Kana wakambofamba musango guru ukatarisa mudenga, ungangove wakashamisika kuwana network ye mitsetse yedenga inotenderera pakati pemitiMatavi emimwe miti anoita seanokwizana… asi haambobati zvachose. Pakutanga, zvinoita sekunge mumwe munhu akacheka mipendero yekorona yega yega neunyanzvi hwekuvhiya.
Mamiriro ezvinhu iwayo, pakati penhetembo neasinganzwisisike, haasi ekunyepedzera kwekamera kana kuti effect isingawanzoonekwi: chiitiko chaicho chinozivikanwa se "kunyara korona" kana "kunyara muti", inonziwo muchiRungu kunyara korona o kubviswa kwedengaNhasi tinoziva kuti haisi mashiripiti, asi biology, kunyange zvazvo sainzi ichiri kukurukura kuti nei zvichiitika uye kuti zvii zvinobatsira kumasango kwazvinoonekwa.
Kunyara muti chii uye kunotaridzika sei kana uri pasi?
Kunyara kwemuti kunotsanangura maitiro chaiwo ekukura: korona dzemiti iri pedyo dzinobva mipata yakamanikana, senge mitswe kana migero yedengapachinzvimbo chekupindirana pasina miganhu. Nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kuyera kubva pamasendimita mashoma kusvika pahafu yemita, zvichiita kuti zvimiro zvifanane ne mifananidzo yejometri isingambobati.
Kana uchitarisa uri pasi, mhedzisiro yacho inoshamisa: denga resango rinova rudzi rwe chirahwe chinopenya apo kapu yega yega inoremekedza chimiro cheiyo iri pedyo nayoKune vanhu vazhinji, kutanga kwenyaya iyi kunenge kuri kwemanzwiro; zvinoita sekunge miti iri kuramba iri "kure" zvakanaka, sekunge iri kuziva nzvimbo yevavakidzani vayo uye yosarudza kusapinda mairi.
Pfungwa yekunyara idimikira, hongu. Miti hainzwi kunyara kana kunyara mupfungwa dzevanhu, asi izwi iri rave rakakurumbira chaizvo nekuti rinoritsanangura zvakanaka. kunzwa ikoko kwekuremekedzana kwakangwara pakati pevanhuNdosaka chiitiko ichi chave chimwe chezvinonyanya kutorwa mifananidzo uye kugoverwa pasocial media, kunyanya kana denga rebhuruu richiratidza pachena mipata iri pakati pemiti.
Kwemakumi emakore, maitiro aya agara achifadza vanofarira zvisikwa nenyanzvi. Haasi kungoyevedza chete: anomutsawo mibvunzo inonakidza nezve kuti zvirimwa zvinodyidzana sei, kuti zvinoona sei vavakidzani vazvo uye kuti kudyidzana ikoko kunokanganisa sei chimiro chose chesango.
Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa uye mazita echiitiko ichi
Kunyangwe zvingaita sekunge tiri kutaura nezvechinhu chitsva chakawanikwa nekuda kwekukura kweinternet, Kutya kwekapu kwakanyorwa kare muma1920Mumakore iwayo, maitiro aya anoshamisa ekuparadzanisa misoro yemiti mune mamwe masango akatanga kutsanangurwa, kunyangwe pasina tsananguro inogutsa zvizere.
Chiitiko ichi chakatotanga kudzidzwa zvakanyatsorongeka kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Muna 1955, nyanzvi yemiti yekuAustralia Maxwell Ralph Jacobs Akadzamisa pfungwa dzake nekuongorora kukura kwemiti yakasiyana-siyana yemucalyptus. Kubva pane zvaakaona, akagadzira uye akaita kuti pfungwa yatinoziva nhasi ive yakakurumbira. "kunyara muti" kana "kunyara korona"Basa rake rakaunganidzwa mubhuku rake pamusoro pekukura kwemiti yemucalyptus, kwaakapa pfungwa yekutanga yekutsanangura mipata iyi iri mudenga.
Mumabhuku esainzi nesainzi yakakurumbira yeAnglo-Saxon, mazwi maviri akafanana anowanzoonekwa: kunyara korona y kubviswa kwedengaMashoko ese ari maviri anotaura nezvepfungwa imwe chete: "kupatsanurwa" pakati pemakomba kunodzivirira matavi kuti asaputirane zvakanyanya uye nguva dzose. Izwi iri rakapararirawo kunyika inotaura chiSpanish, kunyange hazvo izwi rinonyanya kushandiswa richiri "kutya" (kunyara) nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwaro nekuona uye nemanzwiro.
Nekufamba kwenguva, nyanzvi dzemiti dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobva kunyika dzakadai seAustralia, Malaysia, neFrance dzakagadzirisa, dzakagadzirisa, kana kuwedzera tsananguro dzepakutanga. Kusvika nhasi, hapana kubvumirana kwakasimba, asi kune mitsara yakati wandei yekutsvagisa inoedza kusanganisa makanika, kutaurirana kwemakemikari, uye majini kuti unzwisise chaizvo zvinoitika mumasendimita iwayo emhepo pakati pegirazi rimwe nerimwe.
Musanganiswa uyu wenhoroondo, runako rwekuona, uye zvakavanzika zvesainzi zvakaita kuti kunyara kwemiti kuve nyaya yezvinyorwa nezvidzidzo zvedzidzo chete, asiwo madocumentary nemabasa edzidzo. Semuenzaniso, documentary "Kare kare kwaiva nesango" Ongorora izvi nezvimwe zviitiko zvemasango kuti uratidze kuti sango rakaita sei, rizere nekudyidzana kudiki.
Pfungwa huru dzesainzi: kukweshana, zviratidzo zvemakemikari, uye chiedza
Vesainzi vanobvumirana kuti kunyara korona kuripo uye kunoitika kakawanda mune mamwe marudzi nemasango. Chiri kukakavadzana ndechekuti Chii chinonyanya kukonzera izvi? uye kana ichipindura kune chimwe chikonzero kana kune vakawanda vari kuita panguva imwe chete.
Muzana remakore rapfuura, fungidziro huru nhatu dzakataurwa: kukweshana kwemhepo, allelopathy (kutaurirana kwemakemikari pakati pezvirimwa), uye iyo ine chekuita ne ma photoreceptors anoona chiedza nemimvuriPamusoro pezvo, dzimwe ongororo dzinoratidza kuti pane chikonzero chemajini uye pfungwa yekuti chiitiko ichi chinogona kubatsira kuderedza kupararira kwezvipembenene nezvirwere.
Kazhinji, dzidziso idzi hadzisi dzakasiyana zvachose. Kutaura zvazviri, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofungidzira kuti chiitiko ichi chinogona kutsanangurwa zviri nani se musanganiswa wezvinhu zvemakanika, makemikari, chiedza uye majinihuremu hwayo hunosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwesango nerudzi rwaro. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, zvakakosha kuti tiongorore chirongwa chimwe nechimwe chakasiyana kuti tinzwisise kwachinobva chimwe nechimwe uye kuti ndechipi humbowo hunotsigira kana kupikisa.
Tisati tanyatsotsanangura zvakadzama, pane chinhu chikuru: kutya kwekapu kunogona kududzirwa se chibereko chekusakwana kwemuviri (semuenzaniso, matavi anotyoka kana arova) senzira inoshanda yemiti yekuvandudza mukana wayo wekuwana chiedza kana kuderedza njodzi. Kukurukurirana kwacho kunotarisa, muchikamu, pakukosha kwenzira yega yega mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo atinoona mumunda.
Fungidziro yekukweshana nemhepo: basa rekukweshana
Tsananguro yekare yakataurwa naMaxwell R. Jacobs yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti kusangana kwemuviri pakati pematavi anokanganiswa nemhepo kunounza kukuvara kwemakemikari kunononotsa kukuraZvichienderana nepfungwa iyi, kana mhepo ine simba ichivhuvhuta, misoro yemiti iri pedyo inogovana kakawanda, zvichikonzera kukweshana pamashizha nemashizha madiki.
Kukwiza uku nguva dzose panguva yemadutu kana nguva dzemhepo ine simba kwaizoguma kupwanya matishu akanyanya kuratidzwa pachenakuitira kuti matavi anogara achibata-batana ashaye simba. Nekufamba kwenguva, nzvimbo idzi dzakakuvara dzaizomira kukura, nepo zvikamu zvekorona zvisingabatanidzwe izvi zvichiramba zvichikura. Mugumisiro unooneka waizova network ye nzira dzisina chinhu munzvimbo dzine kukakavadzana kukuru.
Munyaya iyi, kutya kwemuti hakurevi kuti muti "unosarudza" kuzviparadzanisa nemuvakidzani wawo, asi kuti miganhu yawo yemuviri, inokonzerwa nekuroverana kakawanda, ndiyo inotsanangura miganhu yekuti matavi anogona kukura kusvika papi. Zvingave mhedzisiro isingadzivisiki yekuva pedyo munzvimbo dzine mhepo: uko maburi anoroverana kakawanda, kukura kunomira.
Dudziro iyi inoenderana zvakanaka nezvakaonekwa naJacobs pamiti yemucalyptus uye neruzivo rwevamwe vanoongorora zvirimwa vakaona matavi akakuvara panzvimbo chaipo pekubataUyezve, ifungidziro inonzwisisika: chero ani zvake akaona matavi achikwizana panguva yedutu anogona kufungidzira kuti, nekufamba kwenguva, kushushikana kwemagetsi kunokanganisa.
Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva vakaonekwa zviitiko apo kukweshwa nemhepo hakutsananguri zvizere maitiro achoMune mamwe masango, kunyara kwemapazi kunoonekwa kunyangwe kana huwandu hwekukweshana hushoma, kana kana matavi asingaratidze kukuvara kunotarisirwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vaongorori vazhinji vafunge kuti, kunyangwe kukweshana kuchigona kubatsira mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kungasave iko kunosarudza mune zvese zvipenyu zvinoitika.
Kutaurirana kwemakemikari uye allelopathy: zvirimwa "zvinocherechedzana"
Imwe nzira yekutsvagisa inotarisa pane allelopathy, kureva kuti, migumisiro iyo mimwe miriwo inokonzera kune mimwe kuburikidza nezvinhu zvemakemikari kuti zvinosunungura munzvimbo yakatenderedza. Mubotany, izwi iri rinosanganisira zvese zvakanaka nezvakaipa: kubva kumakemikari anokurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa zviri pedyo kusvika kune zvimwe zvinodzivisa kana kutsausa.
Pfungwa huru ndeyekuti miti inogona kutumira [chimwe chinhu] mumhepo kana muvhu. makemikari eallelo anochinja kukura kwevanhu vane hukama hwepedyoPanyaya yekunyara korona, vamwe vaongorori vanoti mashoko aya emakemikari anogona kunyevera nezvekuvapo kwemumwe muti uri kure, zvichiita kuti kukura kwemashizha ari kusvika kukorona iri pedyo kuderere kana kuti kutsauswe.
Kubva pamaonero aya, nzvimbo iri pakati pemagirazi haingavi mukaha uri nyore unobva pakugumburwa nekutyoka, asi mugumisiro wekubatana kunoshanda: Muti wega wega "unoratidza" nzvimbo yakatenderedza denga rawo nemakemikariUye miti iri pedyo inoita basa rayo nekuchinja kukura kwayo kuitira kuti isapindirane nenzvimbo iyoyo. Ingava mhando ye "hurukuro yakanyarara" inobatsira kuronga denga pasina chikonzero chekubatana zvakananga.
Fungidziro iyi inotsigirwa nezvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pekutaurirana kwemiti, uko zvakaratidzwa kuti mamwe marudzi anokwanisa kuona mishonga inobva kuvavakidzani vane kushungurudzika, vanorwara, kana vanokwikwidzana uye kugadzirisa maitiro avo zvinoenderana. Kunyara kwekapu kwaizoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhinduro dzeallelopathic, dzakanangana pano nechimiro chenzvimbo yekapu.
Kunyange hazvo pasina muenzaniso mumwe chete unogamuchirwa, nyanzvi dzemiti dzakawanda dzinoona allelopathy senzira yakasimba yekutsanangura kuti nei, mune mamwe marudzi, kunyara kuchinyanya kuonekwa pakati pevanhu vemhando imwe chete, asi Zvinogonawo kuitika pakati pemarudzi akasiyana. dzine nzvimbo yakamanikana zvikuru mudenga.
Chiedza, ma photoreceptor, uye kudzivirira mumvuri
Kuwedzera pakukurukurirana kwemakemikari, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura pfungwa yekuti kunyara mukapu kwakabatana zvakanyanya ne kuti zvirimwa zvinoona sei chiedzaMiti ine ma photoreceptors akasarudzika anoona kusimba uye kunaka kwechiedza chinosvika kwairi, uye anokanganisa gwara uye chimiro chekukura kwayo.
Pakati pema sensors aya, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha: ma phytoreceptors erudzi rwe phytochromeVanokwanisa kuona hukama huripo pakati pechiedza chitsvuku nechiedza chitsvuku, chiratidzo chekuti chirimwa chiri kugamuchira chiedza chakananga here kana kuti chiedza chakasefetwa nemamwe mashizha. Kana chirimwa chikaona kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwechiedza chitsvuku, kazhinji chiratidzo chekuti mimwe miriwo iri pedyo iri kuita mimvuri, zvichikonzera mhinduro dzekudzivirira kana kutsvaga nzvimbo dzakajeka.
Kuwedzera kune phytochromes, mamwe mapuroteni anonzwa chiedza chebhuruu anobatsira zvirimwa kusiyanisa nzvimbo dzine zuva kubva kunzvimbo dzine mumvuriIyi sisitimu yese yepfungwa inobvumira muti "kuziva" kwete kuti zuva riri kupi chete, asiwo kuti vavakidzani vawo vari kukanda mimvuri, uye kuti ugadzire mabukira awo nemashizha anotsigira mipata yechiedza.
Nyanzvi yezvirimwa yekuMalaysia Francis SP Ng Akadzidza kukura kwemuti we camphor uye akaedza pfungwa yekukweshana. Mubasa rake, haana kuwana humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti kukweshana kwemhepo ndiko kwaikonzera kunyara kwerudzi irworwo. Pane kudaro, akaona kuti Matanda acho akarega kukura paakasvika pamatanho ari pedyo., sekunge paine mhinduro inoshanda yakabatana nemamiriro ekuva pedyo uye chiedza munzvimbo iyoyo.
Izvi zvinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti, kazhinji, kunyara kunwa doro kunogona kuva rudzi rwe gadzirisa kubatwa kwechiedza uye kuderedza makwikwi akanangaPanzvimbo pekuti "dzirwire" chiedza chezuva chimwe chete, miti inodzosera kukura kwemaburi ayo kunzvimbo dziripo, ichiparadzira zviwanikwa zvinobudirira pachiyero chemasango uye ichibvumirawo chimwe chiedza kusvika kunzvimbo dzakaderera.
Fungidziro yeGenetic uye Dziviriro kubva kuzvirwere
Imwe nzira inonakidza inobva mubasa renyanzvi yemiti yeFrance Francis HalléHallé, anozivikanwa nezvidzidzo zvake pamusoro pemagadzirirwo uye mashandiro emasango emunzvimbo dzinopisa, akataura kuti kunyara kwemadenga edenga kungave ne chakakosha genetic chikamuKureva kuti, zvaizove zvakaiswa pachena mukugadzirwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana.
Kubva pamaonero aya, hazvingogumiri pakupindura zvinhu zvekunze zvakaita semhepo kana chiedza, asiwo maitiro ekukura akarongwa kare izvo zvinonyatsotsanangurwa mune mamwe marudzi kana madzinza. Hallé anobvuma, zvisinei, kuti pamwe hapana chikonzero chimwe chete uye kuti nzira dzakasiyana dzinogona kupindirana, nokudaro zvichisiya mukana wakavhurika wetsananguro dzakawanda.
Kuwedzera kune majini, kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuti kunyara mukapu kunogona kukonzera kuderedza njodzi yekutapurirana nezvirwere, zvipembenene uye mabukira anodya miriwoKana pamusoro pemiti pakasabatwa, zvinoomera zvipembenene zvinodya mashizha, howa dzinokonzera hutachiona, kana zvimwe zvirwere kuti zvipfuure kubva kune mumwe muti zvichienda kune mumwe zviri nyore kudaro.
Mupfungwa iyi, nzvimbo iri pakati pemakapu yaizoshanda semhando ye "firewall yezvinhu zvipenyu" Izvi zvingaderedza kupararira kwezvirwere mumasango ane miti mizhinji. Hazvisi chipingamupinyi chikuru, hongu, asi zvinogona kuwedzera chipingamupinyi, kunyanya kune zvipenyu zvinoshandisa mashizha kana matavi kuti zvifambe.
Kana tikabatanidza basa iri rekuchengetedza hutsanana nemabhenefiti ekupararira kwechiedza uye kudzikira kwekukuvadzwa kwemuchina, pfungwa inobva yabuda yekuti kunyara kwemakapu kunogona kupa mabhenefiti akawanda ekushanduka-shandukaKunyange hazvo zvidzidzo zvakasimba zvichiri kushaikwa, nyanzvi dzemiti dzakawanda dzinoona sezvine musoro kuti chiitiko ichi chakaramba chiripo uye chakasimbiswa mune mamwe marudzi nekuti zvinobatsira kuvandudza kurarama kwawo kwenguva refu.
Zvakanakira zvezvakatipoteredza: chiedza, nzvimbo uye "kugara pamwe chete" musango
Pasinei nechikonzero chikuru, zvakanakira zvakatipoteredza zvekunyara korona zviri pachena. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutaurwa nezvacho ndeche kugoverwa kuri nani kwechiedza musangoNekusiya migero isina chinhu pakati pemakomba, mimwe yemwaranzi yezuva inokwanisa kupfuura nepadenga yosvika pamatanda akaderera, zvichibatsira mbesa, makwenzi nezvimwe zvirimwa zvipfupi.
Nenzira iyi, zvinogona kuitika kukurudzira chimiro chakamira chakasiyana-siyana uye chakasimbaMumhando iyi yesango, miti mikuru inotonga pamusoro pedenga repamusoro haingorarami chete, asiwo mhando dzakasiyana dzemarudzi dzakagadziriswa kuti dzikwanise kupenya zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinogona kushandura kuva nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa uye masango akasimba kana paine matambudziko.
Imwe mukana wekuti muti udzikire kukuvara kunokonzerwa nekurovera mapazi panguva yemadutu. Kunyangwe kana kukwenya kusiri iko kwainyanya kukonzera kunyara kwemuti, kuchengetedza daro rakati kunoderedza mukana wekurovera kakawanda mumhepo ine simba. Izvi zvaizoderedza njodzi yekurovera. maburi anogona kushayisa simba kapu kana nzvimbo dzakavhurika dzekupinda kwezvirwere.
Nezvekukwikwidzana kwechiedza pakati pemiti iri pedyo, kunyara kunogona kuonekwa semhando ye makwikwi anodzorwaVanhu ava vanoramba vachitsvaga nzvimbo dzine chiedza uye vachidzivisa mimvuri inounzwa nevamwe, asi kurwira uku hakugumisi matavi akavhiringika. Asi, mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza rudzi rwechibvumirano chekuparadzanisa nzvimbo yemhepo.
Pakupedzisira, basa rinogona kuitwa rekudzora kupararira kwezvirwere nezvipembenene rinowedzera chimwe chinhu chinonakidza nezvezvakatipoteredza. Kuchengetedza muganhu mudiki pakati pemadenderedzwa kunogona kuva imwe nzira yekuita kuti kuderedza kumhanya uko njodzi inopararira musangozvichiwedzera mamwe makemikari nedziviriro yemuviri iyo miti yatove nayo mumashizha, makwati nemidzi.
Mhando nenzvimbo dzinoonekwa kunyara kwekorona
Kunyara miti hakuwanikwe mumarudzi ese emiti kana mumasango ese. Inzira inoonekwa zvakajeka mu mamwe mapoka chaiwo emiti, munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dziri pasi pemvuraZvisinei, mune zvimwe zviitiko, makapu aya anopindirana pasina mipata yakawanda, uye chiitiko ichi hachinyatsooneka.
Pakati pemhando dzinonyanya kutaurwa pane dzakasiyana-siyana eucalyptusMaitiro aya akadzidzwa zvakanyanya muAustralia, uko anogona kuva anoshamisa. Kunyara kwakanyorwawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo mhando dzemiti yemuouki nepine yekuEuropepamwe chete nemumiti yeConifers chaiyo iri mune dzimwe nyika.
Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru ndewekuti Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), muti weconifer unowanikwa munharaunda yeSitka kuAlaska, uko chiitiko ichi chinogona kuonekwa pakati pemarudzi akafanana uye pamwe chete nemimwe miti iri pedyo. Imwe nyaya ndeyemuti weconifer. Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), umo mapatani akajeka ekuparadzanisa makapu akatsanangurwawo.
Chiitiko ichi chinogona kutoonekwa munzvimbo dzemaguta. Munzvimbo dzakadai se San Martín Square, muArgentinaVashanyi vanotarira mudenga vanosangana nedenga rakadhirowewa nepamusoro pemiti risingambobati, sekunge mugadziri wezvivakwa asingaoneki asarudza kupatsanura mashizha ese nemazvo ari pakati pemasendimita gumi kusvika makumi mashanu.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kusimbisa izvozvo Haasi marudzi ese anoratidza maitiro ayaMune mamwe masango, denga rinobatana uye rinobatana, uye denga rinovhara zvachose, pasina nzira idzodzo dzakanyatsojeka. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunyara kwedenga kunoenderana nehunhu hwakasiyana hwemhando yega yega uye mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yacho.
Kubatanidza zvese izvi zvinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti tiri kubata nechiitiko kusarudza asi kwakapararira zvakanyanya, iyo inobuda mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana pasi rose uye, nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho, yakamutsa kufarira kukuru pakati pevanoongorora zvirimwa nevanoongorora zvakatipoteredza.
Pakupedzisira, patinotarisa denga kubva musango toona mipata yakanyatsojeka iri pakati pemiti, chatiri kufunga nezvacho chiratidzo chinooneka che seti yemaitiro emuviri, emakemikari, ezvemajini uye ezvezvakatipoteredza kuita zvinhu panguva imwe chete. Kunyangwe mibvunzo yakawanda ichiri isina kupindurwa, maonero ari pamusoro pemisoro yedu anonyatsotsanangura musanganiswa werunako, kuoma, uye zvakavanzika zvinotsanangura masango.
