Kune huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzefungi dzakakamurwa kuita genera, mhuri, mirairo uye makirasi ari eFungi humambo hwefungi, tsanangura kupatsanurwa kwefungi Pasina kuziva mazwi aya zvinogona kuvhiringa, saka rimwe nerimwe rawo richatsanangurwa kuitira kuti pave nekukamuranisa kwakajeka kwezvipenyu izvi.
Kurongeka kwemarudzi
Kutaura pamusoro pekugadzika kwefungi inyaya yakaoma, yakafanana nekuona mhuri ine matavi akawanda, kubva kune mamwe matavi maduku anobuda, ipapo mamwe uye kubva pamashizha iwayo anobuda uye vamwe vanobuda mumashizha. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise zvishoma kuti iyo yese kupatsanurwa kwezvipenyu inobatwa sei kuitira kuti unzwisise kuti rudzi rwunobva kupi, kune rudzi rwerudzii, kuti makirasi efungi anokamurwa sei, nezvimwe.
Nekuda kweizvi, chinhu chekutanga kuziva kuti biological taxonomy ndiyo yanga ichitungamira kuronga zvese izvi, izwi irori rinoshandiswa kudoma panzvimbo yekutanga sainzi yemhando (inobva muchiGiriki. taxi, zvinorevei kuraira and of Nomos zvinorevei Norma), chechipiri, kana tichitaura nezve biology, iyi sainzi ine basa rekuita chirongwa chekuisa zvipenyu maererano neyakagadzirirwa hierarchy.
Kuzviraira, hukama pakati pechimwe chipenyu uye chimwe chinotariswa, panguva imwe chete nenhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwave naro kubva payakatanga kuwanikwa, mumafossils kana muzvinyorwa. Nenzira iyi, izvi zvose zvave zviri basa rakaitwa kwenguva yakareba uye izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa hukama pakati peimwe mhuka uye imwe kuti igadzire hurongwa hunogadziriswa, huri nyore kuyeuka uye saka hunobatsira kuvanhu.
Kuenda kumavambo, huwandu hwevanhu hunotsanangurwa seboka rezvisikwa zviri murudzi rumwe chete, izvi zvinogona kuva mugumisiro wekuberekerwa kwechimwe chezvisikwa izvi kana kusanganiswa nemamwe marudzi, nokudaro kuva mhuka ine kusiyana kwemajini . Nenzira imwecheteyo, rudzi runogona kupatsanurwa mumarudzi nekuti kana munhu akaonekwa pamberi peumwe uye akaona kuti pane morphological kusiyana, inogona kuparadzaniswa nekugovaniswa zvisinei nekuti kune kusanganiswa.
Mushure memijaho, kupatsanurwa kutsva kunoonekwa kunoisa vanhu mumakirasi, maodha, mhuri, genera, zvipenyu uye subspecies, izvi ndizvo zvinoonekwa kana uchitsvaga ruzivo nezvemhuka uye kwayakabva kunoratidzwa, ichitsanangura kuti ndeipi kirasi. mhuri ipi, humambo hupi, etc. Muchokwadi, iyo sangano yakadzama zvekuti rondedzero yezvikamu inogona kuitwa:
- Domain
- Umambo
- subkingdom
- Phylum, phylum kana phylum (inoshandiswa chete kuumambo Animalia neProtista) uye Division (inoshandiswa kuumambo Plantae neFungi)
- Subphylum kana kupatsanurwa
- superclass
- Kirasi
- Subclass
- Kurongeka
- Suborder
- Mhuri
- Subfamily
- Dzinza
- Subtribe
- Gender
- Subgenre
- Mhando
- Subspecies
Aya mapoka anoshanda kuronga uye kwete kuenzanisa rudzi rumwe kune rumwe, asi uku kukakavara pakati pemasayendisiti. Nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekuenzanisa, zvakakurudzirwa kubvisa mamwe emapoka aya uye kunyangwe kurerutsa chirongwa chekuisa ehumambo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero icho chinowanzo batwa inzvimbo, humambo, phylum kana kupatsanurwa, kirasi, kurongeka, mhuri, genus uye marudzi.
Umambo
Kumusoro kwoumambo kumire domain iyo inoparadzanisa zvisikwa zvipenyu kuva zvitatu taxa: Archaea (Archaea), mamwe mabhakitiriya (Bacteria sensu stricto) uye pakupedzisira Eukaryotes (Eukarya), izvi maererano naCarlo Woese muna 1990. Asi iyo domain system ine zvimwe zvisingaenderani zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwayo, Ndosaka zvinowanzoitika kuona kupatsanurwa kwerudzi kunotanga neumambo hwarwo. Humambo hwaizova nhanho yechipiri yekurongwa kwezvisikwa zvipenyu.
ari umambo hwezvisikwa zvipenyu vanosikwa kubva muukama hwemhindumupindu hwakasimbiswa pakati pechipenyu chimwe nechimwe. Paimbove nehumambo hutatu: mhuka, miriwo uye zvicherwa, zvisinei, sezvo zvidzidzo zvebiology zvakashanduka, kupatsanurwa kwehumambo hushanu kwakatanga kushandiswa nekuda kwehukama hwekushanduka-shanduka pakati pezvipenyu uye kufanana kwadzo muchitarisiko:
- Mhuka: izvo zvinosanganisira mhuka
- Plant: Uhu huchava humambo hwezvirimwa
- howa: Humambo hweFungi hunosanganisira fungi (molds, yeast kana ferment uye howa).
- Protist: Uhwu humambo hune vatsoropodzi vakawanda uye nharo dzakatenderedza, hunosanganisira zvisikwa zvipenyu zvisingagoni kuiswa mukati mehumambo hutatu hwapfuura.
- monera: Izvi zvinosanganisira tupukanana tusingaoneki tunowanikwa munzvimbo dzese, senge mabhakitiriya nealgae.
Phylum kana Division
Muchikamu chechitatu ichi pane masangano maviri akaenzana anoshandiswa kune humambo hushanu: waya (hunde kana mhando) inoshandiswa kuumambo Animalia, humambo Protista uye Monera, nepo kupatsanurana inoshandiswa kuumambo Plantae, Fungi. Pano mhuka dzakakamurwa zvichienderana nearchetype yadzo, nepo zvidyarwa nefungi zvinopatsanurwa nehurongwa hwekushanduka-shanduka.
Kirasi
Iyi ingave nhanho yechina yekuronga hupenyu, apa zvivakashure zvehutatu hwehumambo hushanu hwakajairika hunotangwa, senge. Opside zvezvirimwa, phyceae zvealagas uye mycetes zvehowa. Kuisa rudzi mukirasi, mavara akajairika ayo anogovana neimwe mhuka kana kuti anoisiyanisa kubva pairi anotorwa.
Kurongeka
Pazasi kirasi padanho rechishanu pane kurongeka. Pano unogona kuona kupatsanurwa kwezvipenyu maererano nemhando yavo yekudyisa, nhoroondo yavo yekushanduka-shanduka kana mamwe maitiro emuviri uye inosanganisira mhuri dzine hukama kune mumwe nemumwe, semuenzaniso: kurongeka kweprimates kunosanganisira mhuri yetsoko uye lemurs.
Mhuri
Chinhanho chechitanhatu chakanyanya kujeka, mhuri dzakakamurwa maererano nemaitiro akajairika eboka rezvipenyu mukuwedzera kune hukama hwavanahwo kune mumwe nemumwe. Pamusoro pemhuri pane mhuri dzepamusoro, pazasi padzo dzine mhuri diki, pazasi pavo pane infrafamilies. Izwi iri rakashandiswa kekutanga kuunganidza zvimwe zvirimwa, saka rakatanga kushandiswa mubotany (muna 1689).
Gender
Izwi rokuti gender rinobva muchiLatin genus iro rinoreva dzinza, muchiGiriki ndiro genos uye zvinoreva rudzi, dzinza. Mamwe masayendisiti anoronga zvipenyu kuva genera nenzira dzakasiyana, asi pamwe chete genera rinoisa zvisikwa zvipenyu zvichifunga nezve matatu nzira: yavo monophyly (apo vese vazukuru vedzinza rimwe chete vanosanganisirwa), kuti genus ine compact uye kuti kune humwe chete mune izvozvo. boka revanhu.
Mhando
Chikamu chekupedzisira chinosanganisira mapoka ezvipenyu zvinogona kuberekana uye kubereka vana vanobereka, kureva kuti, vanogona kuberekesana nekuti vari verudzi rumwe chete. Panhanho iyi pane homogeneity yakawanda kupfuura muzvikamu zvakapfuura, kunyange zvazvo kusiyana kunogona kuonekwa mukuonekwa kana maitiro emunhu mukati memarudzi.
Panguva ino zvinogona kutendwa kuti mhuka iboka revanhu vanogovana maitiro akafanana nekuti havachinjike, kureva kuti, maitiro avo anochengetwa nguva nenguva nekufamba kwenguva (vachifunga kuti Kupera kwemarudzi kana kuti kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe), izvi zvaizova kusiyana kwaizosiyana nemamwe marudzi. Nekudaro, iyi ingave iri inbred mutsara kana boka rema clones kwete mhuka. Ndokusaka mukati mechinhanho ichi unogona kuona mamwe masubspecies.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko mazita evanhu vanopindura kumarudzi avo, semuenzaniso Shumba, asi mune dzimwe nguva mazwi maviri anoshandiswa kuvatumidza ivo vanopindurawo kuhutano hwavo, semuenzaniso, homo sapiens.
Kune akati wandei emhando pfungwa dzinoshanda mune imwe neimwe nyaya kuti ione kuti mhuka yakaganhurwa sei uye kuti ndeapi maitiro anoshandiswa kuatsanangura, aya anogona kuva:
- zvipenyu zvipenyu
- mhando dzemhindumupindu
- morphological marudzi
- Phylogenetic marudzi
- ecological marudzi
- nominalist marudzi
fungi umambo
Yakajekesa zvese nezve kupatsanurwa kwezvipenyu, mamwe maitiro efungi achatitendera kuti tivazive zviri nani. Ivo ndeveumambo hweFungi, vakambopinda muumambo hwezvirimwa asi vakasiyana nezvirimwa nekuti fungi dzine heterotrophic nutrition. Panguva imwe cheteyo, pazvakaonekwa kuti vane madziro emasero ane chitin uye kwete cellulose, vakaparadzana nemhuka asi vane hukama hwepedyo navo nhasi.
Fungi, kunze kwekubatsira kune zvakasikwa, ine basa rakakosha rehupfumi (sezvinoita mhuka uye, kusvika pamwero wakati, umambo hwezvirimwa), truffles, semuenzaniso, howa hunounganidzwa kazhinji, mbiriso inorimwa nekuti kuvirisa doro nechingwa, mamwe marudzi efungi anoshandiswa kugadzira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mycotoxins, alkaloids uye kudzora tumbuyu.
Ko fungi dzinoparadzaniswa sei?
Kurongeka kwekutanga kwefungi kunobva pane nharaunda yavanowanikwa uye hukama hwavo nayo, nenzira iyi zvikamu zvina zvinogadzirwa:
- Saprophytes: Ndeipi iyo fungi inodya pane zvakasara zvezvimwe zvipenyu (zvitunha, tsvina, mashizha akafa nemiti, nezvimwewo)
- Lichenized: Angave iwo fungi anozvarwa kubva kusymbiosis ane algae kana cyanobacterium.
- Mycorrhizal: Izvi zvinosanganisira fungi inozvarwa kubva kusymbiosis nemudzi wechirimwa.
- Zvipembenene: Fungi dzinozvarwawo kubva kusymbiosis asi dzinotsamira padzinenge dzadzichengeta dzichidzikuvadza kusvika dzafa kana kufamba.
Chokwadi, zvakatsvakwa kuvaronga nemapoka zvichienderana nekuzvara kwavo pabonde, kuitira kuti hama dziwanikwe uye zvizivikanwe. Nekudaro, kune mamwe marudzi ane asexual kubereka (iyo yekugadzira kirasi Deuteromycetes). Nekudaro, chikamu chechipiri chefungi chakaitwa chaive nekuda kwekusiyanisa kwakacherechedzwa sezvavaisiyanisa neprotist kana chromist zvipenyu, izvi zvinogona kutorwa sechirongwa chekare chakambobatwa:
- Mucilaginous fungi: Myxomycotes uye Plasmodiophoromycotes
- Absorbotrophic fungi: Oomycotes uye Chytridia
- Eumycote fungi: Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes uye Basidiomycetes
Zvino, muna 2015, kugadziridzwa kweiyo kupatsanurwa kwefungi kwakaitwa, kuita iri nyore iyo yakaunza pamwechete makirasi ese efungi akadzidzwa muzvikamu zvishanu zvikuru, izvi zvingave:
- Basidiomycetes: Iri boka rinowanzotaurwa nekuti rinobatanidza shanduko yakakura, inogara akati wandei mukati maro. Inosanganisira fungus sehowa neavo vane zvivharo zvinogona kudyiwa, uye
- Ascomycetes: Imwe kupatsanurwa kwefungi iyo zvakare yakafara kwazvo, chokwadi inogona kunge yakanyanya kudaro, inosanganisira howa uye molds inobereka sexually uye pabonde.
- Glomeromycetes: Chikamu chikuru cheGlomeromycetes fungi inobereka nenzira isingazivikanwi uye inogovera symbiosis sechimiro chekuzvarwa, vamwe vanozvarwa kubva mumiti uye vamwe kubva kune zvakasara.
- Zygomycetes: Muboka iri mune zvakare marudzi anoberekana pabonde uye akasununguka, kudya kwavo kunogona kubva pamiti uye zvisaririra zvemhuka kana tsvina. Iyo mold nhema inobereka pachingwa chikamu cheboka iri.
- Chytridiomycetes: Heano ma microscopic fungi mukati umo mune zvipenyu zvinosanganisirwa muumambo hwevaratidziri nemamwe masayendisiti.
Kubva ipapo mamwe mapoka anomuka kubva pamapoka emonophyletic ayo, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, ane nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka yakafanana nemadzitateguru makuru, boka rimwe nerimwe rinoenderana nevana varo. Mabhuku mazhinji esainzi uye zvinyorwa zvinopatsanura fungi maererano nechinhu chakafanana, inogona kunge iri nharaunda uye hukama hwayo kana iyo, mapoka emonophyletic, kupatsanurwa nehukama hwefilogenetic kana kusiyanisa kwevatatu ava.
Ikozvino kupatsanurwa kwefungi
Pakutanga mhando nhatu huru dzefungi dzakataurwa, howa, mbiriso uye mold. Mbiriso inoonekwa nekuti ifungi isingagadziri mambure emafilaments asi inokura nenzira imwechete, pamusoro peiyo kana yakaviriswa mamwe makomisheni anoora uye kugadzira zvimwe zvinhu. Mbiriso inoberekana zvisina kufanira, vanozviita nebudding uye budding.
Molds inoratidzirwa nekugara munzvimbo ine hunyoro uye chiedza chakaderera, senge mbiriso, zvisinei, kubereka kwavo kunoitika munzvimbo dzinodziya uye dzine hunyoro kuti vabudise spores inogona kurarama munzvimbo dzakawanda dzine kusiyana kwekushisa uye mamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.
Saka ndezvemuzvarirwo kuona zviumbwa pamadziro, pamiti, pahunde, pazvokudya zvakaita semichero, chizi, chingwa, miriwo, zvinogona kumera pazvidhoma zvemhuka uye zvevanhu, pahowa, pane kunyange fungus mumbwa.
Howa miviri inobereka michero inogadzira zvakasiyana nekuumbwa uye mbiriso. Vanogona kazhinji kuonekwa kuwedzera muhukuru kana vari munzvimbo dzine hunyoro uye dzine mumvuri. Kune akawanda marudzi ehowa, anogona kudyiwa, ane chepfu kana anogona kukonzera psychoactive mhedzisiro mumhuka nevanhu.
microscopic fungi
Pakati pezvikamu zvehowa dzine mavara madiki, kupatsanurwa kunotevera kunogona kuwanikwa kune howa hunosiyaniswa neruvara rwemadzimai avo, nokudaro vachipatsanurwa kuita howa dzinopfuura makumi mana nemadzimai emavara akasiyana, kureva marudzi anopfuura makumi mana.
- Leucospores
- Melanosporeans
- rhodospores
- Ochrosporeans
- Ianthinosporeos
- Chlorosporeos
macroscopic fungi
Makirasi maviri makuru akakamurwa kuronga fungi ane akafanana macroscopic mavara, iyo Basidiomycetes uye Ascomycetes. Mazita ematanho maviri ezvikamu zvemakirasi aya anozotsanangurwa kupa pfungwa yehuwandu hwezvipenyu zvakaiswa pano.
- Basidiomycetes: Iri kirasi yefungi inosanganisira matatu makuru madiki: Hymenomycetidae, Phragmo-basidiomycetidae y Gasteromycetidae. Kirasi yekutanga inosanganisira mirairo mitanhatu yefungi: The Agaricales, Boletales, Dacryomycetales, Polyporales, Poriales, Russulales, kubva kune iyo inotevera mhuri uye marudzi anomuka.
Iyo Order Agaricales ine mhuri dzinotevera:
- agaricaceae
- amanitaceae
- Bolbitiaceae
- coprinaceae
- cortinariaceae
- crepidotaceae
- Entoromataceae
- Hygrophoraceae
- Omphalotaceae
- Pluteaceae
- strophariaceae
- Tricholomataceae
Order Boletales ine mhuri dzinotevera:
- boletaceae
- Gomphidiaceae
- Hygrophoropsidaceae
- paxillaceae
Dacryomycetales order ine mhuri: Dacryomycetaceae uye Polyporales order ine: Polyporaceae. Zvichakadaro odha yePoriales ine mhuri dzinotevera:
- bankeraceae
- Cantharellaceae
- Clavariaceae
- clavulinaceae
- Ganodermaceae
- Hydnaceae
- Hymenochaetaceae
- poriaceae
- ramariaceae
- schizophyllaceae
- Stereaceae
- Thelephoraceae
Kurongeka kweRussulales kune mhuri: Russulaceae.Kune rimwe divi kirasi yechipiri inonzi: Phragmo-basidiomycetidae ine kurongeka kweAuriculariales nemhuri: Auriculariaceae nehurongwa hweTremellales nemhuri: Tremellaceae. Kirasi yechitatu yakanzi: Gasteromycetidae Iine mirairo minomwe: Hymenogastrales, Lycoperdales, Melanogastrales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales.
Kurongeka Hymenogastros ine mhuri: Rhizopogonaceae.
Iyo yekuraira Lycoperdales ine mhuri:
- geastraceae
- lycoperdaceae
- Mycenastraceae.
Odha yeMelanogastros ine mhuri:
- Melanogastraceae uye kurongeka Nidulariales kumhuri: Nidulariaceae.
Kurongeka Phallales ane mhuri:
- clathraceae
- Phallaceae
The order Sclerodermatales kumhuri:
- astraaeaceae
- Sclerodermataceae
- Sphaerobolaceae
Pakupedzisira, kurongeka kweTulostomatales kune mhuri: Tulostomataceae. Imwe neimwe yemhuri idzi inogona kunge ine kubva kune imwe kusvika kune gumi mhando. Kuwedzera anopfuura zana emhando dzefungi mukati mekirasi iyi hapana chimwe.
- Ascomycetes: Ikirasi diki yerekodhi iyi, zvisinei mabhuku mazhinji ebhayoloji anoisa howa anosanganisira huwandu hukuru hwefungi mukati mekirasi iyi kusvika pakupfuura kirasi yeBasidiomycetes. Mukati meboka iri mune mirairo mitanhatu: Clavicipitales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Pezizales, Sphaeriales, Tuberales.
Kurongeka kweClavicipitales kunongova nemhuri chete: Cordycipitaceae, ukuwo odha yeHelotiales ine mhuri:
- Geoglossaceae
- Leotiaceae
- Sclerotiniaceae
Kurongeka kweHypocreales kune mhuri: Hypocreaceae, iyo Sphaeriales mhuri: Xylariaceae, iyo Tuberales iyo fungi yemhuri yeTuberaceae, uye iyo Pezizales ine mhuri dzinotevera dzefungi:
- Ascobolaceae
- Helveslaceae
- Humariaceae
- Morchellaceae
- Pezizaceae
- sarcoscyphaceae
Anopfuura makumi maviri emarudzi efungi akaiswa mumirairo minomwe iyi chete, uye chete mirairo yemhuri ye macroscopic fungi yakatsanangurwa.