Seneca pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevafungi vakakosha uye vanozivikanwa munguva yehumambo hweRoma. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu hwake zvinomubatanidza nemadzimambo enguva iyoyo, uye hunhu hwake semunhu ainyatsoongorora tsika, mutsoropodzi asingachinji wezvakaipa zvenzanga yeRoma, uye mutsigiri wetsika itsva.
Hupenyu hwese hwaSeneca hwakaitika pasi pehutongi hwemadzimambo mashanu akasiyana. Ari chikamu chehumambo hwaJulio-Claudian, akava mudzidzisi nemupi wezano waNero . Zvisinei, iye wekupedzisira, akapofumadzwa nepfuma nesimba, akamanikidza muzivi kuzviuraya, achimupomera mhosva yekutora chikamu muchirongwa chePisonian.
Biographical zvinyorwa: hupenyu uye basa
Hatizivi zvakawanda nezvehudiki hwaLucius Annaeus Seneca. Akazvarirwa muCordoba (muSpain) mumhuri yaifamba nemabhiza, pakati pa4 na1 BC, baba vake, gamba rakapfuma raizivikanwa saSeneca Mukuru kana kuti Seneca Mutauriri weNhetembo , aive murume ane tsika aida nhoroondo nekutaura. Akatamira kuRome kuitira kuti vanakomana vake vadzidze vakasununguka, vateerere vatauriri vane mukurumbira, uye vawane dzidzo yakakodzera.
Seneca akatanga kushamwaridzana nevamwe vevanyanzvi vakakurumbira venguva iyoyo: Sozione Mudiki (muzivi weNeopythagore), Attalus (muStoic), naPapirius Fabianus (nyanzvi yekutaura uye muzivi). Kuburikidza navo, akadzidza dzidziso dzaQuintus Sextius , uyo akaparidza pfungwa yekurarama hupenyu hwekuzvinyima, akafuridzirwa muchikamu neNeopythagoreanism, yaaigara akatendeka kwairi. Kunenge muna 26 AD, Seneca akatamira kuIjipita kunogara nasekuru vake ndokupora kubva kuhutano hwake husina kunaka. Ikoko, kunenge muna 31 AD, akatanga basa rake rekutaura nezvematongerwo enyika uye, mukati memakore mashoma, akava senator.
Kusawirirana kwekutanga nevane masimba kwakatangira mugore ra39 AD, paakazvipira kurangwa nerufu, zviri pachena nekuda kwekuda kwaCaligula ane godo , uyo aive akadzivirira chikonzero zvakanaka pamberi pake, asi zvichida nekuda kwehukama hwake neboka remukati raGermanicus, aivenga mambo. Panguva iyi, mumwe wevadikanwi vaCaligula akamuponesa, achiratidza mambo kuti zvakanga zvisina kukodzera kuuraya munhu ane njere kudaro, uyo angadai akafa nguva pfupi yadarika.
Kupomera Seneca
Muna 41 AD, Seneca akabatwa nepfungwa yekuronga imba yamambo, uye mushure mekupomerwa mhosva yeupombwe neimwe yehanzvadzi dzaCaligula, akadzingwa kuCorsica namambo mutsva, Claudius . Kudzingwa—kureva kudzingwa— kwakagara kubva muna 41 kusvika 49 AD. Panguva ino, aive Messalina, mudzimai wekutanga waClaudius, ndiye aive nemhosva yekupomerwa mhosva iyi. Kutaura zvazviri, aitya mhuri yekare yeGerman, yaimirirwa nehanzvadzi dzaCaligula, uye nekudaro akaita kuti Seneca apomerwe mhosva yeupombwe nemudiki wavo, Giulia Livilla.
Kudzoka kwaSeneca kuRoma kwakabatsirwa naAgrippina, mudzimai waClaudius, mushure mekufa kwaMessalina. Kutaura zvazviri, mudzimai mutsva wamambo akanga achigadzirira mwanakomana wake Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, uyo aizova Nero, kubva kumuchato wake wekare, kuti atsigire chigaro cheumambo, uye akaona muzivi weCordoban semupi wemazano akakodzera kwaari.
Muna 54 AD. Muna XNUMX BC, Claudius akafa, zvichida akaiswa muchetura naAgrippina pachake, uye akatsiviwa naNerone ane makore gumi nematanhatu, achiteverwa naSeneca uye mutungamiriri wemutongi Afranius Burrus. Nero achava muchinda anokakavara kwazvo munguva yake; Muchokwadi, achave nezvimwe zvisingarambike, kunyanya muchikamu chekutanga chehumambo hwake, asi zvakare achave ane mhosva yekupara mhosva uye maitiro ehudzvanyiriri.
Zvisungo uye zvimwe zvisungo
Seneca akabva afunga zano guru rekutungamira mudzidzi wake mudiki kuti ashandise simba rake zvine hunyanzvi. Akaita izvi nekuedza kupindirana pakati pesimba reumambo nesimba reSeneti. Akapa Nero zano rekuremekedza kodzero dzevakuru vakuru . Zvisinei, yaive nguva yakaoma kumuzivi, kwete nekuda kwekuzvipira kwaidiwa nemutemo uyu, asi pamusoro pezvose nekuda kwekubvumirana kwakawanda kwaaifanira kuita. Kune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nehunhu hwaNero hwekusashivirira nezvekudzidziswa kwake, uye kune rumwe rutivi, manomano aAgrippina, uyo aida kudzora mwanakomana wake kuburikidza naSeneca naBurrus, nokudaro achitonga simba rake.
Makore mashanu ekutanga ehutungamiri akaratidzwa nenguva yekuenzana - inodaidzwa kuti "nguva yehurumende yakanaka" -asi zvinhu zvakazoita sekuderera zvakanyanya. Pesvedzero yakanaka yevaperekedzi vaviri vane mbiri yakanga iri yenguva pfupi; Nero, azere neshungu uye nekufungidzira, anotanga kubvisa avo vanokanganisa chirongwa chake chekusimbisa munhu, achitengesa maitiro akafanana nemisimboti yaakadzidziswa nayo nemudzidzisi wake.
Akabatwa namambo akaipa
Mambo ane hutsinye akabva ava munhu ainyanya kutyisa. Akauraya mwanakomana waClaudius, Britannicus muna 55 AD. Makore mashoma gare gare, muna 59 AD, akauraya amai vake, Agrippina, mushure mekurwa kwakasimba . Zvisinei, Seneca akaramba akavimbika kuna mambo kusvika muna 62 AD.
Apo, mushure mekufa kweMbongoro (zvichida muchetura), misiyano yakawedzera kuwedzera nemararamiro aNero naTigellinus, mutungamiriri mutsva wepraetorium, uye nehupenyu hunowedzera hutongi.
Panguva iyi, Seneca akaona njodzi yemamiriro acho ezvinhu ndokutanga kugara mumuzinda wehumambo zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya mushure mekupiswa kweRoma muna 64 AD. Akakumbirawo mambo mvumo yekubuda muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pasinei nekuramba kwamambo, zvishoma nezvishoma akaenda kudzimba dzake dzekumaruwa, achizvipa kudzidza uzivi, izvo zvinogonawo kusanganiswa nenhaka yake yeuzivi uye simba rake paStoicism . Panguva iyi chaiyo apo Seneca akanyora mamwe emabasa ake akakosha: Natural Questions , On Providence , uye Moral Letters to Lucilius.
Kutonga kwaNero
Kuramba kwaNero kubva musarudzo dzake dzezvematongerwo enyika kwakaita kuti Seneca aonekwe semuvengi wehurumende. Saka, apo hurongwa hweseneta hwakarwisa Nero, hwakatungamirirwa naGaius Calpurnius Piso (hunozivikanwa sehurongwa hwePisonian), hwakakanganiswa muna 65 AD, Seneca aisagona kunzvenga kufungirwa kuti akatora chikamu, uye Nero akamutongera rufu. Akabva arayirwa kuti azviuraye, achifa zvine rukudzo zvichienderana nemisimboti ye mos maiorum . Dai asina kudaro, angadai akaurayiwa zvakadaro, sezvo Nero akaramba achigutsikana nekubatanidzwa kwake muhurongwa hwePisonian. Seneca angangodaro aiziva nezvehurongwa uhwu, asi hatigoni kuziva zvechokwadi kana akatora chikamu mahuri. Asingakwanise uye asingadi kutiza, muzivi akasarudza kuzviuraya, asina imwe sarudzo.
Rufu rwaSeneca rwunotaurwa naTacitus, uyo anorutsanangura nekuwana kurudziro kubva parufu rwaSocrates muPhaedo naCrito raPlato , nemanzwi akafanana; Seneca anotaura nevadzidzi nemukadzi wake Pompea Paolina, avo vaida kuzviuraya naye, asi pasinei nekuti muzivi akamukurudzira kuti asazviuraye, anosimbirira.
Nguva dzekupedzisira maererano naTacitus
Tacitus anotsanangura nguva dzekupedzisira dzemuzivi seizvi: “ Zvichakadaro, Seneca, sezvo kumirira kwaive kwenguva refu uye rufu rwainonoka kuuya, akakumbira Statius Annaeus, ane hushamwari hwake hwenguva refu nehunyanzvi hwekurapa hwaaive asangana nahwo, kuti amudururire chepfu yakagadzirwa kare kare, iyo imwecheteyo iyo avo vakatongerwa mhosva nekutongwa kwevanhu muAtene vakaurayiwa nayo . Yakaunzwa kwaari, asi akainwa pasina, nekuti nhengo dzake dzakanga dzatotonhora uye muviri wake wakavharwa kuti usashande nehupfu. Pakupedzisira, akazviisa mubhavhu remvura inopisa, uye achisasa vashandi vepedyo nayo, akataura zvakare kuti aipa chinwiwa ichi kuna Jupiter musununguri. Pakupedzisira, akaiswa mubhavhu remvura, akadzipwa nekupisa uye akapiswa pasina mhemberero yemariro. Izvi akanga ataura muwill yake apo, achiri mupfumi uye pakakwirira pesimba rake, akanga atove achifunga nezvemugumo wake .”
Kuzviuraya kunonzwisiswa nevakawanda
Kuzviuraya kwakasimba uye kwakarurama kune munhu asingatyi rufu uye akararama hupenyu hwake hwese achitsvaga mufaro muhunhu, uchenjeri, uye runyararo rwemweya. Anofunga kukosha kwehupenyu kwete maererano nehurefu hwahwo, asi maererano nemhando yahwo inorarama nayo. Iye, kuburikidza nematambudziko ake, akaedza, nekushora hasha , kudzidzisa mambo wake kudzivirira hasha dzakawandisa, achitotsaurira imwe yeDialogues dzake kune iyi shungu yakaipa ( De ira ), kunyangwe iye pachake ari munhu akabatwa nayo. Hwake rufu, zvisinei, runoshongedza hupenyu hwakakwana; anogara achikwanisa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka neakaipa, achisiya zvizvarwa zveramangwana renhoroondo yakawanda yemabasa, ese ehuzivi netsika, kuburikidza neDialogues gumi neTsamba dzake , dzehunhu hwepedyo uye hwemunhu.
Muzivi, uyo akanga agara achipomerwa mhosva yekusararama maererano nemirairo yake, yekuunganidza pfuma uye kushandisa mhindu, yekubatana nesimba, uye yekutsigira kuurayiwa kwaBritannicus naAgrippina , pakupedzisira akabatanidza hupenyu hwake nemabasa ake nerufu rwake rweSocratic. Ndima yakasimba uye ine simba yaTacitus kubva kuAnnals ( 15, 62-64) - iyo yakafuridzirawo tsika yemazuva ano, kubva kuna Rubens kusvika kuna David - pamwe chete neNhoroondo yeRoma yaCassius Dio (25, 1-3), ndiyo sosi huru yekuvakazve kuzviuraya kwaSeneca. Sezvaanotaura iye pachake muTsamba kuna Lucilius (Bhuku VIII, 70, 6 na28): "Kufa zvakanaka zvinoreva kutiza njodzi yekurarama zvakaipa. (…) Kufunga pachakwo kunotikurudzira kufa nenzira inotifadza, kana zvichibvira."