Nguva, inonzwisiswa sedenderedzwa, mugumo, uye mutinhimira woupenyu hwezuva nezuva, yakadudza rudzidziso rwenyika yekare nenzira inoshamisa inoshanda. Kuburikidza mitambo, mitambo nenganoNzanga dzakadudzira mavambo echisiko chapose pose, dzakadzora karenda yadzo, uye dzakatsvaka kutsinhirana noumwari mumwaka woga woga wegore.
Pamwoyo wedandemutande iri rakaomarara pane ngano dzechiGiriki, boka ravamwari vane hunhu hwevanhu, masimba akatsanangurwa, uye kuvapo nguva dzose muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ichi chiono, chinopfuudzwa kupfurikidza negamuchidzanwa rinotaurwa namabasa akadai seIliad, Odyssey, uye nhetembo dzaHesiod, zvakapa mhinduro pamusoro penyika, asiwo yakaumbwa. rini uye sei kuti uenderane kune zvinoera: zvibayiro zvemangwanani, zvipiriso zvinonwiwa pamberi pemabiko, midungwe yegore negore, kana mitambo makore mana oga oga.
Ko kunamata kwenguva kunorevei munyika yekare?
Kana tichitaura nezve "kunamatirwa kwenguva" muchimiro chechiGiriki, isu tiri kureva nzira iyo karenda, mwaka, uye pfungwa yezvinodamburwa zvakaronga tsika dzechitendero. Rudzidziso rwechiGiriki rwakanga rwuri gadziriro yakazaruka, yokudavira vanamwari vakawanda umo mwari mumwe nomumwe akanga ane unyanzvi chaihwo; iyi nyanzvi yakafambisa kubatanidzwa kwevamwari vatsva uye yakabvumira vakatendeka kutendeukira kune mumwe kana mumwe mwari zvichienderana nenguva. Saka, nguva yaive isiri yekufungidzira: yaive neruzivo mukati mitambo, kutenderera kwekurima, uye sarudzo dzetsika.
Vamwari vaive vasiri masimba ese: kugona kwavo kwaive kwakananga uye hunhu hwavo hwaive hwevanhu. Iyi anthropomorphization yakaunza humwari padyo neruzivo rwevanhu uye yakatsanangura kuti sei, mukusanaya kwemvura kana kukohwa kwakawanda, zvaive zvakafanira kuongorora zvakare hukama nemwari wega wega, kugadzirisa tsika, uye kududzira zviratidzo zvedenga. Mumashure, the fate (moira) uye kururamisira (dike) kwakaronga maitiro: hubris, kana kudarika, kwakaunza chirango munguva yakafanira nguva yetsika uye tsika.
Chitendero cheGreek chakabatanidza nharaunda nekarenda: chetatu chemazuva aive mazororo, uye mune imwe neimwe polis, mhemberero dzeveruzhinji dzakaratidza kurova kweguta. Kwakange kusina chechi yakarongeka, asi dandemutande renzvimbo tsvene, upristi, uye mamejasitiriti ehurumende aitungamirira zvibayiro nemitambo. Naizvozvo, nguva yevagari uye nguva inoera zvakafambidzana, ne kufora, mabiko, makwikwi emitambo uye makwikwi emimhanzi kuronga hupenyu hwekubatana.
Vanamwari vanobatanidzwa nenguva: kuzivikanwa, hunhu uye nyaya
Gomo reOlympus rakanga riri musha wevakakwirira voumwari, vanonzi “vamwari veOlympian,” avo vakapinda ndokusiya nyika yavanhu sezvavaiona zvakakodzera. Dzakawanda dzenyaya dzavo dzinorondedzera, muchimiro chengano, kuti kurongeka kwenyika kwakaumbwa sei uye kuti matenderedzwa eupenyu anofanira kurarama sei. Pazasi, isu tinoongorora maprofile avo, zviratidzo, uye nzvimbo dzekunamatira, tichibatanidza nyaya dzakapararira uye nuances inotsanangura kukosha kwavo mukufungidzira kwakaungana. nguva yetsika nemagariro.
Zeus ndiye mambo wedenga, ishe wemvura, nemabhanan’ana nemheni; Akaberekerwa muKrete, amai vake Rhea vakamuviga kuti vadzivise baba vake, Cronus, kuti varege kumumedza (sezvaakanga atoita nevanin’ina vake). Aitonga vamwe vamwari, aigona kuzvishandura pachake pamadiro, uye ainamatwa munzvimbo dzakadai seOlympia. Hunhu: mheni, tsvimbo uye gondo.
HeraAthena, hanzvadzi uye mudzimai waZeus, akabatanidza muchato, mhuri, uye kuchengetedzwa kwevakadzi, kunyanya panguva yekusununguka. Anoonekwa seanokudzwa uye "munhu" kupfuura vamwe vamwari; chitendero chake chakanga chakakurumbira muSamos. Zviratidzo zvechinyakare: korona, tsvimbo nedamba.
PoseidonMwari wemvura aitonga makungwa, nzizi, uye kudengenyeka kwenyika. Mukoma waZeusi neHadhesi, akaponeswa kubva kuna Cronus uye, pashure pokukunda baba vake, akawana simba pamusoro pegungwa. Aiwanzofananidzirwa pedyo neEuboea, ane katatu nengoro. Pakati penzvimbo dzake dzakabatana paiva neCape Sounion nePaestum. Symbols trident uye seahorses.
AthenaAthena, mwarikadzi wouchenjeri, hondo, unyanzvi, uye budiriro, akaberekwa kubva mumusoro waZeus apo Hephaestus akazarura dehenya ramwari kuti amubvise. Ari mhandara uye nyanzvi, akanga ari mwarikadzi weAtene uye mamwe maguta akawanda. Anoratidzwa nengowani, nhovo, uye egis; anobatanidzwawo nemabasa emaoko akadai sekuruka uye mudziyo wehari.
Aphrodite
Hephaestus Akafananidza moto, nyuchi, uye simbi. Asinakidzi uye akaremara mushure mekukandwa kubva kuOlympus naamai vake, akarererwa paLemnos uye akazoroora Aphrodite. Muchengeti wemhizha uye magamba, hunhu hwake quintessential ndeye ... zvakaipa pamwe chete nemamwe maturusi efoge.
AphroditeAkazvarwa kubva mufuro regungwa mushure mekudzingwa kwaUranus, akatungamira runako uye chido. Bhanhire remashiripiti rakawedzera simba rake rekunyengedza, uye kunyangwe zvakabatana naHephaestus, hukama hwake naAres hwakakurumbira. Zviratidzo zvake zvinowanzoitika zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvemugungwa neshiri dzakadai senjiva; tsika yake yaikosha zvikuru Cythera.
AresMafungiro ehondo akanyanyisa uye akanyanya kuona aisiyanisa runako rwayo runoshamisa nehukasha. Yaibatanidzwa nemaguta akaita seThebes neSparta, uye zviratidzo zvayo zvaisanganisira pfumo rine ropa, ngowani, zvombo, uye kazhinji nguruve. Kuvapo kwayo kunotiyeuchidza kuti hondo inoratidzawo nguva dambudziko uye tsika.
Apollo — ona chivezwa Bernini's Apollo naDaphne— Aisanganisira mimhanzi, nhetembo, mishonga, hunyanzvi, uye chiedza chezuva. Mudziviriri wevarume vasina kuroora uye muridzi wengoro yezuva, akabvunzwa kuDelphi kuburikidza nePythia, iyo mhinduro dzayo dzakadudzirwa nevapristi. Pakati paunhu hwake mutengeramwa, uta, nemiseve, norudimbwa; nzvimbo dzinoyera: Delos uye Delphi.
ArtemisAthena, hanzvadzi yaApollo, akanga ari mwarikadzi wokuvhima, masango, uye zvikara; aichengeta mhandara uye akachengeta mhiko youmhandara. Akaramba kuroora, achisarudza kushamwaridzana nenyuchi, uye anoratidzwa neuta, mhembwe, imbwa, uye pfupi chiton. Mwedzi unosimbisa hukama hwake ne zvakasikwa kutenderera.
Hermes Akaita senhume yaMwari uye mutsigiri wevatengesi, vemabhangi, nembavha; anobatanidzwa nemigwagwa, miganhu, uye vafambi, pamwe chete nevafudzi. Zviratidzo zvake ndezvipi zvine mapapiro uye shangu uye caduceus. Kuvapo kwake pamharadzano kunosanganisira pfungwa yezvikumbaridzo uye "nguva dzakakodzera" nguva yemagariro.
DionysusMwari wewaini, kudhakwa, kunakidzwa, uye mitambo yemitambo, aive nechitendero chisinganzwisisike nekutora chikamu kwakakosha kwechikadzi (maenads). Miti yomuzambiringa nemiti yemiorivhi zvakabatana naye; mutsara wake wemasatyrs, fauns, uye nymphs vakaratidza kunakidzwa kwakanyanya, rudzi rwetsika iyo zvakare "inosunungura" karenda uye inovandudza community order.
demeterMwarikadzi wekurima uye mbereko aifananidzira kuwanda kweminda uye rudo rwaamai; yake Eleusinian Mysteries yakapesvedzera zvikuru rudzidziso rwechiGiriki. Zviratidzo zvake zvinosanganisira nzeve dzegorosi, tochi, chigaro cheushe, uye tsvimbo, uye nyaya yake nePersephone inotsanangura mwaka kutenderera iyo inoronga iyo kudyara nokukohwa.
Kunze kweOlympus, anomira kunze HadhesiOdin, mambo wepasi, uyo akagamuchira nzvimbo yevakafa mushure mekuparadzaniswa kwenyika pakati pehama. Akabata Persephone kuti amuite mudzimai wake uye anotonga zvine mwero, achiperekedzwa naCerberus, imbwa ine misoro mitatu. Anonamatwa munzvimbo shoma uye haawanzo... inomiririra.
Mamwe manhamba anopedzisa kukanda kwamwari anosanganisira HestiaMoto wemoto, kuchengetedza nzvimbo, imba, uye, nekuwedzera, nyika. Zvakare isina kubatwa, haiwanzo kuoneka muunyanzvi uye hunhu hwayo hunowedzera "zvisinganzwisisike," asi kuvapo kwayo mudzimba dzese kunoratidza rwiyo rwemazuva ese rwepamba, iyo rhythm inotsigira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye ... tsika duku.
Rites, zvipo uye kutaurirana: kuti inoera sei nguva inorongerwa
Ukama pakati pevanhu navamwari hwakarukwa nezviratidzo netsika. Vamwari “vakataura” kupfurikidza nezviroto, zvishuvo, zvishuvo, kusangana netsaona, kana kuti kubhururuka kweshiri; kuti vadudzire mashoko aya, masvikiro, vaprista, nenyanzvi vakabvunzwa. Mukutarisana nengwavaira, kwakanga kuri madikanwa kunzwisisa chisakiso chadzo kuitira kufadza mwari, nokuti nguva yemberi yakanga yafanorongwa zvikurukuru uye vamwari vairinda ruramisiro, vachiranga zvakaipa. hubris.
Zvibayiro zvacho zvaiva zvemarudzi maviri: zvisina ropa (chingwa, muchero, maruva, zvinonhuhwirira) kana kuti zvine ropa (zvibayiro zvemhuka). Pane dzimwe nguva kuuraya kukuru kwaiitwa, asi kazhinji kacho, ura, mafuta, uye mapfupa zvaipiswa, zvichifananidzira zvokudya zvavamwari; zvakasara zvakadyiwa mumabiko etsika akachengeterwa vagari vemo. Uku kugoverwa, kwaidzorwa nemitemo inoyera, kwakajekesa kuti migove ipi yaigamuchirwa navaprista uye kuti mugove upi waizofanira kugoverwa nokuda kwouprista. mharaunda.
| Mutemo unoyera wakabva kuMireto wemuzana ramakore rechi 5 BC unotsanangura chaizvo zvinofanira kuitwa nemunhu anowana hupirisita: matehwe, ura, itsvo, nezvimwe zvikamu zvezvibayiro zvepachena; uye, muzvibayiro zvega, zvinenge zvese kunze kwematehwe. Rudzi urwu rwemavara rwakagadziriswa, panguva dzakatarwa mukarenda, iyo tsika dzehupfumi yenzvimbo tsvene. |
Munyengetero wacho, wakanyatsorongedzerwa nezita nemadimikira akakodzera, wakatsvaka nyasha dzaMwari. Yaiwanzodzokororwa yakamira uye zvinonzwika, zvose munguva dzemazuva ose (kudya, kushanda) uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (kurwa). Yaiwanzoperekedzwa nezvinwiwa, izvo zvaisanganisira kudira waini, mukaka, kana uchi paatari kana pasi, pashure pokutamisa mvura yacho kubva muchirongo (oinochoe) kuenda patera (phiale). Zvinwiwa izvi, kusiyana nezvibayiro, zvaigona kuitwa nevarume nevakadzi. vakadzi.
Kuchena kwaidiwa pakubata nezvinhu zvitsvene. Vakatendeka vakazvishamba pavakapinda munzvimbo tsvene; pashure pokuberekwa kana kuti rufu mumusha, imba yaicheneswa nechibairo chenguruve, uye muzviitiko zvakakomba, zvakadai sokuponda, miitiro yacho yakava yakaoma zvikuru. Iyi tsika yekuchenesa zvakare yakaita se "reset" yenguva, ichimaka pamberi uye mushure mehupenyu hwe mharaunda.
Nzvimbo tsvene nemitambo inoratidza karenda
Nzvimbo tsvene zhinji dzaive nzvimbo dzakapfava dzakasarudzwa sedzinoera (hieron), dzimwe nguva mumasango, zvitubu, kana mapako. Aritari yaikosha; temberi ndidzo dzaiva nezvidhori nezvinopiwa, asi dzakanga dzisiri musimboti wetsika yacho. Nzvimbo tsvene hombe, idzo dzaikwezva mapoka, dzakawedzera pfuma, maberere, matsime, mabhaisikopo, nhandare, uye horo dzokurovedzera muviri. Pakanga pasina vafundisi vakabatana: mamejasitiriti ehurumende (mambo archon, eponymous archon, polemarch) vaitarisira zvibayiro nemitambo, vachibatsirwa nemaepimelete uye nevaprista kana vapristakadzi vaitarisira nzvimbo tsvene, vaigamuchira mugove wavo, uye vaigona kutengesa zvipiriso. matehwe evakabatwa.
Hurumende yakaronga mitambo ine chekuita nezvekurima. Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekarenda chakatsaurirwa kumhemberero, nemidungwe, zvibayiro, mabiko, kutamba, makwikwi emitambo, uye makwikwi emimhanzi. Mitinhiro yokumaruwa neguta nokudaro yakawiriraniswa: kudyara, kukohwa, kuzorora, uye kupembera kwetsika. kuyera.
MuOlympia, iyo mitambo yemitambo Vaipembererwa makore mana ega ega kubva 776 BC, uye mukati menguva yavo chibvumirano chinoera chakaziviswa. Zviitiko zvacho zvaisanganisira mijaho yengoro netsoka, kusvetuka-svetuka, pfumo repfumo, discus, uye kuridza mhere. Iyo quadrennial periodicity ingangove muenzaniso wakanakisa wekuti mutambo unoraira sei Panhellenic nguva.
Nzvimbo tsvene yaApollo iri kuDelphi, pakati peGreece, yakava nemukurumbira nokuda kweshoko rayo. Pythia, akanga akagara pamatatu, aipinda muchiono otaura manzwi asinganzwisisiki ayo vamwe vapristi vaizodudzira vonyora. Mhinduro, kazhinji dzisinganzwisisiki, dzaida hungwaru uye kunyatsoverenga Zviratidzo.
MuEpidaurus, pakati peAsclepius akagamuchira varwere vachitsvaga kuporeswa kuburikidza nehope (incubation). Vaprisita vaidudzira zviroto nekushandisa mishonga: nzvimbo iyoyo yaive, pakarepo, nzvimbo tsvene, chipatara, uye chikoro chekuporesa. mishonga.
Greco-Roman kufanana: kuenderera kwemabasa
VaRoma vakagamuchira zvakawanda zvechiGiriki pantheon, vachichinja mazita nemataurirwo pasina kuchinja mabasa avo anokosha. Tafura iyi inodonongodza kuenzana kunonyanyo zivikanwa pakati pavamwari vechiGreek nevamwe vavo vechiRoma, chishandiso chinobatsira pakunzwisisa kuti, nekufamba kwenguva, tsika inobatanidza nekugadzirisa zvakare nhaka yayo. zvimwe.
| Mwari wechiGiriki | Mwari weRoma | Main scope |
|---|---|---|
| Zeus | Jupita | Musoro wepantheon uye ishe wedenga |
| Hera | Juno | muchato nemhuri |
| Poseidon | Neptune | Makungwa nokudengenyeka kwenyika |
| demeter | Ceres | Zvekurima uye kubereka |
| Hephaestus | Volcano | Moto uye Forge |
| Athena | Minerva | Uchenjeri nehondo yakarurama |
| Ares | Marte | hondo |
| Aphrodite | Venus | Rudo uye runako |
| Apollo | Apollo | Arts, chiedza uye mishonga |
| Artemis | Diana | Kuvhima nemasango |
| Hermes | Mercury | Commerce uye courier services |
| Dionysus | Bacchus | Waini, ecstasy uye theatre |
Magamba uye ngano: kubva kunguva yevanhu kusvika kune ramangwana
Magamba aripo pakati pevamwari nevanhu vanofa: vanofa, asi vanopihwa masimba anoshamisa. Vanoberekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana (dzimwe nguva mubereki akavhengana), vanoita mabasa ougamba, uye vanofa nechisimba; pashure pacho, vanonamatwa pamakuva avo uye vanoita sevadziviriri vamaguta kana kuti dzinza. Nzvimbo dzavo tsvene (heroa) dzinoita kuti dzive pamutemo nzvimbo uye dzinobatanidza nharaunda, zvichipa kuenderera kune dzinza kuburikidza nenguva. ndangariro dzakabatana.
Ngano dzinotsanangura zvisikwa uye kurongeka kwevanhu, nenyaya dzavo zhinji dzakachengetedzwa nekuda kwaHomer naHesiod. Kuburikidza nenyaya idzi, nguva inova yedzidziso: inoratidza mienzaniso, maitiro ezvirango, uye inopa mienzaniso yehunhu. kungwara.
Nguva yemagariro: chizvarwa, murume kana mukadzi uye zera mupolis
Nzanga yechiGiriki inosiyaniswa vagari (politai), vatorwa (xenoi), uye metics (metoikoi), kuwedzera kuvaranda (douloi). Proxenia yakabvumira munhu kudzivirira vagari veimwe polis; isopoliteia, zvakare, yakasimbisa hukama hwehukama pakati pemaguta maviri. Chirevo chakabva kuEretria muna 411 BC chakagadza Tarentine proxenus uye mubatsiri, achimupa kuchengetedza, kusabhadhara mutero, uye chigaro chakasarudzika pamitambo yemasevhisi kuguta: diplomacy yakaratidzawo nguva yezvematongerwo enyika.
Metics, aigara akasungwa neprostates, akanga asina maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika asi aidikanirwa kushanda muchiuto; vaisagona kuva nenzvimbo muguta, kunyange zvazvo vaigona kuva nepfuma yaigona kufamba uye kuita mabhizimisi. Varanda, kune rumwe rutivi, vakapatsanurwa pakati pevaranda vekumaruwa (seheroti yeSparta) uye "kutengesa" varanda (vakatengwa mumisika, kazhinji vasungwa vehondo kana kutapwa munyika dzevatorwa). Vaishanda mumabasa epamba, mukurima, mumabasa emaoko, kana kuti mumigodhi, uye kunyange mumahofisi ehurumende. Manumission yaigoneka, dzimwe nguva yaiitwa sechipo kuna mwari, uye mushure mezvo, kutsamira kwakaramba kune aimbova tenzi. mutariri.
Chinzvimbo chevakadzi munharaunda yeruzhinji yaive shoma. Kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika uye pasi pekuchengetwa kwevarume (kurios), kuvapo kwavo kwakanangidzirwa munharaunda yemumba, nemabasa ekutarisira imba, kutonga varanda, uye kugadzira zvipfeko. The double standard yairanga zvakaomarara hupombwe hwechikadzi uku ichishivirira varongo nepfambi yevarume. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakadzi vaishingaira kuita tsika, mariro, midungwe, uye mitambo yakadai seThesmophoria. Vakaita se vapristakadzi mumasekete akawanda.
Zera rakatemerwa kodzero nemabasa. MuAtene, pa18 mumwe akapinda mukutonga, uye ne30 mumwe aigona kubata magistracies uye kushanda mumatare edzimhosva; vakuru vaive nekutanga pakutaura. MuSparta, gerontes (vakuru) vaifanira kuva nemakore anopfuura 60. Dzidzo yaitevera rhythm dzakasiyana: iyo Spartan agoge yaive yeruzhinji, nepo Atenean payeia yaive yakavanzika, ine ephebia kubva pamakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri ezera. Hupenyu, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa nepolis, hwakagadzira nzira dze kudzidza nebasa.
Nguva yepamba: oikos, phratry, genos uye muchato
The oikos yaiva imba, nepfuma yayo, vanhu (kusanganisira varanda), uye zvinhu. Nhaka ine chinangwa chekuchengetedza midziyo yakabatana muzvizvarwa zvese, nenzvimbo dziri muAttica dzakachengeterwa vagari vechirume. Kushaikwa kana kuwandisa kwevana kwakagadziriswa kuburikidza nekurerwa kana kuratidzwa kwevachangozvarwa, zvichiratidza hupfumi hwakasimba hwenguva yemhuri uye zviwanikwa. nhaka.
Mumba macho, atari yaZeus Hertius, mudziviriri wenzvimbo yakanga yakakomberedzwa, yaiita kuti zvitendero zvomumba zvirambe zviripo. Uyezve, muAtene wose aiva weboka rehama (hama dzechitendero) uye, dzimwe nguva, ku genos (boka revanoshamwaridzana nevanofungidzirwa kuti tateguru mumwe chete). Kunyoreswa kwemwana wechirume munharaunda mushure mekuzvarwa uye, gare gare, kunyoreswa kwake muhutongi pazera re18, kwakasimbisa hugari hwake: hupenyu hweveruzhinji hwakatanga kumba uye hwakaguma murufu. mapurisa.
Roorano yaibatanidza kugamuchidzwa kwomukadzi kumurume pamwe chete neroora (movable goods or money, never land). Vakadzi vechidiki vaigona kupfigirwa kubva paudiki uye kuroorwa kusvika pazera regumi nemashanu, pasina chero kutaura mukusarudza kwemurume wavo. Zvapupu zvakavimbisa umhandara uye roora, uye roorano yakarangarirwa seyakakwana apo mukadzi akabva paimba yababa vake ndokukumbanira yomurume wake, achigamuchira miitiro yake. zvitendero zvemumba.
Muchato wacho wakanga wakanyura mutsika: manheru omutambo, zvibayiro zvaiitwa kuna Zeus, Hera, Atemisi, naApollo; mwenga aitsaura zvinhu zvouduku (matoyi, mazariro ebvudzi) kuna Atemisi, uye vose vari vaviri vakazvinatsa vamene namabhati. Pazuva rakatarwa, dzimba dzakashongedzwa nematavi emuorivhi nemaruva emuorivhi, uye mwenga akapfeka nguo chena, chifukidziro, uye korona, pamwe chete namwari wake uye godfather. Mwana akapfeka korona yemiti yeminzwa nemaacorns akagovera chingwa kubva mudengu achizivisa kuti chinokuvadza chiri kusiiwa uye chakanakisa chiri kuwanikwa: mafomula erombo rakanaka ayo, pasina kudzokororwa neshoko, akatara kuchinja kuva munhu mukuru.
Mudungwe wemuchato wakasimuka usiku wakananga kumba kwechikomba, uchiperekedzwa nemwenje nenziyo dzemuchato. Pakusvika, murume akasimudza mwenga pachikumbaridzo nemhere yetsika iyo yaifananidzira kuramba uye kudzivirira. Vangopinda, pamberi peatari yemumba, nzungu nemaonde akaomeswa zvaikandwa pamusoro wemwenga, uye vaviri vacho vakaenda kukamuri yemwenga. Zuva rakatevera, kwaiva nezvimwe zvibayiro uye mabiko, uye kudya (gamelia) nemhuri yemurume, kazhinji panguva yeApaturia, iyo yakashanda semuedzo wemagariro emuchato. Matrimonio.
Basa uye hupfumi: mwaka, mari uye zvisungo zveveruzhinji
Izwi rekuti oikonomia rinobatanidza zvese kubva kukutungamira kwenzvimbo yemhuri kusvika kukutonga kweguta. Iyo poleis yaive neyayo pfuma nemari, nemari yaibva kune zvakapambwa, rendi, migodhi, muripo, mutero wetsika, mutero, uye mutero unoshamisa (eisphora). Kwakanga kune ndyiko dzehondo, mabasa avose, mitambo, uye kugoverwa kumadhemo ( misthoi ). Polisi imwe neimwe yakabudisa yayo mari.
Kurima rakanga riri basa rinoremekedzwa zvikurusa uye rakapararira, kunyange pakati paavo vaigara mumaguta uye vaienda kuminda yavo. Varedzi vehove nevaya vaiita mamwe mabasa vaifambawo zuva nezuva. Humhizha nekutengeserana zvakava nemukurumbira wakaderera, kunyangwe misika yaive nzvimbo yekutsinhana kwezvigadzirwa, vatengesi vaiita sevarevereri pakati pevagadziri nevatengi. vatengi.
Mutero wemametics waive sosi yakakosha yemari. Chinyorwa chakaitwa naXenophon, chichiratidza magadzirisirwo ezviwanikwa izvi, chinopa pfungwa yekurerutsa mitoro isingakodzeri uye kuongorora basa ravo rechiuto, sezvo kusavapo kwavo kumabasa nedzimba kwakavakanganisa uye kwaisawanzobatsira guta. Mukudzoka, kusimudzira kubatana kwavo munzvimbo dzakadai sevatasvi vemabhiza nemamwe mabasa kwaizosimbisa simba reguta uye mukurumbira civic.
Chibvumirano chinoramba chiripo kubva kuPiraeus, kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechina BC, chinoratidza mafambisirwo akaitwa hupfumi hwemaguta: varidzi vepamwe vakarenda musangano, imba yakabatana, uye murwi wendove "nokusingaperi" kumunhu akazvimiririra kwemadrakema makumi mashanu pagore, anobhadharwa muzvikamu zviviri (Hecatombaeon uye Poseidon). Muroja aidiwa kuti agadzirise zvinodiwa mugore rokutanga; kutadza kuita izvi kwaizoguma nekubhadhara kaviri uye muroja omanikidzwa kubuda panzvimbo pasina kupikisa. Munhu ane guarantor akagadzwa, faindi dzakatemerwa kusateerera, uye kondirakiti yaidiwa kuti inyorwe padombo riri pedyo nechifananidzo chegamba. Kunyange mipiro yechienzi yairangarirwa mukuwirirana noukoshi hwayo hwemari (maina nomwe), ichisimbisa kuti nguva yezvemari yakanyorwa ndokuitwa mutsika. hupenyu hweveruzhinji.
Girisi, Roma uye isu: nhaka isingapere
Pesvedzero yavamwari veOlympian—nevakaenzana navo veRoma—inoramba iripo muunyanzvi, mabhuku, uye mufungo. Pakati penyaya, zviratidzo, uye zviito, chinoenderera inzira ye "kuyera" uye kuona nguva: makarenda emhemberero, tsika dzekufamba, kutenderera kwekurima, truce dzinoyera, uye kubvunzana nekutaura. Kuburikidza nenganonyorwa idzi, tichiri kuongorora mamiriro evanhu uye kuomesesa kwetsika dzekuMadokero nhasi, nerubatsiro rwakanyanya muzvidzidzo zvevanhu uye nzira dzakaita se... humanistic psychology.
Kuchinyatsofungwa, “kunamata nguva” munyika yekare hakusi kunamatwa kwewachi, asi dandemutande ravamwari, mitambo, mitemo, uye zvinopiwa zvinopindirana zvinozoitika uye karenda, cosmos nepolis, musha nenzvimbo tsvene. Pakati paZeus naDhemeter, pakati penzvimbo yeshoko nembavha, nzira yekuve munyika yakarukwa inoshandura mwaka wega wega, mabiko ega ega, uye mhiko yega yega kuita chiitiko che "kugadza nguva" yehupenyu hwekudyidzana, kutsigira kururamisira, uye nekungwarira kutarisira mativi anotitsigira.
