Makomba matema angangove chakavanzika chikuru pane chinozivikanwa chadenga!
Kusvika iye zvino tinoziva zvishoma pamusoro pavo, nokuti teknolojia yedu haisati yatibvumira kuti tidzidze maitiro avo zvakadzama, kunyanya nokuti vose vari kure zvikuru nesolar system yedu.
Chimwe chikonzero nei kudzidza maburi matema muchadenga kwakaoma zvikuru ndechekuti haaburitse chiedza sezvinoita nyeredzi; pane kudaro, simba rawo regiravhiti rine simba rinokwanisa kupinza kunyange chiedza chiri pedyo, asi ichi ndicho chimwe chinhu chatichatsanangura gare gare.
Zvisinei, kubvira muna 1970 uye nekuda kwedzidziso dzakataurwa naStephen Hawking nezvemaburi matema, takakwanisa kunzwisisa zvakawanda nezvawo, kusanganisira ruzivo rwakajeka pamusoro pechimiro chawo, maumbirwo awo, maitiro ekuumbwa kwawo uye kunyange hukama hwawo nekuchinja mukuenderera mberi kwenguva.
Makometi anogona kunakidza semaburi matema! Musapotsa chinyorwa chedu chakazara pamusoro pezvikamu zvekometi.
Asi chii chatinonyatsoziva pamusoro pemakomba matema?
Kana wakamboona bhaisikopo raChristopher Nolan rinonzi: Interstellar (2010) asi usina kunzwisisa chero chinhu, saka imhaka yekuti hausati waziva zvakakwana nezvema "black holes".
Ndinokuudza, iyo firimu yakavakirwa padzidziso yaEinstein ye general relativity, iyo inotaura kuti chadenga chedu hachina mativi matatu, asi 3, nenguva ichiva chikamu chechina mundege yechokwadi.
Nokudaro, mitemo yepasi rose mechanics inobata nguva, sezvavanoita, kusanganisira chiedza.
Nenzira iyi, nguva haingavi chinhu chisingachinji, asi chiyero chinogona kuchinjika, kutatamuka kana kupfupika sebhandi rakapfava, zvichienderana nemitemo yefizikisi, yakadai segiravhiti.
Kuda kudzidza zvakawanda nezve maburi matema mudenga?
Zvadaro usarega kuverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvikira kumagumo, nokuti tinotsanangura zvose zvaunoda kuziva pamusoro penyaya iyi inofadza, kuitira kuti nguva inotevera paunoona Interstellar, usanzwe wakarasika munzvimbo.
Chii chinonzi black holes?
Makomba matema haasi maburi chaiwo, waizviziva here?
Kutaura zvazviri, maererano nedzidziso yeHawking-Ellis ya1970, maburi matema anofungidzirwa kuti ane chimiro chespheroidal nekuda kwekukwezvwa kwehukuru hwawo pakati pawo, zvichitungamirirwa negiravhiti. Nheyo imwecheteyo inoshanda kune nyeredzi, asi pachiyero chikuru kakapetwa mamiriyoni.
Maburi matema inzvimbo iri muchadenga, inoumbwa nesumbu rehuremu hwakanyanya kusimba, iyo inoburitsa simba regiravhiti rine simba zvekuti rinokwanisa kugadzira kumonereka mukuenderera kwenguva-yenguva.
Simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi remaburi matema rakasimba zvekuti hapana chidimbu chechinhu chinogona kupukunyuka kudhonzwa kwaro kana chikaswedera pedyo zvakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, kukwezva kwacho kwakasimba zvekuti kunogona kupinza zvidimbu zvephoton zvinoumba chiedza chezuva.
Ndizvozvo, anonzi mablack holes nokuti anokwanisa kumedza chaizvo chiedza chakavapoteredza.
Makomba matema akaita sei?
Hunhu hwemuviri hunoita kuti maburi matema makuru ave nesimba regiravhiti uye kupisa ndiko kuwanda kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zviri munzvimbo diki.
Nokuda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoumba nyeredzi yedu kuti ive gomba dema, yaizofanira kupeta mukati mayo nenzira yakanyanyisa, ichimanikidza zvidimbu zvayo zvose kubva pahukuru hwemakiromita mabhiriyoni 1.300 kusvika panzvimbo isingadariki makiromita maviri muhupamhi.
Naizvozvo, zuva raizofanira kuderedza ukuru hwaro kanoda kusvika ka900.000 XNUMX, asi pasina kupambadza chinhu chipi nechipi chinoriumba.
Space-Nguva Curvature
Wakambozvibvunza here kuti gomba dema rinokwanisa sei kuderedza nguva?
Unoyeuka Gargantua muInterstellar here?
Mufirimu, chikepe chemuchadenga chinonzi Endurance chinomanikidzwa kumira kuti chiunganidze ruzivo nezveramangwana rePlanet Miller, iro rinongoerekana ratenderera pedyo negomba guru dema rinonzi Gargantua.
Nekuda kweizvi, vashandi vanotarisana nedambudziko reastrophysical: Nekuda kwekuve pedyo kwayo neGargantua, nguva inofamba zvishoma zvishoma papasi pane paPasi, saka basa rekutsvaga, iro kwavari raizotora maawa mashoma, paNyika zvaizoreva akati wandei. makore.
Asi izvi zvinobvira sei?
Kana zvichiita sechinhu chinoshamisa kwauri, imhaka yekuti isu takajaira kufunga nguva sechinhu chisingachinjiki chepasirese, zvakanyanya nekuti isu hatina chero chishandiso chinogona kuikanganisa, sezvatinoita nedzimwe ndege dzechokwadi.
Zvakadaro, dzidziso yeGeneral Relativity, yakatsanangurwa naAlbert Einstein muna 1915, inoratidza kuti nguva idimendi yechokwadi inotambanukira pamusoro pendege X neY (zviyero zvehupamhi nehurefu).
Naizvozvo, kana mutumbi une huwandu ukaita chiito pane ndege yechokwadi, inogadzira shanduko ye dimension Z (kudzika) iyo inogona kukanganisa maviri ekutanga uye, saka, inogonawo kuzviita nekufamba kwenguva.
Ngatizvitarisei nenzira iyi:
Fungidzira kuti iwe unowedzera chidimbu chejira, uchigadzira nzvimbo yakati sandara (zviyero X uye Y); uye pajira unodonhedza bhora. Chiito chehuremu hwebhora pamucheka chichagadzira concave pasi pendege.
Mhedzisiro iyi ndiyo inozivikanwa mu astrophysics se curvature ye spacetime.
Iye zvino, nekuda kwemitemo yefizikiki, iyo inorema chinhu chinoiswa mundege, iyo yakanyanya kucherechedzwa chiito chayo pairi, uye saka kudzika kwacho kunenge kuri.
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika nemaburi matema nenguva yakakombama.
Kana ikamanikidzwa kusvika painogumira, maburi matema anova zvinhu zvakakora zvisingaite -uye saka zvinorema-, saka chiito chavanoita pa X uye Y ndege chakanyanyisa.
Kukombama kunokonzerwa nemaburi matema kwakasimba zvekuti hakubvumiri zvinhu kuti zvibude; izvi zvinokonzera singularity yenzvimbo nenguva inozivikanwa seEvent Horizon.
Kukombama kunokonzerwa nemaburi matema "kwakadzika" uye kukwezva kwavo simba rekukwevera pasi kwakasimba, zvekuti vanokweva zvese zvinoswedera pedyo navo. Nokudaro, sezvo iri mumhepo yekukombama kwemuchadenga inogadzirwa neGargantua , nyika yaMiller yakasangana nekukombama mukuenderera mberi kwenguva yayo, zvichiita kuti ipfuure zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo yaifanira kupinda muEvent Horizon yeGargantua.
Kutaura zvazviri, nhamba chaiyo ndeyekuti awa yega yega yakapfuura muna Miller yakaenzana nemakore manomwe ePasi.
Ichokwadi chinoshamisa ndechekuti mafungu akareba 1 km anofukidza pamusoro pese peMiller anogonawo kutsanangurwa semhedzisiro yesimba regiravhiti rinoitwa negomba dema pasi pano.
Makomba matema anoita sei?
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti maburi matema ndiwo akasara anosiiwa nenyeredzi kana dzafa.
Kusvika makumi mashoma emakore apfuura, zvaitendwa kuti maburi matema akaumbwa panguva yekutanga kwepasi uye kuti chiitiko ichi chingadai chisina kuzvidzokorora.
Zvisinei, chidzidzo chinonzi A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, chakagadzirwa pamwe chete naHawking, Oppenheimer naRoger Penrose, chakaratidza kuti maburi matema anogadzirwa nenzira inonzi gravitational collapse.
Kuti tinzwisise kuparara kwegiravhiti kunopa nzira yekuumbwa kwemakomba madema, tinofanira kudzokera shure zvishoma, kune nzira yekufa kwenyeredzi.
Kana nyeredzi yero (sezuva redu) ikapedza hydrogen yayo yakachengetwa, inotanga kupisa zvidimbu zvehelium pamusoro payo nenzira yakasimba yekubatanidza nuclear. Sezvo maitiro aya achienderera mberi, nyeredzi, yava pedyo nekuguma kwehupenyu hwayo, inogona kuwedzera kusvika ka300 kukura kwayo uye kuchinja ruvara, yova nyeredzi hombe tsvuku.
Kana yapedza mafuta ese ari pamusoro payo, maitiro ekubatanidza nyukireya achamira, uye pasina maitiro ekurwisa simba regiravhiti rayo, zvidimbu zvayo zvese zvichatanga kukwezvwa kumucheto wayo, zvichideredza saizi yayo zvakare uye zvichigadzira yatinoziva seNyeredzi Chena Dwarf , nyeredzi yakafa.
Nekudaro, huwandu hukuru hwenyeredzi hunogona kuita kuti hurongwa uhu huendeswe zvakanyanya, kudzvanya White Dwarf kupfuura miganhu yayo uye kugadzira muviri une hukuru hwakanyanya kudzika munzvimbo diki inoshamisa.
Zvakafanana nekuedza kupeta zuva redu zvakakwana kuti riise mubhutu yemotokari yako.
Danho rekupedzisira iri rinoita kuti simba regiravhiti rinobva ravapo rive nesimba zvekuti rinotanga kumedza chiedza charo, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvachinja nyeredzi kuita buri dema.
mhando dzemakomba matema
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemaburi matema , uye aya akapatsanurwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwawo uye huwandu hwehuremu hwawo.
supermassive black hole
Supermassive black holes ndiyo ine nharo huru uye ine simba zvikuru. Iwaya anogona kuva nemamiriyoni anoverengeka ehuremu hwezuva redu munzvimbo yakakura ka2 kana katatu chete, izvo zvinoitawo kuti dzive dzine simba zvikuru.
Zvakajairika kuwana maburi matema makuru ari pakati pemagalaksi makuru mazhinji, kunyanya magalaksi edenderedzwa. Muenzaniso wakajeka unowanikwa pedyo nekwaunogara, sezvo Milky Way ichitenderera Sagittarius A* , gomba dema rakakura kwazvo rinosvika 120 AU.
Pakati-misa-makomba matema
Ndidzo dzinotevera pachikero maererano nehukuru hwadzo. Iwo akaomesesa kupfuura makomba matema makuru, asi achiri anoyevedza.
Maburi matema ane huremu hwakaenzana pakati pe100 ne1.000.000 misa yezuva inowira mukati mechikamu ichi.
stellar mass maburi matema
Izvo zvakajairwa uye kubva pasi pano takakwanisa kuona maburi matema akati wandei anokodzera muchikamu ichi.
Maburi matema ane nyeredzi dzine simba rezuva riri pakati pe30 ne70. Anoumbwa kubva pakudonha kwenyeredzi hombe, chiitiko chinozivikanwa mu astrophysics se supernovae.
makomba matema
Micro maburi matema chikamu chechikamu ichi, zvisinei, ivo vanoramba vari hypothesis.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yaHawking yemaburi matema, maburi matema aya angave aine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshamisa munzvimbo diki diki, saka zvinhu zviri mukati zvinogona kudzorwa nemitemo yefizikisi yequantum.
Rimwe remabasa eCERN's Large Hadron Collider nderekugadzira zvinhu zvinoumba gomba dema rekugadzira, uko dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana nezve quantum physics dzinogona kuyedzwa kana, pakupedzisira, chidimbu chedark matter chinogona kupatsanurwa.
