Pakati peshiri dzomumvura dzokuAmerica, shomanene dzinokwezva ngwariro huru seNeotropic Cormorant, inozivikanwawo semagezi, nokubereka kwayo kunoyevedza, kunyura chaiko, uye mufananidzo usingakanganisi wamapapiro ayo akatambanudzwa muzuva. Munyika dzakawanda dzeAmerica, kubva kuGulf of Mexico kusvika kuTierra del Fuego, inogona kuonekwa munzizi, madhamu, mazariro, uye pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, nguva dzose iri pedyo nemvura uye inozivikanwa semuredzi akanaka kwazvo. Muchinyorwa chino, ini ndinopa gwara rakazara uye rinobata kune kuzivikanwa kwayo, biology, uye hukama nenharaunda yedu, ine chokwadi chakasimbiswa uye zvishoma zvinozivikanwa curiosities. shiri nemhoteredzo yemvura.
Mhuka iyi inowanzozivikanwa nezita resainzi Phalacrocorax brasilianus, kunyangwe zvichiwedzera, zvidzidzo zvemajini zvakariisa murudzi rweNannopter. Inowanzonziwo biguá, mbiguá, black cormorant, gungwa regungwa, mvura yakachena corúa, kana corúa duku; muChile, zvakajairika kuinzwa ichinzi "pato yeco" kana kungoti "yeco," uye kunyange "pato cuervo" kana "patillo." Mugwaro rese iri, tichaongorora maitiro ayo, pekugara, chikafu, kubereka, uye nei dzimwe nguva zvichiunza gakava mune mamwe matunhu. kiyi muzvisikwa zvemumvura.
Mazita, etymology, uye taxonomy
Shiri iyi inofamba nendandanda yakareba yemazita anozivikanwa muLatin America: biguá, mbiguá, cormorant (kana kuti black cormorant), gunguwo regungwa, mvura yakachena corúa, corúa diki, yeco, yeco dhadha, gunguwo, kana dhadha. Seri kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemazita akakurumbira kune shiri imwe chete: iyo Neotropical cormorant, inowanikwa muAmerica yose uye inozivikanwa zvikuru kune avo vanogara pedyo nemvura. kugoverwa kwenzvimbo.
Zita rayo resainzi remhando yepamusoro ndiPhalacrocorax brasilianus. Izwi rokuti Phalacrocorax rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki phalacro (musoro usina musoro) uye corax (gunguo), nepo brasilianus chaizvoizvo zvinoreva "kubva kuBrazil." Iyi etymology inopindirana zvakanaka nechitarisiko chayo, iyo inopesana neminhenga yayo yakasviba, isina huro, uye kutaridzika kwe "gunguwo regungwa." Etymology: phalacro (musoro) + corax (gungu).
Muna 2014, ongororo yakazara ye phylogenetic yakatevedza zviuru zveDNA base pairs muma cormorants uye yakaronga kupatsanura clade serudzi rweNannopterum, irwo rudzi urwu. Naizvozvo, zviri kuwedzera kuwanda kuiona ichitaurwa seNannopterum brasilianus (ine mamwe masosi uchishandisa fomu brasilianum). Mune mamwe mazwi, kune vanyori vakawanda, haisisiri yerudzi rwePhalacrocorax. genetic evidence.
Kurongeka ne subspecies kune nuances. Avo vanoziva rudzi rumwe bedzi vanosiyanisa boka rokuchamhembe. (Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus mexicanus) uye mumwe wezasi (Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus brasilianus). Kusiyana neizvi, vamwe vanyori vanosimudza boka rekuchamhembe kumarudzi aro, Phalacrocorax olivaceus. Pakati pezvakanyanya kutsanangurwa, subspecies hornensis yakatove yakakurudzirwa kunharaunda yekumaodzanyemba (Tierra del Fuego neCape Horn), ine muromo mupfupi zvishoma uye zvimiro zvidiki kunze kwemuswe, kunyangwe mumunda hazvisi nyore kusiyanisa. subspecies mbiri.
Kugovera uye kuchengetedza mamiriro
Egret yeAmerica inowanikwa muAmerica. Inogara munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzekondinendi, kubva kuRio Grande neGulf yeMexico, kusanganisira mhenderekedzo yeCalifornia yeUnited States, uye inosvika kumaodzanyemba ichipfuura neMexico, Central America, uye South America. Inogarawo zvitsuwa zvakaita seBahamas, Cuba, uye Trinidad neTobago. Muchirevo che ornithogeographic, izvi zvinomiririra kuvapo kunoenderera munzvimbo dzakakodzera dzemvura, nekugona kunoshamisa kuchinjika kune akasiyana latitudes. kuparadzirwa kukuru kweAmerica.
MuChile, inoitika munzvimbo yese yekondinendi, kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, kubva kuArica kuenda kuTierra del Fuego. Zvakajairika kuiona mumadhamu asina kudzika, mahombekombe enzizi, uye matsime emvura, iri pamatanda kana kuti mapazi chinhambwe kubva mumvura. Kazhinji, imhuka inogara, kunyangwe vamwe vanhu vanogona kutamira kuchamhembe munguva yechando yeSouthern Hemisphere. iripo muChile kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba.
Reference list dzakadai seClements (v2024) inoisa subspecies *brasilianus* kubva kuCosta Rica maodzanyemba kweSouth America yose kusvika kuTierra del Fuego, inofambirana nekuvapo kwayo kwakasimba muSouthern Cone. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvidzidzo zvemunharaunda zvakaona kuti hazviwanzoitiki mune dzimwe nzvimbo; somuenzaniso, zvakaonekwa kamwe chete mukuvandudza masango akavhengana mune mamwe mativi eBrazil, zvichikarakadza kugoverwa kwakaganhurirwa kwomunzvimbomo. kuwanda kunosiyana munharaunda.
Panyaya yekuchengetedza, chikamu chayo chepasi rose IUCN (2025) iLC, zvichireva Kunetseka Kusina. Izvi hazvirevi kuti kunetsana hakuna; munzvimbo chaidzo inogona kunzi ine dambudziko nekuda kwemakoroni ayo kana kudya kwayo hove, asi pasi rose haitarisana nekutyisidzirwa kunokanganisa mhando yacho yese. IUCN chikamu: LC.
Habitat uye zuva nezuva maitiro
Hugaro hwayo hwechisikigo hunosanganisira zvese zviri zviviri mvura yakachena uye ine munyu, munzvimbo dzinodziya uye dzinotonhora, nzvimbo dzinogara vanhu, nzizi, madziva, estuaries, uye nzvimbo dzine madhaka. Kunyange zvazvo ichibudirira mumvura dzomumhenderekedzo yegungwa, inowanzofarira mvura dziri mukati menyika, umo zvokudya zvakawanda uye makwikwi angava mashoma. inochinjika kumvura yakachena uye ine munyu.
Iyi ishiri inodya zuva nezuva uye inonyura mumvura, ine mukurumbira wokunyura pasi pemvura zvachose yozokwira mudenga kuti iomese minhenga yayo nemapapiro akatambanudzwa. Ichi chimiro chephotogenic chinokonzerwa nekuti minhenga yaro haina mvura zvachose, izvo zvinovandudza kushanda kwe diving asi zvinoda kuomesa mushure mezuva rega rega rekuredza. chikamu chisingapindi mvura pasi.
Zvakajairika kuiwana yakazorora pamahombekombe, pamatombo, pamiti, pamatanda, kana kuti kunyange waya, ichifarira pamusoro pezvikomo zvinoibvumira kurinda uye, sezvineiwo, kupiswa nezuva. Mumadziva asina kudzika, inoshandisa zviri nyore mapango efenzi kana matavi akaderera kubva kwainoongorora zvakaipoteredza uye kuongorora mikana yekuredza ingangovapo. inoda mapeji akakwirira.
Kana ichifamba mumapoka, inogona kubhururuka yakavhurika V-maumbirwo, yakajairika kuona kune ese madhadha uye cormorants. Kuti ivhare madaro, inobhururuka pakakwirira; uye nokuda kwekudya kwenzvimbo, inofamba pakati pe-level kana kuskimming mvura. V-kuumbwa.
Kuzivikanwa uye morphology
Neotropical cormorant ishiri yepakati-kusvika-yakakura-yakakura pakati pemakoromondi ekondinendi: inosvika anenge 70-75 cm pakureba, ine mapapiro akaenzana e100 cm, uye huremu hunorema hwe1-1,5 kg. Vanhu vekuMaodzanyemba vanowanzova nemhando dzakati kurei kupfuura hama dzavo dzekuchamhembe. kureba kwemapapiro ~ 100 cm.
Silhouette yaro yakasiyana zvikuru: muviri mutete, muswe wakareba, usina mapapiro, wakanongedza, uye mutsipa unowanzobata muchimiro cheS. Kana ichienzaniswa nehombe hombe, yakaonda uye yakawanda compact, izvo zvakakosha kuti urambe uchifunga kana uchivaziva uri kure. muswe wakareba uye mutsipa wakaita S.
Manhenga emunhu mukuru ane dema kazhinji ane pahuro kubva kuyero kusvika kuchestnut. Munguva yekuberekesa, inokura zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana: muganhu mutete muchena wakatenderedza pahuro isina chinhu uye chena tuft kuseri kwenzeve. Iyi "nuptial decoration" inoita kuti inakidze zvakanyanya padhuze. white gular border panguva yekuberekesa.
Vana vechidiki vane ruvara rusina kusimba, rushava kana sooty, uye matumbu avo anoratidzika kunge akareruka kana ivo vasina kukura. Shanduko kuenda kumunhu mukuru minhenga inosviba yunifomu, kuitira kuti toni yose ive homogeneous nekukura. juvenile brownish minhenga.
Nepadhuze, anosiyaniswa nemuromo webrown une muromo wakakochekerwa—chokushandisa chakanyatsokwana chokubata hove—makumbo matema, uye chigamba cheganda reyero rakashama pamuromo. Rudzi rwemaziso avo, runotsanangurwa se "calypso" mune dzimwe cherechedzo dzeChile, rinonyanya kushamisa, rinowedzera zvishoma zvinozivikanwa zvekunaka kwavo. ziso rebhuruu-ruvara.
Zvokudya uye nzira dzokubata hove
Chikafu chayo chinonyanya piscivorous: menyu yaro inosanganisira hove diki, kunyangwe inobatawo tadpoles, matatya, zvipembenene zvemumvura, uye madiki crustaceans kana mukana ukamuka. Inyanzvi inoona nezvekushandisa mukana inoongorora zvine hungwaru matumbi emvura kusvika yawana zvikoro kana munhu akabatwa. kudya kazhinji piscivorous.
Kuti ivhime, inonyura, ichizvifambisa nemakumbo ayo, uye inogona kusvika pakadzika kunoshamisa—kune zvinyorwa zvokunyura kusvika pamamita 20—ichifamba nounyanzvi hukuru pasi pemvura. Inowanzodya mumapoka, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kuisa pfungwa pahove uye kuwedzera kubata kwayo. kunyura kwakadzika uye kugona kwepasi pemvura.
Kubereka uye kutenderera kwehupenyu
Inoumba vaviri vaviri uye inobereka mumakoloni, kazhinji mukubatana nedzimwe shiri dzemvura. Muukuru hwoukuru hwayo, inyanzvi yokuvaka matendere mumiti—kusiyana nedzimwe mhute dzokuChile dzinoda rukangarabwe—dzichishandisa masango ane mafashamo, mibhedha yetsanga, uye dzimwe nguva nzvimbo dzakasanganiswa neshanga. matendere mumiti.
Dendere ipuratifomu yezvimiti, matavi, uye mitsetse mishoma, ine derere repakati panokandwa mazai. Kukura kweclutch kunowanzoita 3 kusvika ku4 mazai, kunyange zvazvo mazamu e2 kusvika ku6 akanyorwa; mazai aya machena, ane calcareous coating, uye anoyera anenge 57 x 36 mm. Uku kusiyanisa muhukuru hweclutch kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakadai sekuwanikwa kwechikafu uye ruzivo rwevaviri. Yakajairika clutch size: 3-4 mazai.
Vese varume nevakadzi vanochinjana kufukura kwemazuva angangoita 25-30. Mushure mekuchechenywa, vabereki vese vari vaviri vanodyisa vana zvakanyanya kusvika pavhiki 11, panguva iyo nhiyo dzinenge dzakagadzirira kuzviriritira. Pakupera kwevhiki 12, ivo vanonzi vakazvimirira. kugoverana incubation ~ 25-30 mazuva.
Inowanzo gadzira bhudhi rimwe chete pagore. Munguva yekuberekesa, mamiriro ekunze anogona kuita ruzha; kunze kwenguva iyoyo, zvisinei, ishiri yakati nyararire, ine kurira uye hasha inorira inova yakakurumbira kana boka richifara. kurerwa kune ruzha mukoloni.
Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti mapazi nemiti yainoberekera inogona kuoma nekuda kweacidity yetsvina yayo. Mumaguta emahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweChileDhadha reAndean rave richionekwa sechipembenene nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, uye vane hunyanzvi (SAG) vakatobvumidza zuva nezuva kutonga quotas (pakurongeka kwegumi kusvika gumi neshanu zvemuenzaniso zvichienderana nenzvimbo). Aya matanho akananga uye anopindura kune mamwe makakatanwa ekutonga. Tsvina inokanganisa zvinomera.
Maitiro uye kutiza
Mumvura, inoshambira yakadzika kwazvo, ine musoro chete, mutsipa, uye kumashure kwekumusoro kunoonekwa pamusoro pepamusoro, zvichiita chimiro chakasiyana. Kuti ibve, inowanzoda "kumhanya" mhiri kwemvura kana pasi kwemamita mashoma isati yasimuka, chiratidziro chinoratidza simba rayo. kusimuka nekumhanya-mhanya.
Kubhururuka kwacho kwakatwasuka, kuine mapapiro ekukurumidza uye dzimwe nguva kutsvedza. Inogona kubhururuka yoga kana mumapoka, ingave yakaderera, iri pakati nepakati, kana kukwira zvakanyanya kana nzira ichida. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, pashure pokudyisa kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, inofamba ichikwira nzizi nehova dzemvura kunopinda mukati menyika umo inorara mumiti iri mujinga merwizi. kutamisa pakati pehove nenzvimbo dzekurara.
Kusimba kwavo kunoshamisa: kune marekodhi ehuwandu hwevanhu vari munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemadziva eAndean, seLake JunÃn (Peru, pa 3.932 m pamusoro pegungwa) kana Laguna Cotacotani (Tarapacá, Chile, inosvika 4.800 m pamusoro pegungwa), iyo inosimbisa kugona kwavo kunoshamisa kwekugadzirisa. Andean altitudes.
Subspecies uye geographical variation
Muchikamu chinoichengetedza semhando imwe chete, mapoka maviri makuru anozivikanwa: yekumaodzanyemba (brasilianus) uye yekuchamhembe (mexicanus). Nzvimbo dzekare dzinobva kuCosta Rica kumaodzanyemba kuburikidza neSouth America kusvika kuTierra del Fuego; iyo yekupedzisira, kuchamhembe kweisthmus, ine misiyano yehukuru uye mavara emapapiro. misiyano yekukura kwenzvimbo.
Vamwe vanyori vakaronga masubspecies *hornensis* kumaodzanyemba (Tierra del Fuego neCape Horn), ine muromo mupfupi zvishoma uye zvishoma zvishoma kuderedzwa kunze kwemuswe, kunyange zvazvo kupatsanurwa kwayo kunoshanda mumunda kwakaoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune avo vanopikisa kuti vagari vekuchamhembe vanokodzera chimiro chemarudzi se *Phalacrocorax olivaceus*. nharo pamusoro petaxonomic status.
Chimiro chinorondedzerwa zvikuru ndechokuti vanhu vokumaodzanyemba, paavhareji, vakakura kupfuura vokuchamhembe. Iyi misiyano yemorphological inoratidzira ecological gradients uye nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka, uye haidzivise boka rese kuti rizivikanwe seyakatetepa, refu-muswe, uye isingashamisiri cormorant. vanhu vakawanda vokumaodzanyemba.
Mamwe cormorants uye zvinogona kukanganisa
Kuti udzivise kuvhiringidza mhuka, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuNorth America kune yakakura uye inorema Phalacrocorax auritus, iyo iyo Neotropic Cormorant dzimwe nguva inofananidzwa kana ichiyera saizi. Kana ichienzaniswa nePhalacrocorax auritus, iyo Neotropic Cormorant idiki, ine zvimiro zvakanaka uye muswe unopa fungidziro yehurefu hukuru. enzanisa saizi neP. auritus.
MuIberian Peninsula, nguva yechando inounza zviuru zvema<em>cormorants makuru ( Phalacrocorax carbo ), ayo anopararira achiyambuka nzizi, nyanza, nemhenderekedzo dzegungwa. Mhuka iyi, zvakare ine minhenga mitema uye muromo wakakochekerwa, inomiririra kune vakawanda vanofarira chiratidzo chechokwadi chechando uye, sehama yavo yeNeotropical, inyanzvi yekuredza mapfumo. Phalacrocorax carbo.
Kuvapo kweiyo great cormorant dzimwe nguva kunokonzeresa kupokana nevabati vehove uye varimi vehove nekuda kwekudya kwayo kunenge kwepiscivorous, uye matanho ekudzora akaitwa mune mamwe matunhu. Zvakangodaro, inoita basa rakakosha rezvakatipoteredza sekudzora huwandu hwehove uye sechiratidzo chemhando yezvakatipoteredza mumitumbi yemvura. inodzora huwandu hwehove.
Imwe cormorant yakajairika pamhenderekedzo yeIberian Atlantic ndiyo European shag (Gulosus aristotelis), inonyatsozivikanwa panguva yekuberekesa necrest yayo. Kusiyana neAfrican gypsy uye the great cormorant, shag yeEurope iri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa uye inobereka pamawere uye zvitsuwa zvine matombo. Gulosus aristotelis: mahombekombe uye matombo.
Imwe maitiro ayo cormorants aya anogovana mapapiro adzo akavhurika kuti aomesa minhenga yawo; mufananidzo unowedzera chimiro kumahombekombe enzizi uye zviteshi, uye unoyemurwa zvakanyanya nevatori vemifananidzo uye vanotarisa shiri. ndakagara nemapapiro akavhurika.
Vocalization, zviwanikwa uye zvinyorwa zvinobatsira
Kunze kweboka racho, ishiri yakati zii; mumwaka wokuberekesa, zvisinei, inogona kuita ruzha, ine guttural uye hasha manzwi ayo anogona kunzwika kure. Marekodhi anobatsira kuona kufona kwayo anogona kuwanikwa mumaraibhurari ekuteerera akadai seXeno-Canto. guttural vocalizations muvadiki.
Kana iwe uchida kuwedzera yako graphic uye tekinoroji zvinhu, repositori se Wikimedia Commons uye Wikispecies inopa maberere uye yakarongeka ruzivo nezve Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus. Iwe uchaona zvakare kuti mamwe dhatabhesi (seachangoburwa ekutarisa) atoratidza zita rekuti Nannopterum, mhedzisiro yetaxonomic shanduko yakarongwa muna 2014. repositories: Wikimedia, Wikispecies.
Mabhuku mazhinji achiri kutaura chiremera chaGmelin (1789) chezvipenyu, zvichiratidza nhoroondo refu uye yakadzokororwa yenomenclatural mumazana emakore. Iwe uchaona zvakasiyana-siyana sePhalacrocorax brasilianum kana Nannopterum brasilianum zvichienderana nekuti imwe neimwe sosi inogadzirisa sei epithet kune genus, asi shiri yakafanana. chiremera: Gmelin (1789).
Mufananidzo wemumunda wakajairika unoiratidza yakamhara pamatanda efenzi mumadhamu asina kudzika, inogara iri mukati memvura inoyevedza, yakagadzirira kunyura mheni. Pamazuva ane mhepo, hazvisi zvisizvo kuiwana ichiomesa minhenga ichirwisana nemhepo, ichishandisa zvakanyanya nguva yayo kusvika pakuvhima kunotevera. zvinotumirwa senge perch yenguva dzose.
Chero ani anotarisisa achaona mhuka yakagadziridzwa zvisingaite: minhenga inonyorova kuti inyure zviri nani, makumbo anoshanda semapropeller, muromo wakakombama kuti ubate mhuka inotsvedza, uye hunhu hwekugarisana hunoenderana nenguva, hunoibvumira kuvhima yoga kana muchikwata. kugadziriswa kwekubata hove.
Nezvose zviri pamusoro apa mupfungwa, hazvishamise kuti iyo Neotropical cormorant inonakidza uye ine gakava: nekuda kwekunaka kwayo kushoma, kuchinjika kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza, basa rayo mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvipenyu zvemumvura, uye kupokana kwadzo neapo neapo nezviitiko zvevanhu. Kuinzwisisa zvakanaka kunotibatsira kukoshesa kuvapo kwayo nekugadzira nzira dzekutonga dzenzvimbo dzine musoro, kunyanya munzvimbo dzainoungana kuti dziberekere kana uko kudya kwayo kuri nyaya yekukakavadzana. vachigara nenyika dzavo.