Muchikamu chepakati, kurwiswa kwakaramba kuripo pamitsetse yeSt. Vith neBastogne , uye musi wa18 Zvita, mauto aHitler eGermany akayambuka Schnee Eifel nekubudirira. Mapoka maviri ehondo akabva atanga kurwisa dziviriro yeBastogne , asi madhipatimendi einjiniya ekuAmerica akamisa kufambira mberi kweGerman nekuvharwa kwemigwagwa , kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti 101st Airborne Division isvike muguta diki reBelgium riri pamusoro payo musi wa19 Zvita, panguva yakakosha yehondo.
Mauto ehondo eGermany akakundikana kutora Bastogne nekurwisa akapfuura, zvichisiya boka revarwi vetsoka richikomba zvikwata zveAmerica zvakaparadzana.
"Enda kugehena!": kuramba kwe101 muBastogne
Panguva iyi, Eisenhower nevakuru vake vakatora matanho anodiwa ekudzivisa kupararira kwakanga kwamuka mumauto eAllied . "Ike" akapa Montgomery basa reUS 1st and 9th Armies, rekugadzirisa mafambiro ehondo uye kudzivirira maGerman kuti asasvike kuMeuse nekutanga kurwisa . Senzira yekudzivirira, mabhiriji ari pamusoro perwizi, ane divi ina dzeBritain, akacherwa chero zvakadaro.
Zvisinei, muchikamu chekumaodzanyemba, kurudyi rweAllied, General George Patton neuto rake rechitatu, vari kutungamira kumabvazuva, vakatotendeuka 90° kuenda kuchamhembe (unyanzvi hwekugadzira nekugadzira) kuti vasvike kuBastogne nekukurumidza sezvinobvira uye vaputse nzvimbo yakaipoteredza.
Kutaura zvazviri, muBastogne ndipo panonyatsosarudzwa magumo emusasa. Kutora nzira iyi diki asi yakakosha kwaizobvumira maGerman kuwana nhare munzvimbo yakavhurika nemauto eAllied, zvichivagonesa kuramba vachienda kuMeuse . Asi nepo mauto ehondo achienderera mberi, mauto eGerman anokundikana kukunda kurwisa kwakasimba kwemauto eAmerica ane paratroopers.
Kushaikwa kwezvinhu zvekukunda Hitler
Zvichakadaro, mamiriro ezvinhu muguta rakakombwa ari kuramba achikura zvakanyanya: varwi vekuAmerica vanosvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu vanga vasina zvekushandisa kwemazuva akawanda—zvombo, chikafu, nemishonga zvese zviri kushaikwa . Denga richiri madota; hapana rutsigiro rwunotarisirwa kubva kumusoro. MaGerman ari kuramba achienderera mberi nesimba, asi mukuru we101st Airborne Division, Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, ane hunyanzvi mukugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvishoma zviripo uye kutungamira zvinopfurwa nepfuti zvinobudirira.
Panguva iyi, varume vake vari kuratidza ushingi hukuru uye kushinga . Mumasango akaomeswa nechando akakomberedza Bastogne , vasina majasi echando pavakamhanyiswa kumberi, vaine zvombo zvishoma, vasina chikafu kwemazuva, maScreaming Eagles... Hazvisi tsaona kuti, kunyangwe nanhasi, maparachuti e101st ari pakati pemauto ekuAmerica anozivikanwa uye anoremekedzwa zvikuru.
Musi wa22 Zvita, pakaitika chiitiko chinoshamisa. Varwi veGerman vakasimudza mureza muchena, vakaswedera pedyo nemiganhu yeAmerica, ndokupa meseji: General von Lüttwitz, achitungamirira mauto ehondo akakomba Bastogne, akakoka maAmerican kuti azviise pasi. Panguva iyi, mamiriro ezvinhu emauto eAmerica akanga asina kunaka. Mukuru weGerman akavavimbisa kuti vasungwa vaizobatwa neruremekedzo.
Mhinduro yakanyorwa iyo General McAuliffe anotumira kumaGerman yakarongerwa kunyorwa munhoroondo: "Nzungu!" anonyora McAuliffe, izwi rinoreva "nzungu," asi rinogonawo kushandurwa se "mabhora" (mupfungwa yakafara ye "enda kugehena"), uye rinoshandurwa kuvaGerman neshoko rinonzwisisika zvikuru rekuti "Enda kugehena! "
Vakashongedzerwa zvakare kurwisa Hitler!
Zuva rakatevera, musi wa23 Zvita , denga rakapenya zvakare, uye mauto eAmerica akadzorerwa kubva kumusoro . Uyezve, mauto emuchadenga aigona ikozvino kupa rutsigiro nekukurumidza kuvarume vaiva pasi. Pasinei neizvi, musi wa24 Zvita, musi weKisimusi, maGerman airatidzika kunge akagadzirira kusimbisa kutonga kwavo pamusoro peBastogne . Kurwiswa kwakasimba kwakaitika pausiku hweKisimusi, asi panguva ino, kupinda kweGerman kwakadzoserwa shure . Mauto aLüttwitz akarwa nesimba, achitungamirirwa nekuzvikudza kwenyika, asi vakanga vaneta, uye dutu remabhomba nemabara rakanga rava kuda kunaya pamusoro pavo.
Musi wa26 Zvita , mainjini evarwi veAllied fighters achirira mudenga, US 4th Armored Division yakasvika . General George Patton akavakurudzira kuti vaende mberi, achifambisa chikwata ichi mberi nekuchikurudzira uye achiisa chido chake muvarume vake. Matangi eSherman (M4A1s) neJackson tank destroyers (M36s) akabva atanga hondo ine simba neGerman Panthers ( Panzer Vs ) neTigers , avo vakarwa vakashinga kune rimwe divi.
Zvikuru sei, Fallschirmjäger (kureva kuti " vavhimi veparachute"), vakaenzana ne "madhimoni egirini" avo vakanga vagara vachitambudza maAllies paHondo yeCassino, vakatarisana nevarume vaPatton: vakaungana mudzimba nemiti, vakarwisa zvakasimba. Pakupera kwezuva, mushure mekurwa kwakasimba, matangi ekutanga eChikamu chechina akasvika padziviriro yeguta ndokubatanazve neChikamu chechi101 . Zvishoma nezvishoma, vamwe vese veHondo yechitatu yaPatton, iyo Chikamu chechina cheArmored chakanga chagadzirira nzira, vakafambira mberi vachibva kumaodzanyemba ndokuputsa kukomba: Hondo yeBastogne yakakundwa.
Iyo gap yakavharwa: iyo allies counteroffensive
Kunyange zvazvo varume veHondo yechitatu vakarwa kuti vachengetedze Bastogne kuchamhembe, mauto eAllies akadzivisawo kufambira mberi kwePeiper ne1st SS Panzer Division. Hitler akabva arayira Dietrich neHondo yechinomwe kuti vaungane kumaodzanyemba vatsigire Manteuffel, uyo akanga achienderera mberi nekufambira mberi kumadokero nemapoka ake ehondo akananga kuMeuse. Zvisinei, mushure mekushamisika kwekutanga, dziviriro dzeAmerica dzakanga dzabatanidzwa, uye kubva panzvimbo yakajeka mudenga, mauto eAllied fighter-bomber akatanga "kudya" ngarava dzeGerman dzaive dzapera mafuta nedzinovhara.
MaGerman akundwa, uye mapoka eAllied ari kudzoka panzvimbo yakarasika, achivhara musiyano kubva kuchamhembe nemauto aMontgomery (US 1st ne9th) uye kubva kumaodzanyemba nePatton's 3rd Army . Kurwisa kwakundikana, asi Hitler anoramba kubvuma uye anosimbirira kuti kufambira mberi kuenderere mberi. Manteuffel akazocherechedza nehasha:
"Ndakafonera Jodl ndikamukumbira kuti azivise Führer kuti ndanga ndoda kubvisa mauto angu. Asi Hitler akapikisa danho iri shure. Naizvozvo panzvimbo pokuita kubviswa kwenhevedzano uye kwakakodzera nguva, takamanikidzirwa kudzokera shure mita nemita pasi pedzvinyiriro yokurwisa kweAllied, uko kwakareva ruparadziko nokuda kwedu.
Von Rundstedt haachatsigiri Hitler
Saizvozvowo, von Rundstedt , mukuru weWestern Front, akapikisa kurwisa kweArdennes kubva pakutanga:
"Ndaida kumisa kurwisa kare, pazvakava pachena kuti zvaisagona kuzadzisa chinangwa chazvo kare; asi Hitler akasimbirira nehasha kuti zvinofanira kuenderera mberi. Yaiva Stalingrad yechipiri ."
Musi wa16 Ndira, mitsara miviri yeAllied arrival , yakamiswa negumbeze gobvu rechando, yakasangana paHouffalize, pakati peArdennes . Kupararira, " bulge ," sekudanwa kwaizoitwa neAnglo-Americans, kwakavharwa. Herbstnebel akatyoka.
Kuongorora uye mhedzisiro yeArdennes inogumbura Hitler
Nekuzvipinza mukurwisa muArdennes zvisina hanya, vachiregeredza nyevero dzese dzekuti chirongwa chakadaro chaive pedyo uye vachizvigutsa kuti kurwiswa kwaive kudzivirira kwakanakisa, maAllies aive munjodzi chaiyo yekusangana nenjodzi huru muna Zvita 1944.
Zvisinei, Eisenhower nevaaitungamirira— Bradley, Montgomery , uye kunyanya General Patton— vaikwanisa zvechokwadi kuita nekukurumidza zvakanyanya, vachishandisa simba rakawanda raiwanikwa . Pakutanga kwekurwisa kweGerman, maAllies akaisa varume vashoma kupfuura 100.000 kurwisa maGerman 350.000, panguva yakakosha yehondo, masoja 800.000 nemotokari dzinopfuura 3.000 dzakaungana paArdennes . Kuwanda kwemauto matsva nematangi kwakakunda mapoka eGerman aneta uye akaneta, zvichivamanikidza kudzokera shure ndokusiya varume 80.000 vafa, vasipo, kana kuti vakakuvara.
Kunyange maAmerican akatambura zvikuru. Kune vanhu vanoda kusvika 20.000 vakafa, 47.000 vakakuvara, uye vanopfuura 20.000 vasipo uye vakasungwa. Hondo yeBulge, yakarwiwa pakati pechando chakanyanya munguva yechando nemasoja madiki uye asina ruzivo, yaive kuurayiwa kwevanhu vese . Kuti vakunde hondo iyi, Germany neUnited States dzakada simba guru kubva kuvarume vavo: varwi vazhinji veGerman, asiwo maAmerican mazhinji, havasi vakuru.
Kukunda, kukundwa, chidzidzo
Hondo yakarwiwa neAllies vachirwisa Hitler muna Zvita 1944 yaive kukunda kwehondo, asi yakasiya nhaka yakakosha. Dai vaive vakambofunga nezvekufambira mberi, kusvika pakuregeredza dziviriro uye vachizviisa panjodzi yekudzokera shure kunoshamisa, mushure meHondo yeBulge, Eisenhower nevakawanda vevakuru vake vaizotanga kungwarira zvakanyanya dzimwe nguva . Kutya kudzoka kwekurwisa , kunetseka nezvekuburitsa pachena zvakawanda, uye kuzvidya mwoyo kwekurasikirwa kukuru zvakare kwaizononotsa mashandiro anotevera , zvichidzivirira Allies kusvika kuBerlin kutanga.
Kune maGerman, kune rumwe rutivi, maArdennes aimirira kuedza kwekupedzisira kuchinja mhedziso yairatidzika seyaisagona kudzivisika. Germany yakanga yakundwa muhondo. Hitler akanga akundwa muhondo . Zviri pachena kuti haana kukundwa muArdennes, asi kubva zvino zvichienda mberi yaingova nyaya yenguva. Muna Ndira 1945, kumabvazuva, maSoviet akatanga kurwisa nepakati peVistula uye mukati memwedzi mumwe chete akasvika kuOder (isingasviki makiromita zana kubva kuBerlin), ukuwo maAllies akaramba akanyura paRhine.
Kana Herbstnebel yaizove nemigumisiro yakakosha, zvechokwadi yaive yekuti yakanonotsa zvikuru maAllies ndokubvisa mauto akakosha kubva kuEastern Front, zvichizopa Berlin mumaoko emauto aStalin . Maitiro echisimba muArdennes, aipenya papepa asi aisagona kuitwa, haana kudzosera shure mafambiro ehondo, asi pamwe akakurumidzisa kuguma kwayo. Mamiriyoni evagari veReich vaizobhadhara mutengo wacho.