Mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa anomiririra rimwe remabasa akanyanya kukosha muLatin America zvinyorwa zvetsika. Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemunyori ane mukurumbira uyu, tinokukumbira kuti uverenge nyaya inotevera.
Inoshanda naMario Vargas Llosa
Nzvimbo yakatorwa nemunyori mukuru uyu mutsika dzechinyorwa cheLatin America inotitungamira kuti titende kuti ari pamusoro pevanyori nevanyori vezvinyorwa zvekondinendi. Akazvarwa muArequipa, Peru munaKurume 28, 1936, zita rake chairo ndiJorge Mario Pedro Vargas, uye akazvizivisa semunyori mukuru pasi rese uye mune zvematongerwo enyika munyika yake.
Muna 1993, Vargas Llosa akawana nyika yeSpain, uye parizvino anozivikanwa seMarquis weVargas Llosa, zita rakapihwa naMambo weSpain muna 2011.
Mabasa ake akacherechedzwa pasi rose uye akahwina mibairo yekunyora yakasiyana-siyana; Pakati peakanyanya kukosha ndeyeNobel Prize yeLiterature muna 2010, Rómulo Gallegos Prize muna 1967, Princes of Asturias Prize for Literature muna 1986, uye Cervantes Prize muna 1994, pakati pevamwe. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuratidza kuti "Guta neImbwa" nderimwe remabasa ake anofananidzira, rinoratidza chiitiko chakakosha mumabhuku emazuva ano.
Mukurumbira wakauya muma60 pakabuda zvinyorwa "Guta neImbwa" (1962), "The Green House" (1965) uye "Kukurukurirana muKathedral" (1969). Akanyora zvinyorwa zvakati wandei uye akazvisiyanisa nekupa mabasa akasiyana mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvinyorwa, senge rondedzero, nganonyorwa, uye satire yemagariro, asi kutaura kwake kukuru kuri kuburikidza nenganonyorwa, iyo yakamupa kugutsikana kukuru.
Akazvisiyanisa zvakare semunyori mukuru wenhau, kwaakaburitsa mabasa ane chekuita nekushoropodzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika nekunyora. Mario Vargas Llosa akapawo mitambo yakawanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemapurisa nezvematongerwo enyika, zvakadai se "Pantaleón y las Visitadoras" (1973) uye "La fiesta del chivo" (2000), iyo yakagadziridzwa firimu nemitambo.
Kubatanidzwa kwake mune zvematongerwe enyika zvakananga hakuna kuva nemigumisiro yakafanana nemabhuku. Munguva yehuduku hwake akaratidza dzimwe pfungwa dzakasara; Zvisinei, mushure mehuduku hwake akaratidza chido chekusununguka. Makore mashoma gare gare, akapinda musarudzo dzemutungamiri wePeru dze1990, kwaakakundwa zvine mutsindo nevezvematongerwo enyika uye mutungamiri panguva iyoyo, Alberto Fujimori.
Mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa aive nesimba pahupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hwePeru; Mumabasa aya, munhu anogona kuonga nhevedzano yezviri mukati zvakabatana nehupenyu hwemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika yenyika yake, izvo zvinoratidzira chiitiko chese chakararama panguva yehudiki hwake. Izvi zvakamuvhurira nzira yekuenda kuEurope mumakore aitevera achiratidzira tarenda rake izvo zvakaita kuti awane rukudzo rwakasiyana-siyana uye mibairo.
Biography
Akaberekerwa muguta reArequipa kumaodzanyemba kwePeru muna 1936; Baba vake Ernesto Vargas Maldonado, avo vakafa muna 1979, uye amai vake Dora Llosa Ureta, avo vakafira mu1995, vakaparadzaniswa Mario asati aberekwa, zvisinei, vakarambana makore maviri mushure mokuberekwa kwake. Makore ake okutanga akaapedza naamai vake nemhuri yavo.
Sezvo akanga ari mwana, akatamira nemhuri yaamai vake kuBolivia, uko sekuru vake vakanga vasarudza kutama nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemari; Ikoko, sekuru vake pachavo vakawana basa rokutarisira purazi raiita kuti vagare zvakanaka kwemakore akawanda.
Vechidiki
Vakagara muCochabamba kwemakore mapfumbamwe, izvo zvakabvumira Mario kudzidza pachikoro cheKaturike cheLa Salle. Kubva pazera re10, akaudzwa kuti baba vake vakanga vafa, izvo zvaiva zvenhema, asi mhuri yake yaisada kuti Mario awane chokwadi chechokwadi.
Pakazosvika 1945, pazera remakore 11, akadzokera kuPeru, sezvo sekuru vake vaiva hama yemutungamiri achangosarudzwa wenyika iyoyo, José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, uye akapiwa chinzvimbo chePrefect wedhipatimendi rePeru, saka mhuri yake yose yaamai yakagara muguta guru. Mario akaenda nasekuru vake kuguta rePiura, uko akakwanisa kupfuuridzira zvidzidzo zvake.
Muguta iroro, akasangana neshamwari yake yeupenyu hwese, mudiki Javier Silva Ruete, uyo makore gare gare aizova Gurukota rePeru reEconomy. Mario akabva adzidza paDon Bosco School, iyo yakachengetedza mutsara wemweya weSalesian, kwaakapedza giredhi rechitanhatu.
Pakasvika 1947 akakwanisa kuonana nababa vake, vakanga vasina kufa chaizvoizvo; mai vake vakabva vafunga kutaura chokwadi. Izvi zvakamubvumira kuti abatane nemurume wake ndokutanga hupenyu hwavo hwewanano patsva, izvo zvakaita kuti vadzokere kuguta guru uye kunogara munzvimbo yeMagdalena del Mar, kwavakagara kwenguva pfupi, vasati vatamira kuguta reLa Peral muCallao.
Kusagadzikana kwekugara kwakabvumira Mario kuti ave nemafungiro akazaruka uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana, apo mazano ake ekutanga aitarisa pane chokwadi chaakaona panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzendo uye kufamba, achifunga mupfungwa dzake mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuitika kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Kugara kwake muguta iri kwakaita kuti asangane nevanhu vakawanda. Pakupera kwevhiki, vaienda kune imwe nharaunda inonzi Diego Ferré, iri mudunhu reMiraflores, kwaaishanyira vakoma vake neshamwari, vachigadzira hushamwari hwakati wandei uye kunyange kusangana nerudo rwake rwekutanga, rwaakazoratidza mumabasa akasiyana makore gare gare.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytx-HWe6CWA
Ukama hwake nababa vake hwakanga husina hushamwari, izvo zvaizoratidza hupenyu hwake nekusingaperi. Maererano nomunyori wacho pachake, baba vake vakamuita kuti ararame upenyu husingafadzi uye husingafadzi, zvichiita kuti arambe aine chigumbu uye ruvengo.
Misiyano iyi yakamuka nekuti murume wechidiki uyu akanga ava kutanga kuratidza kuti aifarira dzidzo yake yekunyora, uye baba vake vakanga vasingabvumirani zvachose, vachirwa naye nguva dzose nezviito zvechisimba, vachitosvika pakurasa mabhuku avo, uye paaitaura nezvenyaya yemabhuku, aimudira mvura nokumutuka.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Mario akanga asinganyanyi kufarirwa nemhuri yaamai vake zvakare, izvo zvakatungamirira kumamiriro ezvinhu apo dambudziko rakamupoteredza mumhuri yake, iyo yakakonzerawo hupenyu hwake hwepashure.
Muna 1950, Mario akanga atova nemakore gumi nemana uye akatumirwa nababa vake kuchikoro chebhodhi, Leoncio Prado Military School, muCallao. Ikoko akakwanisa kupedza makore ake echitatu nerechina echikoro chesekondari, achidzidza maitiro ehurumende uye chirango chemauto. Nekudaro, izvi zvakamubatsira zvakanyanya kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekuverenga panguva yake yekutandara, icho chaive chido chake chikuru.
Zvinotendwa kuti panguva iyi basa rechokwadi raVargas Llosa rekuverenga rakazvarwa; mhodzi yemunyori yakanga ichangotanga kumera. Akapedza mabhuku akawanda ane chokuita nevanyori vechiFrench vakadai saAlexandre Dumas naVictor Hugo; Akave nerombo rekuve nemunyori César Moro semufundisi wake wemabhuku uye chiFrench.
Pakazosvika 1952, achiri mudiki, akatanga basa rake semutori wenhau papepanhau reLima "La Crónica," kwaakanyora ongororo dzakasiyana dzevatapi venhau, kusanganisira kubvunzurudza, mishumo, uye kuburitswa kwenhau. Gore iroro akasiya chikoro ndokusiya basa rake kupepanhau achidzokera kuguta rePiura, asi panguva iyi aigara nababamunini vake vainzi "Sekuru Lucho."
Akapedza gore rake rekupedzisira rechikoro chesekondari paSan Miguel School muPiura, kwaakatanga kushanda pane pepanhau reko uko, mu1952, akaita mutambo wake wekutanga, "The Flight of the Inca."
Hupenyu hwevechiri kuyaruka uye hweYunivhesiti
Muna 1953, akapinda muNational University yeSan Marcos, achidzidza paFaculty of Law uye Faculty of Arts, kwaakanyoresa mumabhuku. Akave nhengo yeyunivhesiti yemapato ezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza neboka reCahuide, iro raive chairo Peruvian Communist Party mukuvanzika, sezvo mabasa ayo emutemo aisabvumidzwa.
Munguva iyi, Vargas Llosa akatanga mabasa ake ezvematongerwo enyika, ayo akabatanidza nezvidzidzo zvake zvemutemo nemabhuku. Akashora zvakasimba hurumende iri kutonga, achitora rutivi mukuratidzira kwakasiana-siana mumigwagwa nomunzvimbo dzavose.
Imwe nguva gare gare, akazviparadzanisa neboka iri rezvematongerwo enyika ndokuva nhengo inoshingaira yeChristian Democratic Party yemurwiri Héctor Cornejo Chávez, waakambonetsana naye kuti awane chigaro chepamusoro-soro chaJosé Luis Bustamante, akanga ari muhupoteri. Chinangwa ichocho hachina kumboitwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, panguva iyoyo Vargas Llosa akatanga kushanda semubatsiri wemunyori wenhau dzakaitika Raúl Porras Barrenechea pane purojekiti yakabva panguva yekukunda kweSpain kwePeru; chirongwa chekunyora ichi hachina kuzobudirira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana.
Kuroora kwekutanga
Pazera re19, akakwanisa kuroora mukadzi wechidiki anonzi Julia Urquidi, uyo aive hanzvadzi yamainini vake. Mukadzi wechidiki uyu aive nemakore gumi kupfuura Mario uye aive nekurambana pamaoko ake. Ukama uhwu hwakagadzira kurambwa mumhuri yaVargas Llosa uye vaviri vacho vaifanira kuparadzana mwedzi mishoma gare gare.
Munyori akachengeta hukama hwenguva nenguva nemukadzi wechidiki uye, kuti amutsigire mune zvemari, akawana rubatsiro kubva kumunyori wenhau dzakaitika Porras, uyo akamupa nhevedzano yemabasa ane chekuita nemapurojekiti ekutsvagisa nhoroondo. Vargas Llosa aishanda panguva imwe chete kusvika kumapurojekiti manomwe ekutsvagisa nekunyora.
Vakange vamboshandawo paraibhurari yeNational Club semutevedzeri webepanhau remasangano, kwavakanyora zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Akaitawo basa rine chekuita nekuongororwa kwematombo emakuva paPresbítero Matías Maestro Cemetery, iri muguta guru rePeruvia.
Mari yake yakawedzera zvikuru; Mukuwirirana neizvi, akanga awanawo basa rakadzikama paRadio Panamericana, uko akanga ari mutori wenhau uye akakwanisa kuzvisimbisa amene kwechinguvana.
Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, hupenyu hune chekuita nemabhuku hwakatanga. Achitora basa rake zvakakomba, akasarudza kutanga kubudisa mamwe mabasa akabuda mupepanhau "El Comercio."
Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvezvinyorwa
Muna 1956, basa rekutanga rinonzi "El Abuelo" rakabudiswa mupepanhau rambotaurwa. Basa rekunyora rinonzi "The Bosses" rinowanikwawo, iro rakapiwa mumagazini "Mercurio" gore iroro.
Pakasvika mugumo wa1957, chinyorwa chechiFrench chinonzi La Regué Françoise chakagovera makwikwi enganonyorwa pfupi akanangidzirwa kuvanyori vatsva veLatin America; Vargas Llosa akatora chikamu nenyaya "The Challenge," achihwina mubairo wekutanga.
Izvi zvaisanganisira kugara muguta guru reFrance kwemazuva gumi nemashanu, uye muna January 58, akasvika muParis kuti awane mubayiro wake. Zvisinei, kugara kwake muguta guru reFrance kwakatora nguva inopfuura mwedzi; Ikoko akasangana nenyanzvi nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana apo aitsvaga ruzivo nezvinyorwa zvaizomubatsira kuti asimudzire semunyori.
Paakadzokera kuLima, akapedza dhigirii reBachelor kubva kuNational University yeSan Marcos. Ikoko akanyora rondedzero youpenyu nebasa raRubén Darío, izvo zvakamuwanira mubairo chaiwo wokukodzera kubva kuzviremera zvedzidzo.
Akaziviswawo gore iroro mudzidzi akakurumbira munharaunda yezvinyorwa; Rukudzo urwu rwakamubvumira kupinda pachigaro chekunyora mabhuku cheyunivhesiti gore raitevera.
Akawana bhezari yakamubvumira kudzidza paComplutense University yeMadrid, Spain. Asi asati aenda kukondinendi yekare, akafunga kuita nzendo dzakatevedzana kuburikidza nePeruvian Amazon nechinangwa chekudzidza nekubata pfungwa dzechisikigo zvakananga. Kubva ipapo mabasa "The Green House", "Pantaleón", "The Visitors" uye "The Talker" akaberekwa.
Zvidzidzo muEurope
Pakazosvika 1960, nguva yekufunda yakanga yava kupera, uye akafunga kutamira kuParis kunotsvaka kuvandudzwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kukwanisa kuitwa. Izvo zvakakosha kutaura kuti kugara kwake muEurope kwaive kwaperekedzwa nemukadzi wake Julia.
Mario Vargas Llosa anosarudza kugara muParis pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa ehupfumi uye anotanga kunyora zvakanyanya; Nekudaro, mamiriro ezvinhu aya akabvisa hukama hwepedyo nemukadzi wake uye akabvumira hukama hutonhore, zvichiita kuti arambane naJulia makore mashoma gare gare.
Nyaya yekutanga yepasi rese yakanyorwa naMario Vargas Llosa yaive "Guta neImbwa"; uyo, kupfurikidza neshamwari yainzi Claude Couffon, akamubvumira kusangana naCarlos Barral, mutungamiriri weimba inotsikirira yechiSpain Seix Barral, uyo akagovera kuribudisa muna 1961 uye gore rakatevera racho rakahwina mubairo weBiblioteca Breve.
Muna 1966, Vargas Llosa akaroora muzukuru wake wokutanga uye muzukuru waamai vemudzimai wake wokutanga, Julia; mukadzi wechidiki anonzi Patricia Llosa Urquidi, mwanasikana wasekuru vake amai Luis Llosa Ureta naOlga Urquidi Illanes, vakaramba vari muPeru.
Pamwe chete naPatricia aiva nevana vatatu: wekutanga ainzi Álvaro Vargas Llosa, akaberekwa muna 1966, uyo iye zvino ari munyori uye mupepeti; wechipiri, ainzi Gonzalo Vargas Llosa, akaberekwa muna 1967; Akabata chinzvimbo chakakosha kwenguva seUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees uye Morgana Vargas Llosa, akaberekwa muna 1974, uyo ari nyanzvi yekutora mifananidzo.
Mugore rimwe chetero, imba yekutsikisa yeCasa Verde yakawana kodzero dzechinyorwa ichi uye yakakurudzirawo kuti Mario Vargas Llosa ave mumiriri wayo wezvinyorwa, achipawo firimu pfupi raizomupa rutsigiro rwemari rwakatsiga kusvika pakunyorwa kwebhuku rinotevera, "Kukurukurirana muKathedral."
Kondirakiti iyi yakaratidza kuti muparidzi ndiye chete ane kodzero yekuiburitsa, izvo zvakaumba chikwata umo Vargas Llosa aizova mumiriri wega wekutsikisa mabasa. Izvi zvakabvumira munyori wechidiki kuti ave nemabasa ake uye kwete kungovimbisa kugadzikana kwake kwemari, asiwo imba yekudhinda iyo yaizomubvumira kubudisa mabasa anotevera.
Pakazosvika 1971, Vargas Llosa aifanira kuzove munyori ane mukurumbira pasi rose uye, achitungamirwa naProfessor Alonso Zamora Vicente, akawana doctorate mufilosofi nemabhuku kubva kuComplutense University yeMadrid, aine cum laude giredhi uye mubairo weruremekedzo weiyo thesis yake ine musoro unoti "García Márcture yeMutauro weMutauro, Mutauro wake weNhoroondo, Mutauro weMutauro uye Nhoroondo."
Raiva gore ra1975 apo Vargas Llosa aionekwa semumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kukosha verudzi rweLatin America; Saka, gore rakatevera, akakokwa kuti atore chikamu senhengo yejury paCannes Film Festival. Vargas Llosa akaenderera mberi nebasa rake semunyori uye mutori wenhau; Nekudaro, panguva ye1982 World Cup kuSpain, akatora chikamu semutori wenhau dzemitambo sezvo aivewo fan wemutambo uyu.
Muna 1983, aimbova mudzimai wake Julia Urquidi akasarudza kushambadza memoirs yake pachake inonzi "Zvisina Kutaurwa naVarguitas," mhinduro yechokwadi kune chinyorwa icho munyori akanga anyora makore mashomanana asati aparadzana naye, "Tete Julia uye Scriptwriter." Aya memoirs ane ruzivo rwehukama hwavo hwenguva refu uye akaburitswa kune veruzhinji muna2010.
Kubatanidza sechimiro chakakodzera
Pakazosvika ma90, Vargas Llosa akagadzwa senhengo yeRoyal Spanish Academy uye muna 1993 akahwina Mubairo weMiguel de Cervantes. Gore rakatevera, akazivikanwa nekukodzera uye kukudzwa kwakadai sedhigirii rekuremekedza kubva kumayunivhesiti mazhinji eSpanish neFrench. Mabasa ake akashandurirwa mumitauro inodarika makumi matatu neshanu.
Muna 2015, kukakavara kwakamuka pamusoro pemufananidzo wake. Maererano nemagazini yeSpanish Hola, munyori wacho anonzi aiva muukama naIsabel Presley. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaita kuti Mario Vargas Llosa atsanangure kuti zvechokwadi akanga akaparadzaniswa nemudzimai wake wechipiri, Patricia, asi haana kutsanangura mifananidzo yakakakavadzana yakanga yabuda mumagazini.
Pakazosvika 2016, Vargas Llosa akaita kurambana kwake naPatricia mukuru, izvo zvakaita kuti afunge kuti kudanana kwake naIsabel Presley kwaiva kwechokwadi. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kumbojekeswa. Munyori akaenderera mberi nemabasa ake ekunyora uye akatora chikamu mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunyora zvinyorwa, zvakabatanidzwa nezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa nezvematongerwe enyika.
Kusvika iye zvino, basa raMario Vargas Llosa nderimwe rezvakanyanya kukosha munyika yeSpain; Yakaverengwa nevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni makumi matatu uye ine mukurumbira pasi rose.
Anga ariwo protagonist mune akati wandei mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya ane chekuita nebato rekuruboshwe rakabuda muLatin America munguva ye2000s nekusimuka kweMutungamiriri Hugo Chávez kutonga muVenezuela.
Mabasa ega
Hungwaru hwake hwakamubvumira kuti ave fan of art, asi kunyanya mimhanzi, mitambo uye kupenda. Pazviitiko zvakawanda akazviti anoda mimhanzi (muunganidzi uye munhu anoda kuteerera mimhanzi), kunyanya basa remunyori Gustav Mahler.
Akazivisa pazviitiko zvakawanda kuti ave fan wezvinyorwa zveLatin America, muteveri uye shamwari yaGabriel García Márquez; Akataura pazuva reNobel Prize for Literature presentation paCervantes Institute muNew York kuti mubairo uyu waiva kucherechedzwa kwemutauro wose wechiSpanish.
Aigara achitaura kuti zvaakaita uye aiti mubairo wega wega waakawana waienderana nerudzi rwese netsika dzekwaakabva. Peru haina kumbozviisa pasi peSpain, kana zvinopesana; Kwaari, nyika dzose dziri mbiri dzinomiririra nyika dzake mbiri, imwe yakamuona akazvarwa ikamupa ruzivo rwake rwekutanga rwekunyora uye imwe yakamupa budiriro nemukurumbira.
Panhambo dzinoverengeka akazivisa zvinotevera: “Peru ndini,” uye anoonga zuva riri rose nokuda kwenyika yake yakamupa ropafadzo yokuberekerwa munyika yayo uye, pamusoro pezvose, kuva munyori.
Nezvemitambo, iye mudiwa webhola, asi pamusoro pezvose fan of the Peruvian University sports team; Zvekuti timu pachayo yakamupa chinzvimbo chenhengo yehupenyu hwekuremekedza muna 2011, mhemberero yakaitirwa kuMonumental Stadium muPeru.
Akashanda semupepeti wezvemitambo uye mutori wenhau kakati wandei achiri mudiki, achishandira akasiyana siyana anodhinda nhepfenyuro, zvekuti akapihwa mikana yekutora chikamu mu1982 uye 1986 World Cups kuMexico.
Mibayiro nerukudzo
Rimwe remabasa aMario Vargas Llosa akanyanya kukosha nderekuti anga ari mumiriri wechigarire weLatin America neHispanic mabhuku. Kubva achiri mudiki akatanga kupihwa mibairo nekushongedza zvine chekuita nebasa rake rekunyora.
Mubairo weNobel weLiterature ndiwo waive mubairo wepamusoro wakatambirwa naMario Vargas Llosa, uye ndiwowo mubairo unoshuvira kuhwina nemunyori wese muhupenyu hwake hwese hwenjere. Akahwina zvakare trilogy yemubairo wakagashirwa nevanyori vane mukurumbira vekuLatin America, senge Rómulo Gallegos Prize muna 1967 uye Cervantes Prize muna 1994.
Munguva yehudiki hwake, akagamuchira Mubairo wePeruvia weNyika Novel webhuku rake "Casa Verde," iro rakamuwanirawo rukudzo rwekuhwina Mubairo weMuchinda weAsturias muSpain muna 1986 uye Mubairo weRunyararo weVatengesi mabhuku kuGermany muna 1997.
Muna 1993 akaremekedzwa nemubairo we "El Planeta" webasa rake "Lituma muAndes." Akapiwawo Biblioteca Breve Prize muPeru muna 1963 nokuda kwebasa rake "Guta neImbwa." Mubairo uyu wakaratidza kutanga kwebasa rake guru rekunyora.
Basa raMario Vargas Llosa rinosanganisirawo kutaurwa kwerukudzo kubva kumayunivhesiti akasiyana eEuropean neLatin America, sekuve nhengo yePeruvian Academy yeMutauro kubvira 1977 uye nhengo yeRoyal Spanish Mutauro kubvira 1994.
Akapiwa madhigirii ekukudza kubva kumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana pasi rose; Tine avo akapiwa kubudikidza Yale University muna 1994, University of Lima muna 1997, La Mayor de San Marcos University muna 2001, Oxford muna 2003, European University of Madrid muna 2005, La Sorbonne University mugore rimwechete, Simón Bolívar University of Alicante muna 2008, Carlos 2014 Bur2016 University of Madrid (Carlos XNUMX BurXNUMX University of Madrid).
Mamwe mayunivhesiti akakumbira kukudzwa uku muUruguay, Argentina, Chile, neColombia. Kune rimwe divi, basa raVargas Llosa rasvika kumataundi enyika yake uye mamwe matunhu eSpain. Uko kune mugwagwa muguta reLogroño, Spain, une zita rake.
Akashongedzwa nehurumende yeFrance muna 1985 neLegion of Honor, uye zvakare akashongedzwa muna 2001 nehurumende yePeruvia neOrder of the Sun, Grand Cross with Diamonds, iyo inoonekwa munyika iyoyo seyepamusoro-soro yekushongedza yakapihwa magamba nevanhu vane mukurumbira.
Muna 2004, akagamuchira Konex Mercosur Literature Award, yakapihwa neKonex Foundation, yakavakirwa kuArgentina, uye akamuziva semunyori ane mukurumbira muLatin America. Muna 2008, National Library yePeru yakamukudza nekutumidza horo huru zita rake, kwaakange ari muenzi anoremekedzwa pakuvhurwa kwayo.
Pamutambo we2010 weNobel Prize in Literature awards, Mario Vargas Llosa akapa hurukuro inofamba, achirumbidza pesvedzero yekuverenga nengano dzevanyori vekuLatin America.
Akataura zvakare kuti mubairo uyu hausi wemutero wemunyori chete, asi kudunhu rose. Kwapera vhiki akagamuchira mubairo kubva kuna King Carl Gustav XVI muStockholm Concert Hall.
Gore rimwe chetero, akapiwa Order of Arts and Letters, iyo inogadza mubairo wezvipo zvinoshamisa kumabhuku enyika uye mukusimudzira tsika dzenyika. Kusununguka uku kwakaitika munyika yaakaberekerwa. Musi waKukadzi 4, 2011, iyo Royal State yeSpain, kuburikidza neChirevo Chepamutemo, yakamupa zita rekuti Marquis weVargas Llosa.
Rukudzo urwu runomubvumira, uye maererano nemutemo wevakuru veSpain, kupa nhaka uye dzinza, apo chirevo chacho pachacho chinotaura zvinotevera: Iri zita revakuru rinopiwa Mario Vargas Llosa nokuda kwechipo chake chinoshamisa, chinokosheswa pasi rose, kuMabhuku uye Mutauro weSpanish, uyo unofanirwa kuonekwa nenzira yakasiyana.
Panguva yemhemberero, Vargas Llosa, akangotama, akati aifanira kutora mutengo uyu nekuseka, sezvo, muhurumende yeRepublican, chiito chemutsa kubva kuna Mambo weSpain. "Handina kumbofunga kuti vangandiita marquis," akatenda Spain naMambo, asi zvakadaro, akati aive munhuwo zvake uye kuti aizofa ari munhuwo zvake kunyangwe zita iri.
Muna 2011, akagamuchira Order of the Aztec Eagle, muInsignia rank, kubva kuMutungamiriri weMexico Felipe Calderón, akaonekwa semushonga wepamusoro wakapihwa mutorwa munyika iyoyo. Gore rimwe chetero, akagamuchira Mutemo wePeruvia weRuramisiro muGrand Cross, wakapiwa napurezidhendi weDare Repamusorosoro reRuramisiro.
Mushure mekugamuchira Mubairo weNobel wemabhuku, Vargas Llosa anogamuchirwa neYunivhesiti yeSan Marcos, iyo yakamupa Sanmarquina Menduru yeKukudzwa mudhigirii reGrand Cross.
Uku ndiko kushongedza kwepamusoro kwakapihwa nesangano iri; Gore rimwe chetero, yunivhesiti pachayo yakagadzira chigaro chine zita rake uye kamuri yemuseum umo maongororwo akasiyana siyana ane chekuita nemunyori anowanikwa.
Magazini yeForeign Policy, yakabudiswa muUnited States, yakamuziva somumwe wevane 10 vane ruzivo rwakanyanya muLatin America. Kusiyana uku kwakaitwa nevhoti yakakurumbira, uye ndivo vaverengi vakanyatsosarudza 10 yepamusoro. Saizvozvowo, basa raMario Vargas Llosa rakanyorwa neMexico's National Council for Culture and the Arts seyakanyanya kukosha mumakore achangopfuura.
Sangano iri rakamupawo mubairo weCarlos Fuentes International Prize wekutarisa mabasa akasiyana-siyana aMario Vargas Llosa sevanopa hupfumi hwemabhuku senhaka yevanhu.
Muna 2013, hurumende yePeruvia uye masangano etsika akaisa "Vargas Llosa Prize yeLatin America Novels," iyo inoshanda kukurudzira vanyori vaduku munharaunda; Mubairo unopiwa gore negore.
Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library Foundation, pamwe nemamwe gumi emayunivhesiti eSpanish, vakaita chirongwa chekugadzira "Vargas Llosa" Sachigaro, nechinangwa chekusimudzira nekutsigira zvidzidzo zvekunyora pakati pevadzidzi vatsva vemazuva ano. Sachigaro akagadzirawo "Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Novel Prize."
Mubairo uyu unopa anokunda mari inosvika zviuru makumi manomwe nezvishanu zvemaeuro uye wakanangana netarenda diki rakatsaurirwa muSpain yese kufambiswa uye kudzidza kwemabhuku epasirese, izvo zvinobvumira kurudziro yeEuropean Literary movement. Muna 2013, akapihwa Mubairo weCoexistence muguta reCeuta, Spain.
Mamwe mabasa akakosha
Mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa anoonekwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda sezvinhu zvekunyora zvakaremerwa neyakapfuma uye yakanaka yenganonyorwa, iyo inobvumira munhu kubhururuka mumifungo iyo munyori anoisa kwavari. Iye ndiye akakwana kwazvo muchizvarwa chake, izvo zvinomuita mumwe weakanyanya kukosha muLatin America zvinyorwa.
rondedzero zvinhu
Pamwe chete naGabriel García Márquez, anomiririra kufamba kwekuwedzera kwevanyori vemazuva ano veLatin America. Mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa anosimbisa chimiro chepamusoro chekuyedza uye rondedzero yehunyanzvi, ichigadzira nzvimbo yekunaka kune avo vanotsvaga rondedzero zvemukati.
Madingindira akasimudzwa anobvumira mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa kuti atore vaverengi kumazinga enhoroondo netsika, achivabvumira kuti vabatane nemaguta, mataundi, nenzvimbo dzingatoita sedzakada kufanana nechero nyika yeLatin America kana mamwe matunhu eEurope.
Munovhero "Guta neImbwa," kufarira kwakakosha muchimiro uye tsananguro yemagariro nenhoroondo mamiriro ari pachena, kushandisa mutauro unonakidza uye unosekesa chero muverengi. Tsananguro idzi dzinoperekedzwa nemamiriro akakura uye nganonyorwa dzinosanganisa kusetsa, kusetsa, uye kuseka.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti akawanda emabasa aMario Vargas Llosa, uye kunyange anonyanya kukosha, akaitwa kunze kwenyika, kunyanya kuSpain neFrance; asi pesvedzero yake yezvidzidzo yakazvarirwa munyika yake. Ikoko anoita zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hunozoratidzwa mune rimwe nerimwe remabasa ake, iyo inzira yekuratidza maitiro emagariro netsika.
Kupesvedzera kwakajeka kwevanyori mumafambiro ekutanga, saGarcía Márquez naMártires, avo vakakurudzira zvemashiripiti uye imwe yakanaka yakanaka, yakashanda zvakanyanya kubatanidza mazano nemabasa aMario Vargas Llosa. Mune zvimwe zvikamu zveripi zvaro renovhero yake, idzi njodzi dzinocherechedzwa mumashiripiti uye anoshamisa mamiriro erimwe risiri rechinyakare.
Evolution semunyori
Maererano naVargas Llosa pachake, mavambo ake mumabhuku uye rondedzero akatanga paakapinda mutambo wakaitika muguta rePiura, paakanga asati ava nemakore gumi nematanhatu. Iri basa, rine musoro unoti “The Flight of the Inca,” rakamubvumira kuwana kudanwa kwake kwechokwadi, uko kwaizomubetsera kukudziridza tarenda rake rakazara.
Kuverenga dzimwe nyaya dzinobudiswa mumapepanhau nemagazini kwakaumba chimiro chekunyora chenyanzvi iyi yekunyora. Kunyange zvazvo akapinda muboka rainzi Generation of '50, raisanganisira vanyori vakasiyana-siyana vane simba guru pamabhuku emunharaunda, Vargas Llosa akasarudza kuzviparadzanisa nesangano iri, kunyange zvazvo asingazvirambe, zvakamubvumira kuti aone mamwe mabhuku uye ruzivo.
Kudzidza uku kwakamuita kuti awane mafomu echokwadi chemudhorobha, ayo airatidza mamiriro emagariro chaiwo ayo vanhu vazhinji vaisanzwisisa. Akadzidzawo kusiyanisa pakati pezvinyorwa neorealism uye chimiro chekutaura kweItaly cinema, uye akazoziva uye akazvinyudza pachake mupfungwa dzekuzvipira kwaJean Paul Sartre.
Kukura kwake somunyori kwakamubvumira kuputsa zvimwe zvezvakaumbwa pakati pevanyori venyika; Mifungo yake inoratidzwa maererano nekuratidzira rusununguko rwekunaka rwaakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekushanyira Europe.
Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, basa raVargas Llosa rinorondedzera rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru, uye munhevedzano yenguva, tinogona kuona zvinotevera: chikamu chokutanga chinobatanidza mabasa kubvira pakutanga kwebasa rake uye munguva yehuduku hwake, achiratidza chimiro chechimiro chendangariro chokugarisana chakaratidza manzwiro enharaunda dzaakanga amboenda.
Kutanga muna 1973, chikamu chechipiri chinotanga nekubudiswa kwemabasa akadai se "Pantaleón" uye "Las Visitadoras," iyo inomutsa mubvunzo wekubvunza matambudziko akasiyana-siyana evanhu. Kukura uye kuoma kwehunyanzvi hwerondedzero yake zvinozotendwa. Tichaona gare gare runyoro rwemabasa ese atiri kutaura.
Chikamu chechitatu chinobata zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa kwake semunyori uye akangwara, achigadzira zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi uye rondedzero nhanho izvo zvakamubvumira kuwana mukurumbira uye kupihwa kweakasiyana mibairo nekukudzwa. Iyi nguva inotobatanidza zviito zvake nezviito semucherechedzo wevanhu uye chiratidzo mukati mekufamba kwekunyora kwezvino.
Rondedzero yemabasa makuru
Asati atsanangura mabasa makuru aMario Vargas Llosa, zvakakosha kutaura kuti bhuku rake rokutanga rakanzi "Los jefes" (The Bosses), nyaya pfupi yakamuwanira "Leopoldo Alas Prize" muna 1959. Mamwe ose ezvinyorwa zvake akanyorwa pasi apa mukurongeka kwenguva.
1952 Kubhururuka kweInca, theatre chidimbu.
1957 Dambudziko, nyaya.
1959 Vakuru, muunganidzwa wenyaya.
1963 Guta nembwa, novel.
1966 Iyo Green House, novel.
1967 Imbwa, nyaya.
1969 Kukurukurirana muKathedral, novel.
"Kadhi rehondo raTirant lo Blanc", sumo kune inoveli naJoanot Martorell.
1971 Chakavanzika nhoroondo yenovhero uye García Márquez: nhoroondo yedeicide, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa.
1973 Pantaleón uye vashanyi, novel.
1975 The Perpetual Orgy: Flaubert naMadame Bovary, chinyorwa chekunyora.
1977 Tete Julia uye munyori, novel.
1981 Mukadzi weTacna, theatre, Hondo yekuguma kwenyika, novel uye Pakati peSartre naCamus, zvinyorwa.
1983 Kathie and the hippopotamus, theatre and Against all odds, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa.
1984 Historia de Mayta, novel uye La sumptuous abundance, chinyorwa paFernando Botero.
1986 Kupesana nematambudziko ese anoburitswa, La Chunga, theatre, uye Ndiani akauraya Palomino Molero?, bhuku remapurisa.
1987 Mutauri, novel.
1988 Rumbidzo yaamai vokurera, novel.
1989 Dudziro kubva kuFrench uye sumo kuenda kunyaya naArthur Rimbaud, Mwoyo uri pasi pecassock.
1990 Against all odds, volume III (1983-1990), Chokwadi chenhema, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Iyo firimu Tune in Mangwana, yakavakirwa pana Tete Julia uye Scriptwriter, inoratidzwa.
1991 Chokwadi chemunyori, muunganidzwa wehurukuro dzakapihwa kuSyracuse University.
1992 "Murume anosuwa uye anotyisa", chinyorwa chaGeorge Grosz.
1993 Hove dziri mumvura, ndangariro, Kupenga kwemabhakoni, theatre, uye Lituma muAndes, novel.
1994 Matambudziko kuRusununguko, zvinyorwa zvetsika yerusununguko, Pretty Eyes, Ugly Pictures, radio play inotepfenyurwa neBBC muLondon.
1996 The Archaic Utopia, José María Arguedas uye Fictions of Indigenism, rondedzero, Kuita Mafungu, kusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa kubva Kurwisa All Odds.
1997 zvinyorwa zvaDon Rigoberto, novel uye Tsamba kumunyori wechidiki, chinyorwa chekunyora.
2000 La fiesta del Chivo, novel, Mutauro wePassion, sarudzo yezvinyorwa kubva ku "Touch Stone" yakatevedzana, yakaburitswa pakati pa1992 na2000, mubepanhau reMadrid El País, nemamwe mapepanhau.
2001 Mabhesi ekududzirwa kweRubén Darío, rakabudiswa neNational University yeSan Marcos. Yakanga iri thesis yake yekupedza kudzidza muna 1958, zvakare Andes, zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo naPablo Corral, yakaburitswa neNational Geographic.
2001 Literature uye Zvematongerwo enyika, Hurukuro yakapihwa panguva yeAlfonso Reyes Sachigaro paMonterrey Institute of Technology; Literature uye Hupenyu, Keynote kero paUPC muPeru.
2002 Yakagadziriswa uye yakawedzera edition yeChokwadi cheNhema (Alfaguara), Paradhiso mune Imwe Kona, novel uye L'Herne. Mario Vargas Llosa, zvinyorwa, tsamba, kubvunzurudza, zvipupuriro; Iraq Diary, zvinyorwa zvehondo muIraq zvakatsikiswa muEl País, zvine mifananidzo nemwanasikana wake Morgana Vargas Llosa.
2003, Palma, kukosha kwenyika Chinyorwa naVargas Llosa chakaverengerwa muAlameda Ricardo Palma muMiraflores, pamberi pekuputika kwechinyakare, mumutero wakabhadharwa kwaari muna Gumiguru 6, 1956.
2004 Muedzo weZvisingagoneki, chinyorwa chaVictor Hugo's Les Misérables, Complete Works. Vhoriyamu I Nhau uye Novhero (1959-1967) uye Vhoriyamu II Novels (1969-1977), rakabudiswa naGalaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores (Spain). Éditions de L'Herne inotsikisa Un demi-siècle avec Borges, kubvunzurudza uye zvinyorwa paBorges kubva 1964 kusvika 1999 (yakabudiswa chete muchiFrench).
2004 Living Statue, nhetembo yaMario Vargas Llosa nematombo lithographs naFernando de Szyszlo, Ediciones Arte Dos Gráfico, Bogotá, Colombia.
2005 Complete Works, Vhoriyamu III Novels uye Theatre (1981-1986), yakaburitswa naGalaxia Gutenberg uye Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Amérique latine, zvinyorwa zvakaunganidzwa uye zvakashandurirwa muchiFrench naAlbert Bensoussan uye Plon Publishing House.
2006 Israel/Palestine. Runyararo kana Hondo Tsvene, muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa panguva yekushanya kwake kunyika idzi; Firimu reMutambo weMbudzi, rakavakirwa panganonyorwa uye rinotungamirwa naLuis Llosa, rinoburitswa; Bhuku rinonzi Mischief of the Bad Girl rakatsikiswa, uye Denderedzwa reVaverengi rinoburitsa Mabasa Akazara. Vhoriyamu VI Literary Essays I,
2007 Odysseus naPenelope, theatre, Dialogue yevakadzi, nhetembo uye Touchstones. Essays on Literature, Art and Politics, zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa, zvakadudzirwa uye zvakapepetwa naJohn King, uye zvakaburitswa muChirungu naFaber & Faber. Pedzisa mabasa. Vhoriyamu IV Novels uye Theatre (1987-1997), rakabudiswa naGalaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores.
2008 Wellsprings, zvidzidzo uye zvinyorwa zvakatsikiswa muChirungu neHarvard University Press; Patsoka yeThames, theatre uye The Journey to Fiction zvinoburitswa. Nyika yaJuan Carlos Onetti, chinyorwa.
2009 Sabers uye Utopias, Visions yeLatin America, kusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika, zvinyorwa zveLatin America uye unyanzvi; uye The Chiuru neHusiku Humwe, yemitambo.
2010 Fonchito nemwedzi, nyaya yevana, The Celt's Dream, novel uye Complete Works. Vhoriyamu V Novels (2000-2006), rakabudiswa naGalaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores.
2012 The Civilization of the Spectacle, chinyorwa chetsika dzemazuva ano; Pedzisa Mabasa. Vhoriyamu IX, Touchstone I (1962-1983); Vhoriyamu X, Touchstone II (1984-1999); Vhoriyamu XI, Touchstone III (2000-2012), rakabudiswa naGalaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores.
2013 Iyo yakangwara gamba, novel.
2014 Chikepe chevana, nyaya yevana, Rumbidzo yedzidzo, kusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa naCarlos Granés.
2015 Tales of the Denda, theatre, El Alejandrino. Mutero kuna Cavafis, bhuku remuenzi. Ine vhesi neMVL ine lithographs naFernando de Szyszlo.
2016 Makona mashanu, nyaya.
Hurukuro
- 1971 Zvinhu zveVanyori. Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Julio Cortázar. Ndiine mutori wenhau Ernesto González Bermejo.
- 1972 Gora uye Phoenix. Hurukuro naMario Vargas Llosa uye mutori wenhau Ricardo Cano Gaviria.
- 1974 Makumi maviri nemana makumi maviri nemana, naAna María Moix.
- 1974 Latin America Galaxy. Makore manomwe ekubvunzurudzwa, naJean Michel Fossey.
- 1986 Dialogue naVargas Llosa naRicardo A. Setti.
- 1997 maPilgrim emutauro naAlfredo Barnechea.
- 2003 Mario Vargas Llosa. Hupenyu mukufamba, naAlonso Cueto.
- 2004 Yakasarudzwa Hurukuro (2004). Sarudzo, prologue uye manotsi naJorge Coaguila.
- 2011 Iyo isingakundiki. Ndiina Beto Ortiz.
- 2014 Hurukuro nemacathedrals. Misangano naVargas Llosa naBorges. Ndiina Rubén Loza Aguerrebere.
- 2017 Hurukuro muPrinceton naRubén Gallo. Kosi yezvinyorwa uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakatenderedza mabhuku mashanu naVargas Llosa: Kukurukurirana muKathedral, Nhoroondo yeMayta, Ndiani akauraya Palomino Molero?, Hove mumvura uye Mutambo weMbudzi.
- 2017 Misangano naMario Vargas Llosa, naJuan Cruz Ruiz.
- 2017 70 makore ehurukuro nevanyori vanopfuura naMary Ferrero.
Kuita zvematongerwo enyika
Pakutanga, takanga takarakadza kuti, mumazuva ake okutanga somudzidzi wepayunivhesiti, Mario Vargas Llosa akanga ave ari mutezo weBato rechiKomonisiti rePeru. Zvisinei, achiona pfungwa nemaitiro zvaisiyana nezvaaitarisira, akasarudza kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe ndokubuda mubato iroro. Kubatana kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakasimba zvakanyanya mukati merondedzero yake.
Mumabasa akati wandei tinogona kuona matauriro ezvematongerwo enyika aanoedza kuratidzira, kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe kana semharidzo kana nzira yekuratidza chirevo chechokwadi chezvematongerwo enyika izvo mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa anazvo munhoroondo yavo.
70's
Iye munyori akanyatsotora chikamu mushanduko dzekuchinja maererano nekupihwa kwevhu uye dzimwe shanduko panguva yehutongi hwemauto hwaJuan Velasco Alvarado mukupera kwema60 nekutanga 70s, achitotsanangura hutongi sehushingi uye hwakanyanya kugadzira mukuita shanduko dzakati wandei.
Zvisinei, maonero ake maererano nekuvharwa kwezvinobudisa nhau akanga asina kujeka; Vakatosvika pakutaura kuti hurumende yerudzi urwu yakaratidza zviratidzo zvehudzvanyiriri, izvo zvakazoita kuti asiyane nemauto ezvematongerwo enyika ehurumende pakazosvika 1975.
Muna 1976, akasarudzwa mutungamiri wesangano repasi rose revanyori PEN, uye panguva yekutonga kwake akatumira kutaurirana kwakawanda kwekuramba kumutongi weArginia Rafael Videla, kwaakashora kushungurudzwa uye kusabatwa zvakanaka kwevanyori, vakangwara uye vatori venhau; Akashoropodza maitirwo aiitwa kutambudzwa nekupondwa kweavo vakatarisana nehurumende.
Makore makumi mapfumbamwe
Upenyu hwake hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakanga husina kubudirira sezvakaita basa rake rekunyora. Zvisinei, kuma80, mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa akanga awana kukosha kukuru, uye izvi zvakanga zvamuita munhu mukuru. Basa rake rezvematongerwo enyika rainyanya kushanda uye kwemakore akati wandei aizivikanwa nekutaura pfungwa dzekuruboshwe, izvo zvakazochinja.
Muna 1983, Mutungamiri wePeru Fernando Belaúnde Terry akamugadza kuti atungamire Uchuraccay Case Investigative Commission, iyo yakanangana nekujekesa kuponda kwevatori venhau vasere vaive vaenda kumusha kunogadzirisa humhondi hwakanga hwaitika mudunhu reHuaychao.
Ongororo yakaitwa naVargas Llosa yakaratidza kuti, pakutanga, mauto aisava nemhosva yekuponda; Asi kumwe kuferefeta kwakaratidza kuti mauto akati wandei aibatanidzwa uye vakazotongwa ndokuiswa mujeri.
Muna 1984, vakatungamira Council of Ministers, iyo yakagadzira dare remakurukota rakazvimirira uye risingarerekere. Pashure penguva yakati, Vargas Llosa akasiya chigaro chake, achidavira kuti makabati akadaro haasati aizogovera zvigadzikiso zvipi nezvipi kuzvinetso zvenyika.
Makore makumi mapfumbamwe
Pakazosvika 1997, Vargas Llosa akatungamirira sangano rekuratidzira kupikisa kushandiswa kwebhangi rePeruvia; Alan García ndiye aitungamirira chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika. Izvi zvakamubvumira kuti ave mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika, zvichiita kuti aumbe Liberal Movement, nhandare yezvematongerwo enyika yakamubvumira kutora chikamu musarudzo dze1990.
Munguva yesarudzo, Vargas Llosa akanga ambomira kure nebasa rekunyora uye vazhinji vakafunga kuti ari kutora mukana wemukurumbira wake wepasi rose kukwikwidza chigaro chezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvakadaro, panguva yemushandirapamwe wesarudzo, Vargas Llosa akabuda seaidiwa; Nekudaro, mumwe mukwikwidzi, Alberto Fujimori, aive nekumberi kwakasimba zvekuti akamanikidza yechipiri, uko Vargas Llosa akazokundwa.
Mushure mekuita sarudzo, akatamira kuMadrid uye hurumende yaAlberto Fujimori yakatyisidzira kumubvisa kubva kunyika yake yePeruvia; yakanzi haina nyika. Izvi zvakamubvumira kunyorera kuhurumende yeSpain yerudzi mune tsamba yekuzvarwa, iyo yakazobvumidzwa.
Kutsoropodza kwake kwePeruvia yezvematongerwe enyika kwakaenderera mberi kune dzimwe nyika; Akaona hurumende yaAlberto Fujimori sehudzvanyiriri husina kujeka. Akashoropodzawo hurumende yeMexico uye akafunga vatongi vemakore ekuma90 sevadzvanyiriri vetin-poto vakavezwa sevadzvanyiriri vevanhu.
Gore 2000 zvichienda mberi
Muhupenyu hwake hwose, anga ari mutsoropodzi mukuru wehudzvinyiriri nehurumende dzaanoona sedzeudzvinyiriri. Muzvinyorwa zvakawanda akabvunza hurumende idzi nemaonero akasiyana. Mumakore achangopfuura, Vargas Llosa akatsigira maonero ezvematongerwo enyika akasununguka, kuchengetedza kutaurirana uye hukama nevatungamiri vakasiyana-siyana vekodzero pasi rose.
Muna 2007, akapinda mukutanga kweSpanish bato Union, Progress and Democracy, uye akanzi inhengo inoremekedzwa neProgress and Democracy Foundation. Nekune rimwe divi, akafunga zvakananga kutsigira kwake chigaro chemutungamiri wemuzvinabhizimusi wekuChile Sebastián Piñera.
Akaendawo kuvhurwa kweMuseum yeMemory uye Kodzero dzevanhu neMutungamiri Michelle Bachelet, mhemberero yekurangarira avo vakawa panguva yehudzvanyiriri hwaAugusto Pinochet. Muna 2011, akatungamira High-Level Commission yekugadzwa kwePeruvian Memorial Site.
Sangano iri rakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekupa chiremerera vakawirwa nehondo yepakati penyika iyi. Muna 2011, panguva yesarudzo dzemutungamiri wePeruvia, akatsigira mumiriri Alejandro Toledo; Zvakadaro, paakaona kuti haana kuenderera mberi kwechikamu chechipiri, akatsigira mukwikwidzi Ollanta Humala achipikisa zvakajeka mwanasikana waAlberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, uyo akange apinda muchikamu chechipiri.
Munguva yemushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika, akakokwa naOllanta Humala kuti apinde mhemberero yekupika yeKuzvipira Kudzivirira Democracy, yakaitirwa paNational University yeSan Marcos; Nekudaro, Vargas Llosa haana kukwanisa kuenda uye vaivepo pachiitiko ichi vakakwanisa kuona vhidhiyo yaive yatumirwa nemunyori.
Kwasara vhiki imwe sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa, Mario Vargas Llosa akasiya basa rake nebepanhau "El Comercio," kwaaive munyori wenhau. Akanzwa kuti bepanhau rakanga rave muchina wekuparadzira Keiko Fujimori uye, mukushuvira kwaro kudzivirira kukunda kwaOllanta Humala nenzira dzese, rakanga richityora pfungwa dzekutanga dzezvekuita zvenhau uye tsika zuva nezuva.
Pakapera sarudzo dzemuna 2011, Ollanta Humala akange akunda. Vargas Llosa akataura kuti kurwira kwake demokrasi kwakapera panguva iyoyo uye kuti nekukundwa kwehudzvanyiriri, basa rake rakapera.
Nekune rimwe divi, akange ari mutsoropodzi akasimba wemitemo yeruzhinji yeMutungamiriri weVenezuelan Hugo Chávez, waaive aine kusawirirana kwakawanda naye.
Imwe yemabasa ake ekupedzisira ezvematongerwo enyika yaive panguva yeCatalan rusununguko referendamu process muna 2017; Munyori akataura chimiro chake, achiti akamira parutivi rwerusununguko uye akabvumirana nepfungwa dzeCatalan Civil Society.
Muna 2019, akasiya basa muPEN mushure mekunge sangano ratora danho rekuburitswa kwevanorwira rusununguko Jordi Sánchez Picanyol naJordi Cuixart kuSpain. Kusvika iye zvino, hapana kubatanidzwa kwakakodzera kwakaonekwa.
hukama nenhepfenyuro yekutaurirana
Basa raMario Vargas Llosa rinoratidzwa nebasa rakakosha munhau, uye kunyanya munhau. Kuvapo kwake mavari kwakamupa basa rakakosha iro rakabatsira kuumba chimiro chake cheruzhinji kweanopfuura makore makumi mana.
Chinyorwa chake chekutanga mupepanhau chakabuda muna Chivabvu 1960, mumagazini yeCaretas 198. Muna 1977, akatanga koramu mumagazini imwechete inonzi Piedra de toque, uko Mario Vargas Llosa anoongorora kufungisisa kubva pakuona kwekunyora. Aya makoramu akaverengwa zvakanyanya uye akadhindwa vhiki nevhiki mumagazini imwe chete kubva 1997.
Misoro yakafukidzwa naVargas Llosa mumipiro yake yevatapi venhau inosanganisira zvinyorwa zvevamazuva ano, zviri kuitika uye nharo dzakavhurika pfungwa, madingindira ezvematongerwo enyika uye ongororo yemaitiro akasiyana ehudzvanyiriri, zvisungo zvedemocracy nekudyidzana kwenyika, uye madingindira etsika.
Akaburitsawo kutsoropodza kwemabasa ezvematongerwo enyika evatungamiriri vePeruvia munhau dzakasiyana siyana, akananga uye akapfupika muongororo yake.
MuSpain akabatanidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashoko, ari munyori wepepanhau El País kwekanguva, achinyora makoramu pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvine chokuita nezvematongerwo enyika, mabhuku uye unyanzvi; Saizvozvo, mumagazini asingaverengeke eEurope akaburitsawo hurukuro, tsinhiro uye fungidziro dzakaitwa nemunyori kana kungoenderana naye.
Nezve terevhizheni midhiya, mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa akaratidzwa mukubwinya kwavo kwese. Mumakore gumi ari ose kana kuti gore umo munyori akabudisa bhuku, vazhinjisa zvikuru vezvinobudisa nhau paterevhizheni vakaita rudzi rwakati rwenongedzero kwariri.
Munguva yazvino, tinoona kuti hukama hwavo neinodyidzana midhiya yakashanduka sei, pamwe nekuuya kwemasocial network. Ruzivo nezve mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa akaparadzirwa uye akaratidzwa kuzvizvarwa zvitsva; Vadzidzi vazhinji vakawana mahara kumabasa avo kuburikidza nemabhuku edhijitari.
Anga ari mupi wenguva dzose kana muenzi anokosha paterevhizheni neredhiyo, achibuda pazvirongwa zvakawanda zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Kutaura zvazviri, akambova neterevhizheni yake muPeru, inonzi "The Tower of Babel," kunyange zvazvo isina kugara kwenguva refu nokuti Vargas Llosa pachake akataura kuti nguva haina kumubvumira kuichengeta pamhepo.
Mukurumbira nemukurumbira wemunyori ane mukurumbira uyu nekuda kwekushandisa kwake nehungwaru kwese nhepfenyuro. Akaziva kuzvimisa uye akagadzirawo nzira yekutengesa chimiro chake nemufananidzo seane njere uye munyori.
Akafamba nejeti yebhizimusi rekuratidzira zvine hungwaru, achishamwaridzana nevakawanda vane mukurumbira pasi rese maartist, muSpain neUnited States. Kurudziro iyi yave yakakosha zvekuti vamwe vagadziri vemafirimu vakashandura maviri emabasa ake kuita mafirimu, ayo akabudirira zvakanyanya.
Chiyero cheicho chinonzi Peruvianism
Vamwe vakachenjera pasi rose vakaratidza kuti chimwe chezvipo zvakakosha zvikuru zvemabasa aMario Vargas Llosa inzira yaakabatanidza nayo inonzi inonzi Peruvianism munhoroondo yake yezvinyorwa, izvo zvakabvumira vanhu vakawanda pasi rose kuti vafarire rudzi urwu rwetsika netsika nenzira yakasiyana zvachose pane iyo yakaratidzwa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Vamwe vanyori, vakadai saMarco Lovón Cueva, vakanyora rondedzero inofadza zvikuru pamusoro penyaya iyi muna 2012. Lovón anotsanangura kuti pakudzidza mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa, mumwe akatarisana nePeruvian lexical heritage; Zvirimo zvakare zvine mareferensi emutauro wedunhu colloquial uye slang.
Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tinzwisise, muhungwaru uye netsika, kuti kutaurirana kunoitwa sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika yedu, uko mutauro wePeruvia neSpanish zvakasiyana nemabatirwo avanoitwa mune mamwe matunhu eLatin America.
Matauriro evanyori venhoroondo vanodana kuti "pueblerinas" anotibvumira kutsanangura nharaunda ine chekuita nechikafu, tsika, uye zvitendero mumitauro yakawiriraniswa, ichipa chimiro chakasiyana kune yakasarudzika pfungwa yePeruvia uye chimiro.
Rudzi urwu rwemutauro rwakanga rwakanyanya kune vamwe vanyori vekuLatin America; Tine muenzaniso waRómulo Gallegos, García Lorca, Juan Carlos Onetti naGarcía Márquez, vanoisa rondedzero yedunhu, vachiiratidza senzira yekutaura kwetsika nemagariro emutauro wenyika dzavo.
Mumabasa aMario Vargas Llosa tinogona kuona kuti anovandudza sei dingindira iri. Pamusoro pazvo, inodzamisa rudzi urwu rwerondedzero, apo mutauro unotorwa kusvika pazvinhanho zvenjere dzekunyora, zvichiita kuti vazivi nevatsoropodzi vakawanda vawane nzira yekutaura isiri yerustic chete asiwo inonyadzisira uye yepurovhinzi.
Peruvianism, saka, inzira iyo mabasa aMario Vargas Llosa anotibvumira kuziva uye kunzwisisa nzira yekufamba nemutauro wekare, kwatinogona kunzwisisa kukosha kwetsika dzevanhu vose vePeruvia.
Kufunga kwekupedzisira
- Pesvedzero yakaitwa naMario Vargas Llosa paunyanzvi hwemazuva ano yakabvumira kugadzwa kwezvipimo apo vamwe vanyori vemifananidzo uye vatungamiri vemafirimu vakabvumira kugadzirwa kwemadingindira ekugadzira mafirimu anoenderana nemabasa aMario Vargas Llosa; MuLatin America, somuenzaniso, uye munyika mavo vamene, vamwe vatungamiriri vakaita basa rinofadza. Ngationei:
- "Svondo," kugadziridzwa kwenyaya yezita rimwe chete, inotungamirwa nasekuru vake Luis Llosa muna 1970.
- "The Cubs" yakagadziridzwa kuita firimu muna 1973 nemugadziri wemafirimu Jorge Fons; akahwina mubairo weInstitute of Culture kuSan Sebastian International Film Festival muna 1972.
- "Pantaleón uye Vashanyi", inotungamirirwa naMario Vargas Llosa pachake uye yakaratidzwa muna 1975; Kunyange munyori pachake akaita basa rokutsigira.
- "Guta neImbwa" ishanduro yezita rimwechete iro rakashandurwa kuita firimu nemukuru wePeruvia Francisco Lombardi muna 1985.
- "Jaguar" ndeyechipiri yakagadziridzwa yenyaya pfupi "Guta neImbwa," iyo yakatorwa muRussia uye yakatungamirirwa naChilean Sebastián Alarcón muna 1986.
- "Tune in Mangwana," inova yakagadziridzwa yenyaya "Amainini Julia uye munyori weRugwaro." Yakatungamirwa naJon Amiel mu1990.
- "Pantaleón y las Visitadoras," imwe shanduro yerimwe bhuku, inotungamirirwa nemugadziri wefirimu Francisco Lombardi muna 1999.
- "Mutambo weMbudzi," imwe yemafirimu akakurumbira uye akakwirira, akashandurwa kuita firimu nemutungamiri Luis Llosa muna 2005.
Saizvozvovo, bhuku "Tete Julia uye Scriptwriter" rakachinjirwa terevhizheni se telenovela muna 1981; yaitungamirirwa naDavid Stivel uye yakasangana nekuyemurwa kuri pakati nepakati. Imwe telenovela yakagadziridzwa diki skrini, inonzi "El Chivo," yakaburitswa muna 2014, yakafemerwa neinoveli "La fiesta del Chivo" naVargas Llosa. Yakatungamirwa naAndrés Biermann, Rolando Ocampo, naAlfonso Pineda Ulloa.
Pane cameo (dudziro yemunhu weruzhinji munhevedzano, sipo opera kana firimu) yakaitwa muna 2019, inonzi "La pasión de Javier", apo mutambi wePeru Sebastián Monteghirfo akatamba Vargas Llosa paakasangana nenhetembo Javier Heraud, panguva yekugara kwake muguta guru reFrance.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve misoro iyi, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire bhurogi redu nekudzvanya pane anotevera malink:
Estanislao Zuleta uye biography yake