Imwe yeiyo huru Hunhu hweMangrove, ndeyekubatsira kumisa kuparara kwevhu, kurisimbisa uye kudzivirira kuchengetwa kwetsvina pamahombekombe. Uyezve, chengetedza mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa nemhuka. Tsvaga zvimwe pano.
Hunhu hweMangrove
Usati watanga maitiro emangrove, zvakakosha kuti uongorore kuti chii chii chinonzi mangrove. Nenzira iyi, inoenderana nenharaunda, ecosystem kana pekugara inoumbwa nevamwe Mhando dzemiti chakanyanya. Semakwenzi, ayo akajairwa zvizere, akagadziridzwa kana acclimated kuti akure munzvimbo ye intertidal. Yenzvimbo dzine hukama nemahombekombe egungwa rinopisa, pamwe neaya anopisa.
Mangrove anoumbwa nemusanganiswa wemvura yegungwa, mvura yemurwizi yakachena, uye nyika. Izvi ndizvo zvinovapa kuti vawane ruzivo uye zvinopa musiyano wakajeka. Nekuti huwandu uye zviitiko zvinosiyana pakati peimwe neimwe. Sezvo mukati meiyo mangrove imwe chete, shanduko, shanduko kana misiyano inogona kucherechedzwa.
Nekune rimwe divi, ongororo dzakapa data inoratidza kuti kana mangrove ine mupiro wepamusoro wemvura yerwizi yakachena. Inosangana nekuwedzera kwakakosha, kukura uye kushanduka, zvichienzaniswa nevasina kuenzana. Tichifunga ipapo, kuti mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa ane kukura kwawo mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, nepo mamwe marudzi anozviita munzvimbo yepakati. Kusiyanisa seizvi, kusvikira nzvimbo yemangrove yakafukidzwa.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mangrove anoonekwa nekuve imwe yenzvimbo dzinobereka zvibereko, dzakaorera, dzinoita pundutso, dzinobatsira uye dzinobatsira nharaunda dzenharaunda. Nekuti inobatsira kana kubatsira mukudyisa, kubereka uye inochengetedza huwandu hwakasimba hweshiri nemhando dzemumvura.
Izvi zvine vertical conformation yakareruka. Inoumbwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwemiti uye zvinomera patsoka yakagadzirwa nemakwenzi, mashizha nemakwenzi. Inoshanda senzvimbo yekugara kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emhuka. Nokudaro kuva neseti, iyo inoratidza zvinotevera maitiro emangrove:
Hunhu hweMangrove hunorehwa ne chirimwa chimiro
Chimiro chechirimwa chinopihwa zita remangrove, chine chimiro chakatwasuka kana bumbiro, kushomeka, kushomeka kana kugadzirwa zvishoma. Kungogara kuine danda rimwe chete remiti riripo. Idzo dzine hurefu hunowanzosiyana-siyana kubva pamamita manomwe kusvika pahupamhi hwemamita makumi mana.
Kusangana nevamwe, kuti the mangrove maitiro, ichatongwa zvinoenderana nerudzi, pamwe nenzvimbo kana nharaunda. Iyo chaiyo kana hunhu maumbirwo kana kusikwa kweiyi layer inoenderana nemiti inosiyana kubva kumahombekombe. Mukutungamira kwenzvimbo yemukati, pamwe nepakati penzvimbo, nzvimbo kana matunhu eimwe neimwe.
Kunze kwezvo, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kusarudzika kweaya mangrove ane chiitiko chekuchinja kwemvura zhinji. Chinotungamira kune yakakwira nzizi dzemvura ine tsvina ndeyekuti dzinowanzo kuve dzakakura kana kukura. Sezvakaita nemiti yakareba, zvichienzaniswa neayo asingazviiti.
bumhudza
Iyo yepasi ndeyechimiro chechirimwa, tichifunga kuti inofananidzwa neiyo yezvinomera inoumbwa nemiti nemakwenzi. Iyo inokura muchikamu chepasi chemiti, ndiko kuti, pasi payo uye kumativi ose. Izvo, chimwe chehunhu hwemangrove ndechekuti pasi rinosangana nemusiyano wakakwana kana mutsauko. Kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, munzira yechikamu chemukati chayo.
Kunyoresa izvozvo, hakuzovi nechikamu ichi chezvinomera, mumhenderekedzo yegungwa yemiti yemingrove. Imo mune marudzi emhuka dzinogara mugungwa. Ikoko kana uchifamba kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, chidimbu chinoderera chemishonga chichaongwa, pamwe chete nemakwenzi.
Pakutanga, gwenzi rinoratidzika serisina kujairika, riine zvikamu zvakapatsanurwa zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairika uye zvakare zvisingaite kana kuti discontinuous. Mune izvo, ndezvekuti iri kutora yakawedzera uye yakakosha kutarisisa.
Epiphytism uye Kukwira
Zvose epiphytism uye kukwira ndezvechimiro chemiti yemangrove. Iyo epiphyte inoratidzwa nekuve zvirimwa zviripo mu mangrove ecosystem, inogara pane chimwe chirimwa pasina kudya nemari yayo. Kuve muenzaniso weizvi, bromeliads. Kana kuri kukwira, sezita raro rinoratidza, rinoreva izvo zvinomera zvine chimiro chekukwira kana kukwira. Sezvavanokura, vachitora setsigiro miti iripo mairi.
Hunhu hweMangrove hunorehwa Ini ndinowanzo
Ivhu rinoenderana neimwe ye mangrove maitiro, inova hwaro kana pasi pazasi pemango, inova nzvimbo yainoshanduka mukukura nekukura. Kusangana neshanduko, mutsauko kana kugadziridzwa kubva kunoonekwa semahombekombe kusvika mukati.
Iyo zvakare ine kuti mhando yemiti inokura pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, inopinda mumidzi yadzo pasi panowanikwa mvura yegungwa. Nzvimbo yavanozobata, bata uye ubatisise. Kuumbwa kwepasi pegungwa kunoratidzwa nekuve musanganiswa wejecha uye silt. Kunyudzwa mumvura ine munyu wakawanda uye pamwe chete nayo ine oxygen yakaderera.
Tichicherechedza izvi, kana mhuka idzi dziri kure kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, ndiko kuderera kwemunyu wemvura uye kunowedzera huwandu hweokisijeni. Kupa hukuru hwekuchinja kwehupenyu hwemhando.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kujekesa kuti nekuda kwekuita kwemafungu, anoitika zuva rega rega. Ivhu richava nepamusoro pemvura nguva dzose, iyo inoitwa nemafashamo, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwesaline.
Histosols
Histosols inoenderana neyakajairika ye marudzi evhu aripo mumango. Iyo ine hunyanzvi hwekuve ivhu rine saline yakawanda, inova chigadzirwa chezvakafa organic zvinhu zvinogara zviri pachena munzvimbo ine mwando. Iyo ine mwero wakaderera weokisijeni, zvichikonzera kunonoka kuora.
Ivhu rerudzi urwu zvakare rine chiito chekuti rinogara rakafashukira nemvura yemafungu parinokwira, ino ndiyo nguva chete. Izvi zvinodaidzwa kuti histosol tidalic subtype. Nekuda kwekuzorora, haina kuvharwa nemvura, iyo iyo iyo mvura inotorwa sepakati nepakati.
Kune izvi, iyo histosol ivhu subtype inobatanidzwawo, inonzi sapric, iyo inoreva kuparara kwese kweiyo organic ivhu. Izvo zvakakosha kuita kucherechedzwa kana kutsunga kwezvikamu zvinofanirwa kuve zvezvirimwa.
Physiography
Physiography, iyo inoreva geography yemuviri. Icho chimwe che mangrove maitiro, iyo inotsanangura kuti inoshanduka mukusika nekusimudzira, munzvimbo dzemahombekombe. Kuti ivo vanowanikwa mune vashoma kana kuti vasina kunyatsoratidzwa kune zviitiko zvemafungu egungwa.
Nekune rimwe divi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe60% ne75% yemhenderekedzo yegungwa iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kana matunhu epasi. Vanoganhurwa nekuvapo kwemangrove. Mienzaniso yeizvi ndeiyi:
- gulfs
- Deltas
- Mazai
- coves
- Mahombekombe akadzivirirwa, akachengetedzwa kana kuchengetedzwa nemakorari kana zvitsuwa zvipingamupinyi, pakati pezvimwe.
Anthropic Impact
Iyo anthropic maitiro mukati mezvinoumba iyo mangrove maitiro, ndechimwe chinoreva chiitiko icho munhu anotonga zvakatipoteredza. Kuita shanduko kana shanduko dzinokonzera kusagadzikana kuri kukura kweiyo ecosystem.
Tichirangarira kuti munhu wacho aitawo shanduko mune izvi, kuita kutemwa kwemasango nechinangwa chekubuda kana kuenzanisa mahombekombe kuti aite zvirongwa zvake zvakasiyana. Ikoko kwakajairika, kwakajairwa kana kwakasarudzika ndiko:
- Tourist infrastructure.
- Aquaculture.
- Maindasitiri.
- Nzira dzekufambisa kupinda mugungwa.
- Kugadzirwa kwemvura.
- Migwagwa mikuru, pakati pevamwe.
Izvo kunze kweizvi, zvinokanganisawo ecosystem panguva iyo ichishandisa zvisina tsarukano mishonga yesora kana kurashikirwa kweakasiyana-siyana anobva muoiri.
Ecology, imwe yeMain Characteristics eMangroves
Ecology inomiririra imwe yemhando huru yemangrove, iyo inosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu, izvo:
Mangrove System – Marine Grassland – Coral Reef
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mangrove ane humbowo hwekugadzira, kupa kana kufambisa huwandu hwakakura hwezvinhu zveorganic. Izvo zvinochengetedzwa kana zvirimo kuburikidza nemidzi inowanikwa kumashure. Idzo dzine pakati pemabasa mazhinji, chinangwa chekumisa, kuyera kana kubhadharira madhiri epasi pegungwa.
Pamwe chete neizvi, ivo vanofanirwa kuita nharaunda kana dunhu rekudzikisa mafungu kana kudzikisira. Kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzisina kudzika, idzo dzine zvakare dura rekugadzirisa kana kuodha mwero wesaline. Nekuda kwekupinda mairi kwemvura yakachena yerwizi.
Kusimbisa kuti mupiro wese uyu ndiwo unogonesa, kufambisa kana kutsigira shanduko nekukura kwemafuro euswa hwepasi pemvura. Kuve muenzaniso weizvi, mhando dzinozivikanwa nezita resainzi reThalassia testudinum.
Izvo zvinoratidzwa nekupa kana kufambisa kubereka kwehove, pamwe nekushanda sechikafu chevana vavo vadiki. Pamwe chete nezvisikwa zvinoumbwa nematombo emakorari ari padyo nemachakwi emangrove.
Marine Refuge
Mukati meiyo ecology, yakajairika ye mangrove maitiro, ndiko kuzvibata, kuumba kana kuumbwa senzvimbo yekupotera mugungwa. Nechikonzero chekuti inoumba nzvimbo yakakwana kana nzvimbo yekuti zvipenyu zvibereke, zvizvidzivirire, pamwe nekudya zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti coral reefs inomira senzvimbo iyo mhando dzakasiyana dzehove dzinopinda. Kuti vakwanise kuberekana uye vagamuchire rutsigiro rwechikafu pamwe chete nepekugara inodiwa kuvana vavo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero matombo ari munzvimbo dzemangrove achiwanzonzi "marine nurseries".
Mafungu
Mafungu ane chiitiko chavo chakakosha, anoumba chikamu chakakosha mukati meiyo mangrove maitiro. Nekuti ivo ndivo vanofambisa, kufarirwa uye kugonesa kufamba kwezvinovaka muviri zviripo pasi pegungwa. Pamwe chete nekuparara kwembesa, izvo zvinomera zviduku zvakangobuda mumubhedha.
Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vanodzivirira kana kudzvanyirira chero mamwe marudzi ane mukana anokura semhandu kune aripo kuti asawane munzvimbo. Kune rumwe rutivi, mafungu, anopa kuburikidza nekukwira uye counter current iyo inofambisa mvura yegungwa. Kuti chiyero chemunyu chinodzikira munzvimbo dzinoratidza kubuda kwepamusoro.
Izvo zvinoitwa, nokuti panguva iyo mvura iri mumubhedha inoputika, inokonzera munyu kuisa mukati mayo. Zvisinei, kana mafungu akwira, mvura nokufamba kwayo inodzorera munyu wose uri mugungwa.
Munyu
Salinity chinhu chine hunhu hwekusiyana kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, pakati pacho chiitiko chenguva yegore. Sezvazviri, semuenzaniso, kusvika kwechando, iyo kuburikidza ne Mvura inonaya, inounza kuti kuisa pfungwa kunowedzera kuderera zvinoshamisa. Nepo kana chiri zhizha uye kusanaya kwemvura kwasvika, inokwira muzvikamu zvikuru zvikuru.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti salinity, mumvura yegungwa inopinda uye muvhu, inoita sechinhu chinogadzirisa maererano nekuchengetedza uye nzvimbo ye mangrove. Tichirangarira kuti kana rwizi ruine mvura yakawanda yakachena, munyu warwo unobva wadzikira.
muti wemangrove
Muti wemangrove imhando yemiti inoshanduka uye inokura munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa. Iri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, uyewo munzizi nemastuaries. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuchengeta chikamu chehunde yavo pamwe nemidzi pasi pemvura ine brackish.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti izwi rekuti "mangrove" rinozvarwa kana kuti rinobva paizwi revanhu veko "Guaraní". Izvo zvinoreva "Muti Wakakombama". Izvi zvine humbowo hwekukura mumamiriro akasimba emunyu, pamwe nepakati pematope, matombo emakorari, jecha, fossil kabhoni kubva kumasara emiriwo uye tembiricha yepamusoro.
Zvibereko zvayo zvinomera mumamiriro emuchero, iyo inonzi viviparity. Kuve nehunyanzvi hwekuyangarara mumvura kusvika vawana pekukudziridza.
Mhando dzeMangrove
Pakati pe mangrove maitiro, chimiro chezvinomera chinosanganisira miti chiripo. Nekune rumwe rutivi, marudzi emangrove ane hukama nemhando dzakasiyana dzemiti yaanoumba, neanotevera ari iwo makuru:
white mangrove
White mangrove kana sainzi "Laguncularia racemosa" rudzi rwemuti unokura segwenzi, pahurefu hunosvika pakati pe12 ne18 metres. Midzi yavo inogona kutsigira tabular, semhepo inonzi pneumatophores. Mbeu dzechirimwa chako dzinomera dzichiri mumichero, inonzi viviparity. Inowanikwa mumachakwi emangrove, iine hugaro hwayo paPacific neAtlantic mahombekombe. Nekuita kuti inoshanduka uye inokura munzvimbo dzemahombekombe e:
- bays
- Lagos
- estuaries
red mangrove
Iyo red mangrove, inozivikanwawo pasi pezita resainzi "Rhizhophora Mangle", ndiyo mhando inowanikwa munzvimbo dzine mvura zhinji dzenzvimbo yemangrove, pamwe nepakati pemvura. Kuziva kuti nzvimbo iyi ndiyo iri pakati pemasaisai epamusoro uye mashoma. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuve iyo inonyatso kuenderana nemunyu.
Kureba kwainosvika kunobva pa4 kusvika ku10 metres. Midzi yemuti wako ndeyemhepo. Kufanana newhite mangrove, mhodzi dzechirimwa chawo dzinomera mumichero. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muti uyu ndechimwe chezviratidzo zveBolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Iyo huni yainopa ine zvakawanda zvekushandisa, ichionekwa seyemhando yepamusoro.
black mangrove
Mhuka iyi ye black mangrove, inonzi nesainzi "Avicennia Germinans", inoshanduka uye inokura munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzeAmerica. Zvose zviri paPacific pagungwa uye Atlantic pamhenderekedzo. Saizvozvowo pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic maererano neAfrica inopisa. Kureba kwemuti wayo kunosvika pakati pe3 ne10 metres.
Midzi yawo iri mumhepo uye inonzi pneumatophores, ichikwanisa kufema kunyangwe iri pasi pemvura. Inowanzokura muboka remangrove tsvuku uye white mangrove. Saka zvakajairika kuona marudzi matatu ari mumukoko mumwe chete. Huni dzayo dzinoratidzwa nekuremerwa zvakanyanya, kuoma uye zvakare kusagadzikana, kushandiswa sematanda, matanda uye kunyange mirwi.
Grey Mangrove
Mhando yegrey mangrove, iyo inonziwo jeli mangrove, inozivikanwa nesainzi ine zita rekuti "Conocarpus erectus". Inoratidzwa nekushanduka uye kukura pamahombekombe enzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa. Makwenzi ayo anodaidzwa kuti multi-trunk, ane hurefu hunosvika pakati pe 1 ne 4 metres.
Tichifunga kuti kana wava muti, unogona zvinoshamisa kukura kusvika mamita makumi maviri pakureba nehupamhi hwehunde yawo inoshanduka nyore nyore nemita imwe. Ruvara rwayo runowira pakati pegrey nebrown.
Mamiriro ekunze, imwe yeakanakisa Hunhu hweMangrove
Mamiriro ekunze emangrove biome anoumba imwe yeakanakisa mangrove maitiro, izvi zvinodaro nekuti inoumba mukana une simba. Izvi zvinoonekwa nekuve nemamiriro ekunze ekupisa kwese kwese. Zvisinei, maererano nemwaka wegore, tembiricha inodonha zvishoma, asi haina kumbotonhora saizvozvo. Kuno kune mwaka wakaoma uye wekunaya kwemvura chete.
Pakati pe mamiriro ekunze Iri mumangrove biome, inowanzodziya uye inotangira pa20°C kusvika 28°C. Nemaximums anogona kusvika 37 ° C uye kunyange 48 ° C, iyo inozoenderana chete nenzvimbo iyo mangrove iripo uye yakakwirira yezuva chiitiko.
Mhuka uye Flora dzeMangroves
Kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zviripo munharaunda iyi kwakakura zvakanyanya. Mhuka dzayo dzakaumbwa nezvipembenene, shiri, mhuka dzinorarama panyika pano pasi, zvinokambaira, mhuka dzinoyamwisa, hove, crustaceans uye molluscs. Zvakajairika kuti zvipembenene zviite ruzha, mhungu, zvinyavada, uye masvosve, kana kuti makonye atsvage nzvimbo yakanyorova. Kuti madzvinyu anokwira nekudzika pakati pematavi kana kuti nyoka dzinotsvedza zvinoshamisa kupfuura uyo akazorora.
Matatya akatendeka anoyemura nzvimbo, achizviisa pakati pemashizha nemakwati. Nepo makarwe akamirira shiri dzakaita semakudo kana mhungu, pakati pedzimwe dzakawanda, kana tsoko dzinogona kuwira mumvura. Kuti panogara paine munhu anotsvedza kubva pamatavi. Nzvimbo iyi zvakare inogara turtles, shumba dzegungwa uye zvipenyu zvisingaperi, izvo zvinoita kuti izvi zvive zvakanyanya kubereka ecosystem, zvese zvepasi uye mumvura.
Nezve maruva, mangroves anoshanduka uye anokura munzvimbo dzine madhaka, chimiro chadzo chechirimwa ichiumbwa nemhando dzemangrove dzinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, dzinoti:
- Laguncularia Racemosa kana White Mangrove
- Rhizhophora Mangrove kana Red Mangrove
- Avicennia Germinans kana Black Mangrove
- Conocarpus erectus kana Grey Mangrove
Kunze kweizvi, nzvimbo dzayo dzakafara dzepasi pemvura dziripo, dzinonyanya kuumbwa neThalassia testudinum, pakati pevamwe.
Kushandiswa kweMangroves
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iripo ecosystem, seimwe ye mangrove maitiro inobatsira zvinoshamisa uye inobatsira. Kwainoumbwawo semhoteredzo yakanaka umo marudzi mazhinji emhuka anotizira kana kuti anosvika pakuberekana. Kuzvimisa senzvimbo yakanakisa yekuberekesa mhuka.
Kune vanhu, ichiri nzira inobatsira zvachose, nekuti kuburikidza nayo, vanokwanisa kuwana zvisingaperi zviwanikwa. Pakati pezvinotevera zvinobuda:
- Huni dzayo dzinokosheswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuoma kwayo kwakanyanya, kusimba uye zvakare inopikisa zvisingaite kurwisa kwezvipembenene. Inonyanya kutsvakwa pakuvakwa kwezvikepe, sezvikamu zvakakosha zvedzimba, kuti ibvise pulp yayo, pakati pezvimwe.
- Zvinowanzoitika kuti munguva yekusanaya kwemvura pasina mafashamo, nzvimbo dzavo dzinoita mafuro ezvipfuyo.
- Kushandiswa kwehuni dzayo pakugadzira huni nemarasha ndeyemhando yepamusoro, kunyanya tsvuku yemangrove.
- Mashizha ematavi ayo akakwana pakuputira dzimba dzenharaunda nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo kwekudzivirira mvura uye kupa kwekutsva.
- Munharaunda iyi, hove dzisingaverengeki, magaka, shrimp, snails, crabs, clams, prawns, oyster, pakati pevamwe, inounganidzwa.
Kukosha kweMangrove
Mangrove ecosystems inoumbwa senzvimbo yakakosha nekuti:
- Vane simba risingakundiki rekuchengeta sediment, pamwe nekushanda sechipinganidzo pamarara ane chepfu.
- Iwo akanakisa desalinators.
- Ivo vanoderedza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, neyakajeka pesvedzero yekutora chikamu chikuru chegreenhouse magasi.
- Ndivo tsime rekupa organic matter.
- Vanopa zviwanikwa kuvanhu vekumaruwa.
- Vanoenzanisa mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo.
- Vanodzivirira nzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa pakuitika kwemhepo, sezvavanodzvinyirira kusvika kwejecha pamhenderekedzo dzegungwa.
- Idzo inzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzekuberekesa, kuberekesa uye nzvimbo dzekupotera dzemarudzi.
- Vanodzivirira nharaunda dzinogara mumhenderekedzo dzegungwa kubva pamafashamo, sezvavanoita sechidziviriro pamhepo ine simba uye madutu ezviitiko.
Matambudziko Anobata Mangrove Hunhu
Matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza anokanganisa mangrove maitiro zvinotevera:
- Kusvibiswa kwemvura dzayo, pamwe nekuwanda kwemarara ane muchetura, ayo anodururwa mairi uye ayo anomisa.
- Iyo yakawandisa yekushanya, iyo isingatenderi kusimudzira kwakajairika kweiyo ecosystem.
- Kupinda kwakakura kwenzvimbo dzavo nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvisiri zveecological.
- Kupisa kusingamisikike kwepasirese, uko kunobata ecosystem yese.
- Izvo zvisingasaruri kudiwa kwezviwanikwa zvayo nemashandisi akasiyana.
Muenzaniso weMangrove eNyika
Iyi inotevera mienzaniso yemangrove munyika:
- Everglades National Park, iri kuNorth America, kunyanya muFlorida, United States of America.
- Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos, zviri kumahombekombe kweEcuador, zvinoumba zambuko rinonyanya kufarisa pakati penyika mbiri dzepasi, yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere uye yekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere.
- Sundarbans National Park muIndia, pedyo neSundarbans Forest muBangladesh. Ivo vanoumba shanduko, kukura uye kukura kweimwe yemangrove makuru akabatana pasi rese, anoshamisa. Flora nemhuka.
- New Guinea Island, iri muOceania, ndiyo yechipiri pakukura pasirese.
