Machechi ehutsinye ane chimwe chinhu paari: mavhoriyamu makuru ekongiri yakafumurwa, majeometri ane simba, uye chiedza chinoita sechinoveza nzvimbo sechivezwa. Akazvarwa kubva mukufurirwa kweMovement yemazuva ano uye akanatswa neanonzi béton brut, mabasa aya anobva kure nekushongedza kuti ataure nemoyo wese nezvezvinhu, chimiro, uye basa. Mavari, zvemweya hazvina kunaka: zvinoiswa pachena.
Hafu pakati petemberi, basa reuinjiniya uye nechidimbu cheunyanzvi, Izvi zvivakwa zvinoera zvinoongorora kuti zvinoera zvinozviratidza sei muzvinhu zvakasvibirira, mumumvuri, uye mukunyarara kwekongiri inofema nechiedza. Kubva kuAustria kuenda kuMichigan, kuburikidza neOñati neMadrid, meseji yavo inogovana zvakafanana: kuvimbika kunovaka, kushinga kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwekufananidzira yemwenje wechisikigo unofadza pasina kudiwa kwegoridhe.
Chii chinonzi hutsinye mukiyi inoera?
Brutalism yakabuda pakati pe1950s ne1970s ine kongiri yakafumurwa sechiyero chayo., mugari wenhaka weLe Corbusier's material ethics uye akatemerwa nevatsoropodzi vakaita saReyner Banham. Iro zita rakadzika mumutauro wechiFrench béton brut, zvichireva kongiri mbishi, uye inoda kurongeka kwechimiro, zvirongwa zvakajeka, uye kukoshesa zvinhu sezvazviri.
Zvichitevera Dare reVatican rechipiri, machechi akawanda akaedza gadziriro itsva dzechitendero nedzomunharaunda, uye Brutalism yaiva mubatsiri akakwana wekuvandudzwa uku. Zvirongwa zvepasi zvakasununguka, kusavapo kwemakoramu aivharira maonero, atari seyakatarisana, uye maacoustic akagadzirwa neakakombama kana akashata anoratidza chizvarwa chetemberi.
Kunyangwe kongiri inogona kusanganiswa nekutonhora, mumakereke eBrutalist mwenje wechisikigo unova murevereri mukuru anoshatirisa zvinhu. Mipata, mikoto yakavanzika, chiedza chedenga chakatevedzana, kana kutsemuka pakati pemavhoriyamu zvinoita kuti machapel emazuva ano, mapresbyteries, uye nzira dzokufamba nadzo dziite sokunge mapako emazuva ano.
Hazvisi zvese zvakanakira: yakafumurwa kongiri mazera zvakanyanya kushata mumamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro, inoda kuchengetedzwa, uye inoratidza mamaki kubva kufomu uye nguva. Kunyange zvakadaro, kufarira mutauro uyu kwakamukazve zvakasimba, uye mienzaniso yakawanda iri kudzorerwa uye kuchengetedzwa senhaka, kukoshesa simba rawo rokudetemba noushingi hunovaka.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvemakereke ane hutsinye
Zvinhu zvakatendeseka: Iko kongiri, dzimwe nguva inosanganiswa nezvidhinha, dombo renzvimbo, simbi kana girazi, inosara isina chinhu, ine chimiro chechimiro uye patina yechisikigo. Nyaya haina kuvanzika.
Chimiro chinoonekwa: Kurongeka kwechivako kwakajeka pakutanga kuona; madziro, matanda, zvitsigiro, uye matenga akapetwa zvinoratidzirwa sorutivi rwomutauro unoyera.
Chiedza chinoveza: Skylights, slits uye clerestories anonangisa matanda anogezesa atari, chapel uye nzira dzekufora, kutaura nguva yeliturgical uye ruzivo rwevakatendeka.
Round geometries: Hyperbolas, kupeta, nzvimbo dzakaputsika, elliptical kana trapezoid zvirongwa zvinogadzira zvinozivikanwa uye zvisingakanganwiki zvidhori, kure netembere yekare.
Basa uye nharaunda: Iyo post-conciliar zvigadziro zvinotsvaga kuona uye acoustic kutora chikamu, nemanave asina mbiru, mapresbyteries akakwira uye nzira dzinosvikika.
- Contemporary artic kubatanidzwa: Abstract reliefs, sculptural mikova kana mikuru mikuru inotsiva chinyakare ornamentation.
- Kufungisisa acoustics: Ndege dzakakomberedzwa uye maumbirwo akashata anobatsira kuvharidzira izwi nerwiyo pasina kudzokorodza zvakanyanya.
Emblematic mienzaniso muEurope
Chechi yeWotruba muMauer, kunze kweVienna, iratidziro yemifananidzo yakasainwa naFritz Wotruba uye yakapedzwa muna 1976. Akafemerwa, akareurura, neChartres Cathedral, asi yakashandurirwa mumutauro wakaita sebhuroko, inounza pamwechete 152 isina kujairika kongiri maprisms akaturikidzana semenhirs kubva kune imwe nguva. Mugumisiro wacho unoshamisa nokuda kwesimba rayo rekare uye kunamata kwakavezwa.
MuOñati, Gipuzkoa, Basilica yeArantzazu—basa raFrancisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza naLuis Laorga—inobatanidza zvivakwa uye unyanzvi mumabhii makuru. Jorge Oteiza akagadzira iyo ine simba sculptural façade, Lucio Muñoz akashanda paapse, Eduardo Chillida akakanda magonhi, uye Néstor Basterretxea akapindira mune crypt, achishandura iyo yakaoma ive nzvimbo yekufambira kune vanoda inoera avant-garde.
Iyo Hama Klaus Chapel muMechernich (North Rhine-Westphalia), yakagadzirwa naPeter Zumthor pakati pa2005 na2007, inovandudza mweya wehutsinye mudiki uye telluric kiyi. Yakavakwa kupfurikidza nokudururira koni yekongiri yakarongedzerwa kupoteredza chivako chamatanda ayo ipapo akapiswa, kuchisiya mukati matema wakazaruka kumatenga, uchitekenyera muurombo hwayo hwokunyama.
Chechi yeFeldberg (Baden-Württemberg, 1962-1965), inonzi yakaitwa naRainer Disse mune zvinyorwa zvakabvunzwa, yakave nemukurumbira nekuda kwechimiro chayo uye nzvimbo yayo yakanyanyisa pa1.350 metres. Sinou yakaedza simba rayo muchando cha1971 na1981, ichida kugadziridzwa; chiyeuchidzo chokuti monumental kongiri kuvaka kunoda kungwarira kuverenga uye kugara uchigadzirisa.
Zvakare muEurope zvinoratidzira rwendo rweNeviges, kuGermany, uye chapel yeRonchamp naLe Corbusier, zviitiko zvakakosha izvo, nekunzwisisa kwakasiyana, Vakabatsira kufungidzira zvitsvene kuburikidza neyakagadzirwa uye nechiedza. Pamwe chete, mabasa aya anogadza mepu yesimba remweya rakapfupikiswa mukongiri.
America uye kuvandudzwa kwepamutemo
MuNorton Shores, Michigan, Marcel Breuer's St. Francis de Sales (1966) inoita senge simende origami inovhurika pasi pedenga. Yayo trapezoidal floor plan uye denga rakaumbwa nesere rakatetepa, rakachinjika rakakombama rinogadzira chimiro chakasiyana, chine madziro anopeta nemukati nekunze kuti agadzire makakatanwa nekufamba.
Breuer, tenzi wehutsinye, aida makondirakiti ane hunyanzvi kuti apfeke mafomu e hyperboloidal akakandwa mu situ, hunyanzvi hwekuita panguva yayo. Kubva kunze, iyo gigantic front fold ine muchinjiko wakapfava inozivisa isina kuchinjika chivakwa; mukati, imwe yepakati clerestory uye yakavanzika slits inovhenekera chiedza chinopfavisa kushata kwezvinhu.
Chechi inonyatso ratidza mweya wepashure: hapana makoramu anovharidzira maonero, atari inowanikwa kubva kune yega yega chigaro, uye acoustics akaumbwa ne geometry. Runako rwayo rwuri mukutendeseka kwayo kwechimiro uye kushanda mukushandira nharaunda.
Vakapenyawo mukondinendi yeAmerica Kududzirwa kwechiratidzo chezvitsvene kubva kongiri, ine macathedrals ehukuru hwekuona uye yekufananidzira maitiro akatsanangura patsva nzvimbo dzemaguta.
Spain: Madrid uye boka renyeredzi retemberi mbishi
Mukati medunhu reSalamanca, Parish yeMukadzi Wedu weRosary yePhilippine (Cecilio Sánchez-Robles TarÃn, 1967-1970) idombo rakangwara asi rine simba. Iyo geometric facade yekongiri yakafumurwa uye zvidhinha inopindirana nemugwagwa pasina kuratidzira, nepo michinjikwa uye abstract reliefs inonongedza hunhu hwayo hunoyera uye chimiro chayo senzvimbo yeparamende ine chivako uye zvivakwa.
Sezvaunopfuura nepamasuwo ayo, mamiriro ekunze anoshanduka: iyo yemukati inokwira murima rekufungisisa, ine denga rakati sandara.Sirin'i dzakatyoka uye dzakatenuka dzinovanza mavhenekera edenga umo mwenje unosefa mukati mumatanda chaiwo. Iyo choreography yemumvuri uye chiedza inogeza madziro uye liturgy, kuwana kufungisisa kwepedyo kwakaoma kukanganwa.
MuMoratalaz, paramende yeSanta Ana uye Mukadzi Wedu weTariro (Miguel Fisac naJ. Badell, 1965) inomiririra shanduko yenzvimbo yakaunzwa neKanzuru. Aritari senzvimbo yekutora chikamu, madziro akakomberedzwa anosimudzira acoustics muzvikamu zvitatu zveconvex, uye sirin'i yetubular inotarisira nzira nyowani yekunzwa uye kuona mhemberero.
Madrid zvakare inotarisisa zvidhori zveBrutalist pamwero wemadhorobha — seSpanish Cultural Heritage Institute, inonzi Crown of Thorns — iyo, pasina kuve tembere, inobatana nemachechi aya mukusimba kwavo. Guta ibhuku mhenyu yemhinduro dzekongiri, kubva kumakoreji kuenda kudzimba dzekugara uye matunhu emunharaunda.
Kutariswa patsva pamabasa aya kunokurudzirwawo nevatori vemifananidzo uye vakakurumbira vakatora runako rwavo rwakanyanya. Nharaunda inozviona mavari kwete chete seyakatendeka, asi sevagari vanogara mune yechokwadi uye yemagariro ekuvaka.
Mediterranean uye kumahombekombe: Catalonia uye Valencian pamhenderekedzo
La nharaunda del Mar kana Chechi yeLoreto, muJávea, ndiyo nzvimbo huru yeValencian yemutauro uyu, yakavakwa pakati pa1961 na1967 naGarcÃa Ordóñez naJuan MarÃa Dexeus. Iyo elliptical floor plan inovhura kumatenga ine gumi nembiri buttresses, ichiwana kujeka kusingatarisirwe pakati pekutenderera kwekongiri, uye danda remusidhari rinomutsa inverted hull yechikepe.
MuCatalonia, chechi yeSanta Maria de Sales (Viladecans, 1967), naRobert Kramreiter, inokurudzira nzira inenge yezvivakwa inokwira sekunge inzira huru yakananga kuchiedza. Chimiro chekuvaka uye chenyika chinosimbisa shanduko yetsika kubva kune yemazuva ese kuenda kune inoera.
Parishi yeSanta Tecla, muLes Corts (1961-1965) naJosep Soteras, inosanganisa ruzivo rwemugadziri wezvivakwa akabatana nenzvimbo huru dzemitambo kududzira patsva temberi yemudhorobha nenzira yechimanjemanje. Mhedzisiro chidimbu chenguva yayo inobatanidza huwandu, chiedza uye nharaunda.
Aya mabasa eMedithera anoratidza kuti Brutalism inogona kudyidzana netsika dzemuno, chiyero chevavakidzani, uye mamiriro ekunze, kuenzanisa chiedza nemumvuri kune mukana wayo. Dombo, huni uye kongiri zvinowana zviyero zvehunyengeri hukuru.
Canary Islands: temberi inoputika yezana remakore rechi21
Chechi yeMudzikinuri Mutsvene muLas Chumberas, muLa Laguna (Tenerife), yakagadzirwa naFernando Menis, humbowo hwekuti hutsinye hunogona kunge huripo semabota pachawo. Iyo purojekiti, yakagadziridzwa muzvikamu, yakapera nekupedzwa kwechechi muna 2022 uye nekugara kwemadhorobha muna 2024, zvichitevera kupera kwesocial centre muna 2008.
Iyo yakaoma yakarongwa kuva mavhoriyamu mana makuru anobuda sematombo akati twasu, ane mitswe pakati pawo panosefa mwenje chaiwo. Iko kushata kwekongiri uye kushandiswa kwedombo renzvimbo inoputika zvinotsanangura hunyanzvi hwepasi-tech hunotsamira kune vatengesi vepanzvimbo uye kupisa kwekushisa kwemadziro akakora.
Kuvhenekerwa hakusi chishongo, idzidziso yebhaibheri yakachena: Pamambakwedza, shinda yechiedza inopfuura nepamuchinjikwa seri kweatari uye inopinda nomunzvimbo yokubhabhatidzira.Pakati pemasikati, inogeza simbiso nechirairo, uye gare gare inowira pamusoro pekureurura. Zviedza zvedenga zvakarongwa kuti zvisimbise masakaramende rimwe nerimwe, zvichiratidza mutinhimira wezuva uye wekutenda.
Menis inoongororawo ma acoustics ekongiri, achibatanidza chidimbu chakajairwa chakafumurwa chine porous volcanic stone misanganiswa kuti iwane ruzha rwakafanana neauditorium. Temberi inoshanda semoyo wekugarisana wevavakidzani, kubatanidza paramende, nzvimbo yenharaunda, uye nzvimbo yeruzhinji yakashongedzwa.
Basa rake repasi rese rinomutsigira: mibairo yezvivakwa zvinoera uye kuvapo mukati Muunganidzwa weMoMA unosimbisa kukosha kwebasa iri reCanarian mune yemazuva ano panorama. Temberi yakazvarwa kubva ku geology uye inodzoreredza kuzivikanwa kunharaunda yayo.
Chiitiko chekushanyira temberi idzi hachisi chekuvaka chete, ihwowo rwendo rwekunzwa uye rinenge cinematic iro vazhinji vemifananidzo vakatsvaga kutora. Nhoroondo dzevafambi vemifananidzo vanotaura nezve musanganiswa wekunakidzwa, kushamisika, uye kusagadzikana kunotangira pfuti, uye nezve rwendo pacharwo-dzimwe nguva nechitima, kuyambuka alpine nyika-inoona mundangariro zvakanyanya semufananidzo wekupedzisira.
Mukufanana, Brutalism inomutsa nharo pamusoro pekuchembera nekuchengetedza: Kongiri inotambura mumamiriro ekunze ane hutsinye, kugadzira mavara, kutsemuka, uye patina izvo zvinoda kupindira kwenguva nenguva. Zvisinei neizvi, masaisai ezvinyorwa zvichangobva kubuda uye zviratidziro zvachinja maonero everuzhinji, zvichikurudzira mishandirapamwe yekudzivirira nekuidzoreredza.
Zvichida ndipo pane simba rayo: mukugamuchira zvisaririra zvenguva sechikamu chenyaya, sematemberi ekare airatidza matombo uye kudzoreredza. Hunhu hwekubuda pachena kwezvinhu hausi chimiro; inzira yekunzwisisa zvitsvene muchokwadi.
Kubva kuVienna kuenda kuLa Laguna, kubva kuOñati kuenda kuMichigan, makereke eBrutalist anodhirowa mepu yekutenda uye yezvivakwa inonzvenga yakanyanyisa uye inonangana nechinhu. Nechiedza, nzvimbo, uye zvinhu zvinosundirwa kusvika kumagumo, temberi idzi dzinoratidza kuti avant-garde uye zvekunamata hazvisi nyika zvakaparadzana, uye kongiri inovhenekera zvakanaka inogona kufamba sefresco yekare.