, kupera kwainopa kunowedzera kunyungudika mune zvitsva zvinopenya.Kune vamwe vanodhirowa avo, pane kushandisa mvura, vanoshandisa mukaka wakanyungudutswa kana kuti muonde latex kana wakisi, asi nguva dzose yakabatana nemvura.
Mutariri weItaly uye mugadziri wezvivakwa Giorgio Vasari akashandisawo izwi rekuti tempera kuti akwanise kugadzira mafuta evarnish, makuru ehunyanzvi akaitwa nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi uhu, semuenzaniso Sandro Botticelli anomira pachena paakagadzira. Kuberekwa kwaVenus, Sezvo DV Thompson akatsanangura:
“Kudhirowa kwemazai kunoitwa zvakanaka ndechimwe chezvimiro zvinogara kwenguva refu zvakatanga kuitwa nomunhu. Pasi petsvina nemavarnish, akawanda enguva dzekare egg tempera akachena uye anopenya sepaakapendwa. Kazhinji mifananidzo ye tempera yakachinja zvishoma mumakore mazana mashanu kupfuura pendi yemafuta mumakore makumi matatu "
Ingi: Muchikamu chino, nezve maitiro ekupenda kushandiswa kweinki nzira kana inozivikanwawo seChinese inki, iyi inki inowanzoita mvura, kunyange zvazvo inouyawo mubhara rakasimba, asi inofanira kunge yakavhuniwa uye yakanyungudutswa kuti ishandise. anenge agara achishandiswa pabepa uye anonyanya kushandiswa mavara ndee sepia nedema asi mazuvano kune akati wandei mavara.
Ingi yeChinese inogona kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, asi imwe yezvinonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekushandisa nib kana peni, iyo inonyanya kushanda kugadzira mufananidzo kana imwe calligraphy, mazano akasiyana anoshandiswa peni uye anotakurwa neingi. kugadzira mitsetse uye nayo kugona kunyora kana kuita mifananidzo asi kwete kugadzira mifananidzo.
Imwe nzira kana sosi yekukwanisa kushandisa inki yeChinese ndeye brashi, asi ichashandiswa senge watercolor uye inonzi gouache, inova kusanganisa ingi yeChinese nemvura nedoro uye ruvara ruchashandiswa. Iyi nzira yakafanana neyechinyakare yaishandiswa kuJapan kwavakagadzira yavo yekuJapan calligraphy, yaive yakavakirwa painki nebepa.
Imwe nzira yekuishandisa ndeye kushandisa peni yekudhirowa, inova inki charger kana inonzi rapidograph, asi nzira iyi, pamwe chete negraphite, yakanyanya kudhirowa pane yekupenda.
Kutonhora: iyo nzira inyanzvi yekupenda iyo yemazuva ano, sezvo yakavakirwa pakuchinja kwekemikari yepasi pasi pigments inosanganiswa nemvura yakachena, izvi zvinogona kuiswa padhaka rine lime nejecha mukati, nepo lime iri mukati. chimiro che calcium hydroxide. Nekuda kwekuti kabhoni dhaikisaidhi inowanikwa mumhepo, lime iri kuenda kushanduka kuita calcium carbonate.
Nenzira iyi pigment ichapenya mukati memadziro. Maitiro ekupenda nefresco ari nyore kwazvo asi anoshanda zvakanyanya uye pakugadzira musanganiswa zvinotora nguva yakareba. Iyi nzira ine hunhu hwekupenda kuve yakasimba kwazvo nekufamba kwenguva.
Asi inowanzokuvadzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemuviri, makemikari kana bhakitiriya, chimwe chezvikonzero chikuru chichava hunyoro huchava nekukuvadza kukuru kuchinjwa kwemavara nekuda kwekuparara kwe calcium carbonate uye basa rinowanzoita kuti chii. vanoti chakuvhe .
Grisaille: imwe yehunyanzvi hunoshandiswa pakudhirowa, asi yakavakirwa pamufananidzo wemonochromatic mune yavanodaidza kuti chiaroscuro kana chiedza nemumvuri, sezvakataurwa nemuvendi Giorgio Vasari wekuItaly mavambo, ruvara rwakagadzirwa nemusanganiswa wesimbi oxides uye ne mhangura shoma uye flux inowedzerwa, izvi zvinogadzira kunzwa kwekunakidzwa kwechivezwa mumabasa eunyanzvi.
Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana AD, nzira iyi yakashandiswa pakugadzirira zvidhori zvinoshandiswa nevevezi kuti vawane rubatsiro urwu kuburikidza nekugadzira zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemavara akafanana. Mukutonga kwaCharles V weFrance, nzira yegrisaille yakashandiswa mune yakasvibiswa girazi uye diki pendi.
Kushandiswa kwayo kuchave chimwe chemhando huru yependi yeFlemish sezvo kuseri kwematare kunomiririra Annunciation nehunyanzvi hwegrisaille. Mupendi wekuSpain Josep Maria Sert akashandisa nzira iyi asi pachinzvimbo cheshanduko yayo yemonochromatic.
Akarishandisa akazendamira pane yegoridhe monochrome sezvo mupendi uyu akashandisa akasiyana mavara echromatic kwaakashandisa simbi dzakadai segoridhe, sirivheri, mhangura, ivhu rakagochwa, nekubata kwecarmine, achishandisa semashure gadziriro yakapfuma musimbi, sirivha nechingwa.
Pointillism: Ndiyo imwe yemaitiro akabuda muneo-impressionism nekuti muvendi Georges Seurat aidzidza uye achidzidzira, asi nzira iyi inosanganisira kuisa madonhwe madiki akatenderera eruvara rwakachena, pachinzvimbo chekuita iyo brushstroke nzira panzvimbo yaidiwa.
Sezvo kune hukama hwepanyama pakati pemavara akasiyana, pane kudyidzana pakati pekutanga uye mavara anopindirana, kuwana musanganiswa mukuru wemavara kune anoona.
Muvhenganiswa uyu unoonekwa nemucherechedzi pane imwe chinhambwe kubva pamufananidzo uye unokwanisa kuburitsa simba guru kune mucherechedzi kana pfungwa dzakasiyana dzabatanidzwa.
Kudonha: Inyanzvi yekugadzira pendi otomatiki, kune vano surrealists nzira iyi inogona kuwanikwa nekugadzira pendi yakangojairika, inoitwa nemadonhwe uye nekuputika kwependi dzakasiyana siyana, inzira inodaidzwa zvakare kunzi American action paint. )
Unyanzvi hunoitwa kana nyanzvi inofamba pamusoro kuti izopendwa nemabhurashi makuru kana nepoto yependi imwechete. Uye anodonhedza ruvara ruchidonha rwuri kuita mufananidzo, izvi zvinoitwa neenamel inova mavara anosara parutsigiro runoshandiswa nenyanzvi.
Graffiti: Iyi nzira iri kushandiswa nependi dzakaiswa mukati uye dzinonyanya kuoneka muhunhu hwepende. Ndicho chikonzero nei vachiidaidza kuti aerosols uye inoshandiswa kana nyanzvi ichidzvanya bhatani riri kumusoro uko pendi inopfura nenzira yekupfapfaidza, nehunyanzvi uhu zvinogoneka kupenda panzvimbo huru.
Kazhinji nzira iyi inoshandiswa nevanhu vanopenda madziro nemigwagwa, rudzi urwu rwekupenda runonzi graffiti. Pakupera kwe70s, vanyori vemaguta vakatanga kugadzira graffiti yavo pamadziro ose avaigona kuwana uye neruzivo rwavakanga vachigadzira mabasa echokwadi emifananidzo.
Pendi dzeaerosol dziri kugadzirirwa maartist aya, uye vamwe vatove neavo matemplate kuti vakwanise kutara nzvimbo yavanoda kumaka nebasa ravo rehunyanzvi, hongu, matemplate emhando dzakasiyana uye mavara anogona kutowanikwa pamusika. izvo maartist mashoma ane ruzivo achakwanisa kudzokorora.
Mixed matekiniki: Mukuzadzikiswa kwemabasa eunyanzvi, vamwe vanodhirowa vanoshandisa hunhu hwakasiyana hwekupenda mukati mebasa rimwe chetero kukwezva ngwariro yomucherekedzi. Semuenzaniso, mamwe maartist anoshandisa inonzi collage, inove nzira yehunyanzvi isiri yemifananidzo sezvo isina kupendwa, asi inova nzira yakasanganiswa kana nyanzvi inoshandisa imwe nzira yakaita semvura, tempera kana inki.
Asi pakupedzisira muiti wemifananidzo anofanira kusarudza pamusiyano uripo pakati pemaitiro emifananidzo nehunyanzvi hwemifananidzo, sezvo zvichinzwisiswa kuti nzira yemifananidzo ndeyekuita mubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvakati wandei mubasa rimwe chete. Nepo mashandisiro anoita muimbi ari kuzoita mufananidzo.
Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mumifananidzo
Kuti ukwanise kuzvipira kukupenda, kune zvisingaperi zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanyori kuburikidza nemagwaro akanyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorerwa kune vakasiyana maartist, uye imwe sosi ndeyekuita tekinoroji uye nesainzi ongororo yebasa reunyanzvi. Dzimwe dzebvunzo idzi dzine chinangwa chekusimbisa humbowo hwezvinyorwa zvemabhuku kuti zviratidze kuti ndeekutanga here kana kuti kwete.
Sezvo zvichifanira kuve zvakakosha kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nemuimbi zvino zvakasiyana uye muzana ramakore reXXI tichakuitira iwe runyoro rwezvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira basa reunyanzvi. Pakati pazvo tine:
Inotsigira: Ichi chinyorwa chine basa rekutsigira kumashure uye zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepende zvinoshandiswa nemuiti wependi, asi zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti mune maitiro ekupenda kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekusarudza kubva, dzinonyanya kushandiswa ndedziya dzakagadzirwa nepepa , makadhibhokisi, matanda, canvhasi uye masvingo eguta. Asi iwe unogona zvakare kuwedzera simbi, girazi, plastiki uye dehwe pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda.
Asi zvese zvinotsigira zvichange zvichida yakakosha primer inova yekugadzira pamusoro kuitira kuti mupendi aite basa rake reunyanzvi uye ese ane maitiro akasiyana ezvinyorwa zvichashandiswa.
Wood plank: Icho chimwe chezvitsigiro zvakashandiswa kubva pakutanga kwekupenda, payaive munguva yeEjipita, maartist aitoshandisa mapuranga se sarcophagi, uye muMiddle Ages maatari aishandiswa kugadzira maatari uye kugadzirwa kwavo kwaive nyore. ingoisa imwe chete glue pairi.
Uye kana danda raifanirwa kuvezwa, shandisa primer neshizha regoridhe, iro rine chimiro chepende, asi usati waisa shizha regoridhe pairi, imwe primer yaifanira kugadzirwa nedhizaini yeglue uye imwe dhiri yepurasita kana ivhu. ipai kubata kwakasimba kubhodhi rehuni.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechigumi nemashanu AD, easel yeEurope yakatanga kushandiswa sechitsigiro chikuru, sezvo huni hwakasimba hwaishandiswa kare hwakanga hwakafukidzwa nemicheka yerineni yakanamirwa kuitira kuti isaonekwe pamwe chete. Huni dzaifanira kunge dziri muchimiro chakanaka uye kudzivisa kutsemuka kunobvira kwaaigona kuva nawo.
Zvadaro yakatanga kushandiswa plywood uye chipboard sebhodhi rehuni. Mapuranga emapuranga akatanga kuve akagadzirwa uye akapa hunhu hukuru hwekupenda; vaigona kuve vakatsetseka uye majoini aisaonekwa, sezvakaita iro rainzi bhodhi. tablex, kuti yakanga yakareruka uye iri nyore kubata, mukuwedzera mugadziri wacho aigona kugara akaitakura pamwe chete naye uye yakanga ine mativi maviri, yakatsetseka uye yakashata uye mapuranga anokosha zvikuru muunhu hwemufananidzo.
Canvas: Sekureva kwemunyori uye musoja Pliny Mukuru, mambo weRoma Nero akaudzwa kuti aive nemufananidzo wake wakapendwa pajira remamita 36,5 kureba nemamita gumi nemaviri yakafara, muzivi Heraclitus mugwaro rake rine musoro unoti From Coloribus et Artibus Romanorum kubva ku Muzana remakore rechi12 BC, akatsanangura kuti jira rerineni rinofanira kugadzirwa sei kuitira kuti rishongedze uye ripendeke.
Akanyorawo nzira chaiyo yokuitambanudza uye magadzirirwo ejira racho nenamo kuti rive rakanakisisa sematehwe. Pendi yakaiswa pacanvas yakatanga kushandiswa kuchamhembe kweEurope uye gare gare muItaly nekuda kwekureruka kwayo kukuru uye nzira dzakawanda dzekuishandisa.
Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD, yakatanga kushandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kuseri kwesiteji uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD, yakatanga kugadzirwa munhevedzano. Makonivhasi ainyanya kushandiswa ndeaya akagadzirwa neshinda dzemuriwo sehemp, rineni, jute yakarukwa zvakanaka kana donje, inova imwe yehunhu hwekupenda.
Matende ose aya akagadzirwa nezviyo zvakakasharara kana kuti zvakatsetseka, zvichienderana nekuti nyanzvi yaida kuwana sei mubasa raaida kuita, panewo zvinyorwa zvinoti vaishandisa polyester canvas.
Parizvino, ese machira anogona kutengwa muhuwandu hwemamita anoshuvira muimbi uye anogona kuiswa pafuremu yaanoda, sezvo paine akasiyana mamodheru, mhando uye mafomati pamusika. Asi chokwadi kune nhamba dzepasi rose dzehupamhi uye urefu hwezviyero zvefuremu, zvichienderana nehunhu hwependi iyo ichapendwa pacanvas.
Parizvino, mafomati matatu akasiyana akagadzirwa kuti imwe neimwe ive nehunhu hwependi iyo muenzi anoshuvira kuita, senge mufananidzo, mamiriro uye mugungwa. Kune rimwe divi inogara iine saizi yakafanana uye kune imwe inoderera, ichisara seizvi:
- Iyo iri mumufananidzo ichayera 100 cm ne81 cm
- Mamiriro ekuyera ari 100 cm ne 73 cm.
- Yemugungwa ichange iine zviyero zvinotevera: 100 cm ne 64 cm.
Izvi ndizvo zvibvumirano zvakasvikwa pasi rose, asi vachiziva maartist, ivo havatorwe nematanho aya uye vanoita mabasa avo ehunyanzvi nematanho avanofunga kuti basa ravo rinofanira kunge riri, mune mazhinji emachira anowanikwa pamusika. kutengeswa vanozvigadzirira nemafuta emucheka uye pore filler.
Asi kune zvakare izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvichibva pama emulsions ayo anonyanya kukodzera kushandiswa nependi yemafuta, kana ne acrylic pendi, nenzira iyi priming ye canvases inorerutswa kune akasiyana maitiro epende ichashandiswa. .mugadziri wobva wawana mhedzisiro inotarisirwa nemhando yepamusoro.
Mhangura: Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mukushandiswa kwemaitiro ekupenda ndeyemhangura, sezvo yakashandiswa kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu AD Yakashandiswa mumapepa matete zvikuru nevapendi vaiva kuchamhembe kweEurope continent. Mutambi akaberekerwa kuGerman Adam Elsheimer. Ini ndaifanira kuzvishandisa asi mudiki diki uye izvi zvakaita kuti vaongorori vafunge kuti zvinyorwa zvekare zvakazvishandisa nenzira yekuzvishandisa zvakare.
Girazi: imwe svikiro yaishandiswa zvakanyanya nevenyanzvi vakasiyana kupenda yaive girazi, zvinhu zvisingaverengeki zvakaitwa zvakare sezvirongo, magirazi, midziyo, masikweya, matatu pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda apo mugadziri akagadzira enamel yake uye paakangozvishongedza zvinotonhora, zvakaunzwa mu kupisa choto chine tembiricha yakadzikira pane inonyungudika yegirazi ichiita mabasa makuru uye akanaka ehunyanzvi.
Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX AD, dzakatanga kushandiswa sezvitsigiro zvemahwindo egirazi, sezvo iri tsigiro yakakosha kune maitiro ekupenda mumakereke akasiyana-siyana uye maCathedrals makuru, makristasi makuru emavara akatanga kuiswa ipapo uye kupenda pagirazi nemifananidzo yechitendero uye mifananidzo yakawanda yakatorwa mubhaibheri.
Kupfurikidza nokushandisa unyanzvi hwokugadzira grisaille, humwe hwounhu hwokupenda, zvakawanwa kuti kune rumwe rutivi zvakanga zviri muruvara rumwe uye kune rumwezve zvakanga zvakashongedzwa nerimwe basa rounyanzvi rorudzidziso rinosimbisa musande kana kuti chiono chomuBhaibheri. Zviso zvizhinji zvevatsvene zvakaitwawo.
Pepa: Zvinoenderana nedata rakabatwa nevatsvaguri uye zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa, bepa rakashandiswa kugadzira mabasa ehunyanzvi rakabva kuChina, makore akapoteredza 200 BC, uye muvambi wechinhu ichi chiChinese.inonzi Cai Lun pakati. makore 50 a, C. uye muna 121 d, C.
Ndiani akashanda sengomwa yamambo, nekuti akavandudza fomula yepepa uye akaiita imwe nzira iri nani pane papyrus nematehwe. Kuti panguva iyoyo ndidzo dzainyanya kushandiswa dzimwe nzira dzekunyora uye dzekuita mabasa ehunyanzvi ekupenda.
Sezvo uyu hunhu akawedzera starch yaive nehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza tambo dzemuriwo, bepa rave chinhu chakanyatso shandiswa nevaimbi sezvo richishandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekupenda uye rakajairika raive watercolor, tempera, pastel, neChinese inki nemavara ayo akasiyana. asi inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye dema uye sepia.
Nezve bepa, pane hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwemaumbirwo, huremu uye mavara, chiri chimwe chezvakakosha hunhu hwekupenda, uye kusarudza rudzi rwebepa zvinodikanwa kuti muimbi ave neruzivo rwezvaanoda. kuita pakati pemhando dzemapepa.wana:
- Hot-Press Pepa: Iine nzvimbo yakaoma, yakatsetseka, vazhinji maartist vanoiona ichitsvedza pakupenda kwemvura.
- Cold-pressed paper: yakagadzirwa, semi-rough, yakakodzera kushambidzika kwakafara uye kwakatsetseka.
- Rough Pepa: Iine tsanga, kana kugeza kuchiiswa mhedzisiro inowanikwa kubva mumakomba mubepa.
Zvakare muimbi wega wega anofanirwa kufunga nezvehuremu hwebepa kuti akwanise kurisarudza, sezvo bepa rinorema kwazvo risingagone kuiswa marata zviri nyore uye rinofanirwa kutambanudzwa uye kushandisa nzira yewatercolor girama rebepa rinofanira kunge riri pakati pe120 gramu squared uye. ine auction ye850 gramu yakapetwa.
Brushes: Iwo maturusi anokosha zvikuru kana zviridzwa zvenyanzvi.Iwo anokosha zvikuru mumiitiro yokupenda, sezvo mupendi anoashandisa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana mubasa rake kuita basa rounyanzvi.
Mabhurashi, ari chishandiso chinobatsira kwazvo kune maartist, akagadzirwa muhukuru hwakasiyana, hupamhi, uye yemhando inodiwa, sezvo zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nazvo mabhurashi zvinogona kuve organic kana synthetic.
Bhurashi rakagadzirwa nezvikamu zvitatu uye ivo vhudzi, ferrule kana viola uye n'anga kuti igone kuibata, vanosiyaniswa zvakanyanya nebvudzi nemagadzirirwo avanoitwa, mamwe anonzi mabhurashi erurimi rwekatsi. . Mabhurashi anowanzo gadzirwa nebvudzi rakaoma uye ayo akatenderera anenge anogara achienda nevhudzi rakatwasuka.
Mabhurashi anosarudzwa nevanyori vakasiyana zvichienderana nebasa ravanoda kuita uye mashandisiro avachaita pendi yavanayo. Kana nyanzvi ichizoshandisa nzvimbo dzakakura kuita basa racho, achashandisa mabhurashi panzvimbo pemabhurashi.
Mumabhurashi anenge agara ane mukati asina chinhu kuti akwanise kuunganidza pendi yakawanda panguva yekugadzira sitiroko, mabhurashi madiki haana iyo central emptiness, kune zvakare mabhurashi ane bristles uye kune mabhurashi anawo. uye izvi zvinogara zvinowanzo zvisikwa zvekwakabva organic uye zvinobva kumhuka dzakasiyana siyana semabhiza, martens nenguruve pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda.
Comma pendi maficha anogadzirwawo kubva kune artificial manes chinhu chekugadzira. Kuchengeta mabhurashi kwakakosha kwazvo kuti vakwanise kurebesa hupenyu hwavo hunobatsira, vanofanirwa kucheneswa mushure mekuashandisa mukuwedzera kune kuenderera kuchenesa, kuchenesa kuri nyore kwazvo sezvo uchingofanira kuisa sipo nemvura pazviri.
Mushure mekuageza, anogona kuomeswa nehunyoro kana neflannel, saka anofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo yakatwasuka pasina kuisa kumanikidza kune bvudzi kuti risakanganisa. Kumwe kushandiswa kunopiwa kune mabhurashi senzira yekukwanisa kudhinda mifananidzo neroller iyo inogadzirwa nehukuru hwakasiyana uye zvinhu.
Pakati pezvishandiso pane makushe, furo kana faibha rabha, zvisikwa kana zvekugadzira masiponji uye zvekupedzisira asi zvidiki mapaleti, mapanga uye spatulas seimwe imwezve sarudzo muhunhu hwekupenda sezvo ari maturusi akagadzirwa nesimbi yakareruka uye inochinjika simbi kana. mapurasitiki anogona kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana uye mavara anogona kubatanidzwa uye kupendwa nevanyori vane ruzivo.
Mari: Muzvitsigiro zvakasiyana zviripo, maartist anojaira kugadzirisa masikirwo asati atanga basa reunyanzvi, imhando ine hunhu hwekupenda. Kurapa kwekutanga kunoitwa sezvo kumashure kuri pamusoro peiyo muimbi anopenda neruvara uye magadzirirwo aanoshuvira kuti atange basa rake reunyanzvi ipapo.
Pamberi, masikirwo akaitwa nemafuta ehupenyu kana glue, uye ipapo yakasanganiswa nemuchena kana nezwi rine ruvara iyo nyanzvi yaizoita basa yaifarira. Kunyange zvazvo nzira yokunamira nayo yaiva miswe yemhuka nehove dzakasiyana.
Emulsion yakavakirwa pazai, oiri kana resin inoshandiswa zvakare Kuipa iyo ruvara, lime uye pumice dombo zvakamboshandiswa, pamwe nevhu reocher. Izvo zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa, izvi zvakatsanangura kuti maitiro ekuona ebasa reunyanzvi aizotaridzika sei. Uyewo ruvara rwemashure rwaishandiswa serutsigiro rwakapa ruvara rwakasiyana.
Nechikonzero ichi, maartist aitsvaga machena machena kuti aratidze akasiyana akaturikidzana ependi yavakashandisa, asi kana ruvara rwekumashure rwakanga rwakasviba, rwaiwanzo kudzikisa hue yepende, ichiita kusviba.
Mugadziri wekuItaly akaberekerwa Giorgio Vasari akatotaura kuti maoiri emashure aive nemukana wekuchengetedza kuchinjika kwema canvases, ayo akagadzirwa muhukuru uye aigona kupetwa kuti aendeswe kunzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Asi chakaipa chavakanga vanacho chaiva chokuti nguva yakareba yokuomesa yaidiwa. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, mabviro aishandiswa zvikurusa akanga ari ayo akanga akapendwa nevhu dzvuku, neizvi dzimwe nzvimbo dzaigona kusiiwa dzisina kupendwa asi basa racho rakawana kufanana kwakakwana. Parizvino, iyo mari inogadzirwa mumakambani ekutengesa inogadzirwa muindasitiri ine chena lead uye blotter.
Nguruve: ma pigment ari akanyanya kukosha maitiro ekupenda anowanzo kupatsanurwa kuita inorganic uye izvi zvinobva zvabva kune zvicherwa, pasi, munyu uye oxides uye neizvi mavara e ocher uye sienna anowanikwa. Organic pigments inoshandiswa zvakare inotorwa kubva muzvirimwa uye dzimwe mhuka dzinowanikwa nekubika dzimwe mhodzi kana nekuti dzimwe nhengo dzemhuka dzine calcined.
Kune mamwe anowanikwa nenzira yekugadzira, senge anilines uye zvakare organic makomisheni. Organic pigments kazhinji haina kuchengetedzeka pane inorganic pigments. Iyo pigment inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemabhiindi inoumba yatinoti pendi uye binder ndiyo inobvumira kuti pigment iite fluid uye nokudaro kuwana kunamatira kwependi pamusoro pekumashure.
Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva inogona kuve yemvura uye inogona zvakare kuve yakakora, zvese zvinoenderana nemagadzirirwo ayo, iyo inonyungudutsa chinhu chakakosha muhunhu hwepende sezvo iine chinangwa chekudzikisa kana kunyungudutsa rudzi rwebinder rinoshandiswa kugadzira. .kutamba.
Mushonga unonyungudutsa unonzi turpentine unoshandiswawo, inonyungudika uye isina ruvara inonyungudika yakasanganiswa uye yakanyungudutswa nemafuta uye neresin inoita kunyungudika, sezvainoita nemvura sezvo ichinyungudika, zvakafanana. nzira iyo inoshandiswa nerabha iyo inonyungudika zvakare uye inogona kuwedzera kuwedzera maitiro epende nenzira iyi.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva nezve opacity indexes yepende ichashandiswa, sezvo nekufamba kwemakore iwe unogona kutora zviri nani kumashure kwemufananidzo uye kuzvidemba kwemugadziri panguva yekuitwa kwebasa.
Mumifananidzo yakaitwa pamberi pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvimedu zvemavara akashandiswa zvinogona kuonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu, uye izvi zvakatungamirira kumhedziso yokuti iyo yakawanda yezviyo zvepigment, yakaderera kunaka kwepende.
Muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, masayendisiti akatanga kugadzira madhayi aishandiswa semavara, pakati pawo pakanga paine cobalt bhuruu, zinc yero, uye chrome oxide seyainyanya kushandiswa nevanyori. Uye mazuva ano nhamba ye pigment iri kukura nekukurumidza, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emavara uye ese ma pigment ane emhando yepamusoro.
Kana iwe wawana chinyorwa ichi pane hunhu hwepende yakakosha, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: