Pamasimbi ese, bismuth ndeimwe yeakajairika mazuva ano, kunyangwe isu tisingazvizive. Kuve imwe yehupfu husina chepfu kwatiri, hazvishamisi kuti inoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana. Asi unonyatsoziva kuti chinhu ichi chii? Uye chii chinonzi bismuth?
Muchinyorwa chino tichatsanangura kuti simbi iyi chii chaizvo uye chii chiri kushandiswa kwayo uye zvinhu. Uye zvakare, isu tinopa ruzivo nezve kwatinogona kuwana chinhu ichi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ramba uchiverenga kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve zvivakwa zve bismuth!
Chii chinonzi bismuth uye kushandiswa kwayo?
Tisati tataura nezvezvinhu zvebismuth, ngatitangei tajekesa kuti chii. Zvakanaka, isimbi inorema, yesirivha-chena ine sheen yepinki yakawanikwa naClaude François Geoffrey muna 1753. Inowanikwa zvakasikwa paNyika muhuwandu hudiki. kunyanya mumaminerari akaita sebismutite uye bismuthine. Zvisinei, kashoma kuiwana. Uyezve, bismuth chinhu chemakemikari chine chiratidzo Bi uye atomu nhamba 83 mu tafura ye periodic.
Pamashandisirwo esimbi iyi, kune akati wandei muindasitiri uye anosanganisira kugadzira alloys nedzimwe simbi dzakaita sesimbi, mhangura nerata. Inoshandiswawo mukugadzira zvizorwa, pigment, mishonga, nemamwe makemikari. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zve bismuth ndezvekuti ine chepfu zvishoma kune mabhakitiriya, asi kwete kuvanhu, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakurumbira mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana nemishonga. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve simbi, unogona kutarisa chinyorwa ichi pane zvinhu zvesimbi.
Pamusoro pekushandisa kwayo kunoshanda, bismuth zvakare ine zvimwe zvinonakidza zvivakwa munzvimbo yesainzi uye tekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, iyi simbi ine yakaderera magetsi conductivity uye yakakwirira infrared reflectivity, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mune zvimwe zvemaziso uye zvemagetsi. Iyo inozivikanwawo nekukwanisa kwayo kugadzira makristasi ane inonakidza maitiro ejometri, ayo akashandiswa muzvishongo nezvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza.
Bismuth inowanikwa kupi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva?
Tichifunga nezvekusiyana-siyana kwekushandiswa kune bismuth, hazvishamise kuti tinoiwana muzvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Pazasi isu tinonyora mashoma mashandisirwo echinhu ichi:
- Mishonga: Inowanikwa mune mimwe mishonga yakadai sebismuth subsalicylate, iyo inoshandiswa kurapa manyoka uye maronda emudumbu.
- Zvizoro: Bismuth inowanikwa mune zvimwe zvekuzora zvakaita semumvuri weziso, hupfu hwechiso, uye lipstick.
- Nguruve: Inoshandiswawo mukugadzira pigment yependi, ingi, uye mapurasitiki, sezvo isingaite kupera nekuora.
- Alloys: Kumwe kushandiswa kunopihwa bismuth kugadzirwa kwealloys nedzimwe simbi dzakaita sesimbi, mhangura nerata. Nenzira iyi zvinokwanisika kuvandudza maitiro ayo emagetsi.
- Welds: Bismuth inoshandiswa mune mamwe masolder alloys nekuti ine yakaderera kunyungudika uye iri nyore kushanda nayo.
- Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi: Kumwe kushandiswa kwebismuth kuri mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, senge akasanganiswa maseketi, switch uye masensa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukwanisa kwayo kuramba corrosion uye oxidation.
- Decorative crystals: Pakupedzisira, inoramba ichisimbisa kukwanisa kwayo kuumba makristasi ane maitiro ejometri, anozivikanwa zvikuru muzvishongo.
Chii chinonzi bismuth?
Zvino zvatava kuziva kuti simbi iyi chii, ngationei kuti chii chinonzi bismuth. The main maficha echinhu ichi ndeaya anotevera:
- Valencia: 3 uye 5
- Atomic nhamba: 83
- Oxidation mamiriro: +3
- Masiki eatomu: 208,980 g / mol
- Kuwandisa: 9,8 g / Rine mamiririta
- Nzvimbo yekubikira: 1560ºC
- Melting point: 271,3ºC
- Electronic configuration: 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Kunze kwezvo, bismuth ine zvimwe zvivakwa zvekuratidza. Semuenzaniso, patembiricha yakajairwa uye kumanikidzwa, bismuth iri munzvimbo yakasimba, ingave muchimiro chayo chakachena kana sechikamu chemamwe mamineral. Uyezve, Iyo ine yakawanda vhoriyamu mune yakasimba mamiriro kupfuura mune yemvura mamiriro. sezvinoita mvura.
Izvo zvinofanirwawo kucherechedzwa kuti bismuth imonomic molecule. Izvi zvinorevei? Zvakanaka, zvinoreva kuti atomu imwe inoumbwa. Pamusoro pezvo, ine huwandu hwe41 isotopes isina kugadzikana yekureba kubva ku 184Bi al 224Bi. Zvisinei, kune imwe inozochinja kuva yakagadzikana, sezvo hafu yeupenyu hwayo inofungidzirwa kuva inopeta nekanopfuura bhirioni zera rechisiko chapose pose. Ndiyo isotopu 209Bi. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti bismuth ine huwandu hweatomu hwepamusoro uye nhamba yeatomu yezvikamu zvese izvo zvisina radioactive. Nezve hafu yeupenyu hwesimbi iyi, masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti ingangoita makore 20 matiririyoni. Naizvozvo hazvishamisi kuti Zvirokwazvo ndicho chinhu chekupedzisira kuparara muchisiko chose.
Iwe unodzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva zuva rega rega, handiti?