Chii chinonzi Howa?
Fungi zvisikwa zvipenyu zveeukaryotic, izvo zvisina chlorophyll uye kune dzinenge 144.000 marudzi efungi. Iwo eukaryotic marudzi, zvinoreva kuti ane nucleated masero.
Sezviri zvehumambo hweFungi, zvisikwa zvipenyu izvi zvinosanganisira mold, howa uye mbiriso, izvo zvinosiyana nemhuka uye zvinomera mukuumbwa kwadzo.
Imwe yei maitiro efungi ndezvekuti izvi hazvibvi kumadzitateguru mumwechete, nekuda kwechiitiko ichi nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti mhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka.
Nekuti zvisikwa zvipenyu izvi hazvina chlorophyll, zvine brownish chena muruvara, uyezve, zvine masero ane nuclei, ayo ari unicellular uye multicellular organisms. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti chlorophyll chinhu chakakosha kuitira kuti zvidyarwa zvigone kuita yavo photosynthesis maitiro, uye zvakare vakwanise kuzvidyisa.
Kana dziri multicellular kana pluricellular, dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzechisikigo muchimiro chezvirimwa, dzichigadzira cylindrical elements kana hyphae, iyo kana yagadzirwa inove matavi akabatana anonzi mycelia.
Kwakabva Howa
Mhedzisiro yefungi inobva pakuparadzaniswa kwehumwe humambo hwezvisikwa zvipenyu makore bhiriyoni apfuura, zvisinei, pasinei nekuparadzana kwaivepo maererano nemucheto, ivo vachiri nemhando dzakanyanya kufanana neiyo yemiti yemiti.
Imwe yeiyo huru maitiro efungi, ndeyekuti havakwanise kutamiswa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe uye chimiro chechimiro chemuviri wavo. Zvisikwa zvipenyu izvi zvinewo humwe hunhu hwakafanana nehumwe humambo, nekuti chimiro chavo chebiochemical chakafanana neicho chevaratidziri.
Aya ndiwo zvisikwa zvipenyu zveeukaryotic, ndicho chikonzero ivo vari mubazi rakashanduka-shanduka, maererano nezvisikwa zveprokaryotic zveumambo hweMonera uye kunyange zvazvo vakafanana nemiti, vane misiyano inoshamisa.
Tinogona kuvawana zviri nyore mune chero kona yepasi, zvisinei, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti kune anobatsira howa kubva kwatinogona kuwana akawanda mabhenefiti, nepo mamwe anogona kukuvadza zvakanyanya kuhutano hwevanhu.
Ndeapi maitiro efungi uye mabhakitiriya?
Pakati pezvinyorwa maitiro efungi uye mabhakitiriya, tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
- Havana kufamba.
- Vanoshaya cellulose uye vanogara munzvimbo dzine hunyoro.
- Iwo emhando dzakasiyana uye tsananguro.
- La Kuberekwa kwefungi Inogona kunge isina bonde kana yebonde.
- Fungi dzinotanga kugaya dzozodya.
- Iwo saprophytes, anoonekwa separasites uye mutualists.
- Kune anopfuura 144.000 marudzi efungi.
- Dzinodya pasara yezvimwe zvipenyu.
- Vakaungana mukati meumambo hweFungi.
- Iwo ese ane maseru ane maseru madziro, ayo anogadzirwa nebiopolymer inonzi chitin.
- Kushaikwa kwechlorophyll kunokanganisa zvakanyanya mararamiro avo, saka havadi chiedza.
- Vanogona kuva unicellular uye multicellular, iyo yekupedzisira inogadzira mycelia.
- Basa rayo mumhoteredzo yezvisikwa zvakafanana neshiri dzemhuka kana scavenger.
- Mune symbiosis vanogona kubatsira zvimwe zvipenyu.
- Vanogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana panyika.
- Nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti kune anenge mamiriyoni 1,5 emhando dzefungi dzisina kuonekwa, uko 5% chete yadzo yakatsanangurwa.
Mamwe maitiro efungi
Sezvatakambotaura, aya marudzi akasiyana-siyana uye anoda kuziva ane akawanda hunhu, akajairika uye ega, asi ruzivo rwakanyanya kukosha rwaunofanira kuziva nezve fungi ndeichi:
Ndivo zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana
Fungi inoumba humambo hwakasiyana-siyana, sezvo mhuri yeFungi yoga ichibatanidza marudzi anosvika miriyoni pasi rose, zvisinei, sezvadudzwa pamusoro apa, ruzhinji rwezvipenyu izvi harusati rwadzidzwa.
Ndivo chikamu chakakosha chekudya kwevanhu.
Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisiki, kune marudzi akawanda ehowa anodyiwa, nekuda kwehuwandu hweprotein uye vitamini, pamwe nekushaiwa kwavo lipids uye makhahydrates, izvo zvinoita kuti howa ive chimwe chezvinhu zvinobatsira zvakanyanya mukudya kwevanhu.
Muenzaniso wakajairika weizvi ungave nyaya yembiriso inoshandiswa kugadzira chingwa, kunyangwe painewo howa, pakati pevamwe.
Mishonga
Zvakare, marudzi aya anoshandiswa nemachiremba sezvo ari anobatsira uye anoshanda mukushandisa mamwe marapirwo ezvimwe zvirwere, zvimwe zvirwere uye zvirwere.
Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuva nyaya yepenicillium genus, iyo penicillin yakasimuka, iyo ndiyo nheyo yezvose zvakatevedzana zvemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iyo inonyanya kudiwa nhasi.
Ko hallucinogenic howa iripo here?
Howa chaizvoizvo zvipenyu, uye kuva hallucinogenic ndeimwe yeayo maitiro ehowa ane chepfu, iyo yakawanda inogadzira zvinhu zvine chepfu, izvo zvinounza mhedzisiro inokurumidza muuropi.
Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuona uye kurasikirwa nepfungwa muvanhu, zvisinei, kune mamwe marudzi anogona kuburitsa zvakakomba zvakanyanya, sezvo achiparadzira maenzayimu ane muchetura, anogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwehurongwa uye kunyange kufa.
Zvishandiso zvinopihwa kune howa
Fungi dzinowanzoshandiswa nevanhu kugadzira chingwa, mbiriso, doro uye dzinoshandiswawo kugadzira doro, sezvo dzichibatsira mukuvirisa waini uye kugadzira mamwe marudzi echizi.
Iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira mishonga, nokuti nekuda kwekushandiswa kwefungi penicillins yekutanga yakagadzirwa, iyo inokwanisa kubvisa mabhakitiriya akawanda anokonzera zvirwere zvinouraya mumunhu.
Uyezve, howa hunoshanda sechikafu chevanhu, sezvo hune zvakawanda zvinovaka muviri. Mhuka idzi dzinodyawo marara ezvimwe zvipenyu kana zvipenyu zvadzo zvakananga, ndosaka dzakapfuma mukudya.
Kurongwa kwefungi
Maererano ne maitiro e phytopathogenic fungi, izvi zvinogona kuiswa mumapoka mana makuru, ayo ari mycorrhizal, saprophytic, lichenized uye parasitic.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marudzi ese aya anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kunyangwe mazhinji acho achiwanikwa munzvimbo dzine hunyoro, dzinodziya dzakapfuma mune organic zvinhu kuti zviore. The Kurongwa kwefungi, inotevera:
- MycorrhizalAya mafungi ane hukama hwesymbiotic nezvirimwa, izvo zvinobvumira marudzi ese ari maviri kutora mukana wemamiriro ekunze. Midzi yavo inokura uye inotsinhana mamineral ridges nemvura sezvinovaka muviri, izvo zvinogadzirwa nefungus, mukutsinhana nemacarbohydrates uye mavhitamini, ayo anogadzirwa nezvirimwa nekuti fungus haigone kuzvigadzira, sezvo vasingaite photosynthesis.
- Utachiona: Ndiwo fungi dzinokura mukati memuviri wezvimwe zvipenyu kana kuti dzakasimwa pamusoro padzo, dzinodya pane zvisikwa zvavanogara. Kazhinji, vanogona kukonzera kukuvadza kwakasiyana panguva yekudyisa, izvo zvinogona kunge zvidiki kana kuuraya.
- Lichenized: Munyaya ye lichens, tiri kutaura nezve symbiotic organisms umo fungus uye algae zvinosangana pamwe chete, sezvinogona kuitika ne cyanobacterium. Ukama hwepedyo hunotangwa uye pamwe chete vanokwanisa kuzvipa hunyoro uye chikafu kuti vaunze mamiriro anodiwa ekuberekana kwavo uye kurarama, vachijekesa kuti kana vakaparadzaniswa, havangavepo nenzira imwechete.
- Saprophytes: Ndiwo mafungu anodya pakuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvinobva kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvinoreva kuti organic iyi inogona kubva kumhuka kana zvirimwa.
Negative Effects yeMushroom Characteristics
Sezvatakambotaura, mamwe fungi anogona kukuvadza vanhu, pakati payo tinogona kuwana dandruff, ringworm, mutambi wetsoka, candidiasis, pakati pevamwe. Zvose nokuti idzi fungosis, saka dzinokanganisa uye dzinokuvadza muviri wemunhu nekupinda mairi.
Kazhinji, izvi zvinowanzokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya muvanhu vane dziviriro shoma. Kuti udzivise matambudziko ehutano aya, fungicides yakawanikwa, iyo inokwanisa kubvisa fungi inotapukira uye kupedza zvachose zvipembenene izvi.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvakakosha kumisa zvipembenene zvefungal nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, nekuti mhedzisiro yavanogadzira inogona kutapukira zvakanyanya, kwavanogona kugara muzvisikwa zvipenyu uye kudya pavari.
Kudyisa kana kudya kwefungi kuri kuburikidza nekunyura, izvi zvinoitika nekuti havana chloroplasts uye havagone kupihwa chikafu kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Dzinogona kukura mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana, zvisinei, tembiricha yadzinoda inotangira pa0°C kusvika 55°C, ukuwo howa dzinonzi maopportunists dzinoshivirira pakati pe35°C ne40°C.
Taxonomic classification yefungi
Parizvino, zvishanu zvinomiririra phyla yemhuri yeFungi zvakaonekwa nokuti taxonomic classification yeumambo ichiri kuongororwa, nekuda kwemarudzi asingaverengeki asina kuiswa.
Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvephylogenetic zvakatoitwa, fungi inoiswa mumapoka makuru mashanu, ayo anotevera:
Glomeromycetes
Aya ndiwo fungi anosiyaniswa nekugadzira mycorrhizae, iyo inosanganiswa nezvirimwa uye zvakare ine glomerospores. Vane hunhu hwakanyanya hwekuumba symbiosis nezvirimwa, uye umo mhando dzekare uye dzakawanda dzefossil dzinowanikwa.
Inonzi mycorrhizal fungi nekuti inoumba mycelium padhuze ne rhizome yemiti, uko symbiotic society iri pakati pe mycorrhizal fungi nezvinomera inoitika pakati pe80% yemiti.
Zygomycetes
Pakati peaya mafungu kazhinji ndiwo anowanzo kuumbwa, nepo spores dzeboka iri refungi dzinonzi zygospores. Kubva muboka iri, marudzi anoda kusvika chiuru akaongororwa.
Kazhinji, mhando dzeboka iri refungi dzinokura munzvimbo dzepasi pazvinhu zviri kuora, semaparasite, ayo anozoita hukama hwesymbiotic.
Kuberekwa kwaro ndeyepabonde uye kusagadzikana, kunyange zvazvo chimiro chinowanzozivikanwa chiri chechipiri uye chinoitika apo haploid hyphae inoungana kusvikira yasangana, kuitira kuti kusanganiswa kwe cytoplasms uye naizvozvo kusanganiswa kweiyo nuclei kunoitika mukubatanidza zygospore inogadzirwa, iyo inobereka yeboka.
Zygospores inopikisa zvakanyanya kumamiriro ekunze akaipa; vanoramba vari muhubernation kusvikira mamiriro ekunze avanakira, zvino vanomera uye vanobudisa sporangium kana vegetative hypha.
Mhando iyi yehowa inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira chikafu, senge tofu uye tempeh, nekuwedzera, kugadzirwa kweanesthetics, nyama tenderizers, dhayi dzechikafu uye zvakare madoro emaindasitiri.
Basidiomycetes
Ndivo fungi inoratidza basidiospores uye fruiting muviri nenzira yehowa, ndiro boka rechipiri refungi rakanyatsodzidza. Nhengo dzine maitiro akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vaiswe mumapoka akasiyana-siyana efungi, nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, mushure mekuita genotype kuongorora, vanoendeswa kune boka reBasidiomycota.
Iri boka refungi rinoumba symbiotic unions netumbuyu, mubatanidzwa unovabvumidza kuve tenzi kana kuputsa zvinhu kuita makomisheni chaiwo. Basidiomycetes inogona kuwanikwa pahunde yemiti painowira pasi uye kuora, kunyanya kana iri miti yakapfuma mu lignocellulose.
ascomycetes
Iri boka refungi rinowanikwa mukati measci, izvo zvimiro zvekubereka, izvo zvine ascospores, zvinotsanangurwa fungi yemhuri yeFungi uye muboka iri nhamba huru yezvirwere zvepathogenic kumhuka nemiti inowanikwa, muenzaniso unooneka kwazvo weizvi. howa, imbiriso.
Iyo morphology ye mycelium yefungi inobudisa boka iri refungi inobvumira filamentous fungi kuti iunganidze pamwe chete, iyo inoparadzana inowanikwa muhyphae.
Hupfu hwemhando iyi hunoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekurapa nekurima, apo tinoti muenzaniso wakanaka imbiriso inoshandiswa kugadzira chingwa, mhando inoshandiswa muindasitiri yekubika kukurumidza kuviriswa kwehupfu. chingwa, chingwa.
Nekudaro, kune mamwe marudzi embiriso anokonzera zvirwere, hutachiona uye pathologies yekurapa, senge fungi ye genus Candida spp. Filamentous fungi, senge mhando dzeiyo genus Fusarium spp, inokonzeresa kukuvadza kwakawanda kuchikamu chekurima, sezvo ichiburitsa kurasikirwa muzvirimwa zvakawanda zvekurima.
Semuyenzaniso; Mamwe marudzi erudzi urwu anoburitsa mycotoxins mukugadzirwa kwezviyo uye kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru, zvese nekuti rudzi urwu rwefungi runokonzeresa kukuvadza kwakakomba kuhutano hwevanhu, pamwe nemhuka.
Chytridiomycetes
Hezvino zvese zvipenyu zvisingaonekwi zveumambo hweFungi, zvine maseru ekubereka anonzi zoospores kana flagellate gametes. Vane chimiro chakareruka chechimiro, vanogara munzvimbo dzemumvura, senge nyanza, nzizi, mazariro uye nzvimbo dzemugungwa dzavanogona kufamba vakasununguka.
Dzinoberekana ne spores, dzinonzi zoospores uye dzine imwe flagellum, idzi dzinogona kuramba dzisina kushanda kwenguva yakareba, chete kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akanaka.
Howa hunoberekana sei?
Kuberekwa kwefungal kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa uye kupatsanurwa kwespores, iyo yakasimba uye inotsungirira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Aya maspores anosimuka kubva kune fungi's sporocarp, zvichireva kuti korona iri pamusoro pechimiro chemuviri wayo. Maitiro ekuberekesa fungi anogona kuita zvepabonde uye akasununguka, nenzira yatinotsanangura pazasi:
Zvepabonde
Kuberekana pabonde kunoda kuti pave nekunzwirana tsitsi pakati pechisikwa chimwe chete, ingave homothallic kana heterothallic type, kuvharika kwemhando imwe chete kana kuvharika kwemajini, kuitira kuti hyphae izivikanwe.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusangana kwefungi kunogadziriswa nekugadzirisa, iyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa kune genetics uye kemikari zvinhu zvinobatsira kuswedera kwehypha inoenderana.
Asexual
Fungi inoberekawo sexually kana vegetatively, nenzira iyi inoitika muhuwandu hwemhando dzefungal, pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwavo. Rudzi urwu rwekubereka runobvumira kukonzera kukura, izvo zvinoguma nekukoniwa kweimwe substrate inotova nemajeni anoratidzwa kuti ararame.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kubereka kwefungal kunogona kuve kwepabonde kana sexual, sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro. Chimwe chinhu chine zvakawanda zvekuita nemaitiro aya ndiwo mamiriro ekunze, sezvo spores ichipararira uye inopinda munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, uye idzi dzinoramba dzakarara mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipa.
Izvo zvinonzi fungi yechokwadi, yakadai sehowa uye mycetes, inogadzira muviri wemuchero unowanzozivikanwa nevanhu sehowa, hunogona kudyiwa kana hupfu.
