La Hondo yeKuzvitonga yeAlgeria Yaiva imwe yehondo dzakaipa zvikuru dzemuzana remakore rechi20. Pakati pa1954 na1962, yakarwisanisa sangano reAlgeria renyika, raitungamirirwa neNational Liberation Front (FLN), neFrance, raida kuchengetedza chero nzira iyo yaiona sechikamu chakakosha cheRepublic. Yaiva hondo yehondo yemagandanga, hugandanga, kurwisa kwechisimba, uye kutambudzwa kwakarongeka, izvo zvakagara zvichiratidza kurangarira kweFrance nenyika yeArabhu.
Mumakore aya nzira dzavo dzaisangana zvikonzero zvenhoroondo zvekare, zvido zvehupfumi, makwikwi epfungwa, uye kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda pakati peHondo Yemashoko. Kurwisana kwacho kwakaguma neEvian Agreements nerusununguko rweAlgeria, asi kwakasiya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakafa, kubuda kwevanhu vakawanda vekuEurope - vanonzi pieds-noirs - uye nhamo yevaHarkis, maAlgerian akarwa pamwe chete neFrance ndokusiyiwa vasina mugumo wavo.
Nhoroondo yekoloni uye mavambo emakakatanwa
Kuti tinzwisise kuguma kwehondo, zvakakosha kudzokera shure kuzana remakore rechi19, apo France yakapinda nechisimba muAlgeria muna 1830., chiitiko chinowanzoitika umambo hukuruIchishandisa mukana wekushaya simba kweUmambo hweOttoman uye ichishandisa hutsotsi hwemagandanga pamwe nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika sechikonzero, France yakazopedzisira yaita kuti koloni iyi ive chikamu cheFrance chakabatana zviri pamutemo, chakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi kwete kungodzivirira, kusiyana neMorocco kana Tunisia.
Nyika yakasimba yeEurope yakagara munzvimbo iyi, inozivikanwa se pieds-noirsNyika iyi, yaiumbwa nevaFrance, asiwo nevaItaly nevaSpain, yakatora kutonga kwenyika nepfuma, ichitonga hurumende uye ichidzivisa kunyange shanduko dzakaderera dzaikwanisa kuvandudza hupenyu hwevaMuslim vazhinji.
Kubva pakutanga, mutemo wekuva vagari vemo waive usina kujeka. Vagari venzvimbo iyi vaizivikanwa sevanhu vane Rudzi rweFrance, asi kwete ugari hwakazaraMukutonga kwaNapoleon III, muna 1865, maAlgeria aibvumirwa kunyorera hugari hweFrance, asi maMuslim aifanirwa kuramba mutemo weSharia muhupenyu hwavo, uyo vazhinji vaiona sekunge kutsauka pakutenda. Zvisinei, muna 1870, hugari hweFrance hwakangoerekana hwapihwa kumaJuda ekuAlgeria, chisarudzo chakakonzera ruvengo nekuwedzera kweruvengo pakati pemapoka eMuslim, avo vaivaona sevatsigiri vesimba remakoloni.
Mumakumi emakore apfuura, sezvo zvivakwa, zvikoro, uye mabasa ehutano zvakavakwa, [zvisina kujeka] zvakabatanidzwa chimiro chemagariro evanhu chisina kuenzana zvakanyanyaVagari vemakoloni vaiwana mugove mukuru wezvikomborero zvehupfumi nesimba rezvematongerwo enyika, nepo vanhu vechiMuslim vaideredzwa pabasa rechipiri, vasina mukana wekuwana dzidzo kana zvinzvimbo zvesimba. Pakupera kwenguva yekoloni, vana vechiMuslim vashoma 15% vakanga vanyoresa kuchikoro, uye huwandu hwevadzidzi vechiMuslim muchikoro chesekondari hwakanga husingakoshi.
Kutungamirirwa kwezuva nezuva kwenharaunda dzechiMuslim kwakawira pasi pe akadonhaVamiririri vemunharaunda vaiva nesimba guru pamusoro pevanhu. Vaiwanzoshandisa vavakidzani vavo nekubatsirana kwevakuru veFrance, vaidzora mavhoti, uye vaiona kuti Hurumende yeAlgeria yaiwana mhedzisiro yaidiwa. Ainzi "makomunisheni akasanganiswa," ane ruzhinji rwevaMuslim, aitongwa nevakuru vakagadzwa kubva kumusoro, zvichisimbisa pfungwa yevaAlgeria yekushaya simba mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Kumuka kwerudzi uye kudzvinyirirwa kweFrance
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, umo maAlgeria mazhinji akashanda se matirailleurs Mukati meuto reFrance, pfungwa dzekuzvitonga, dzakakurudzirwa neFourteen Points dzaWoodrow Wilson, dzakatanga kupararira zvakanyanya. Vazivi vezvematongerwo enyika nevanhu vechitendero, vanozivikanwa semaUlema, vakatanga kuda kuenzana, kuzvitonga, uye, kune vamwe, kuzvitonga kwakazara.
Munguva yehondo, zvinotevera zvakabuda masangano ekutsigira nyika vakaita seÉtoile Nord-Africaine (1926), yakabatana necommunism yeFrance uye yakatungamirwa nevanhu vakaita saMessali Hadj. Kunyangwe sangano iri rakaparadzwa nevakuru, rakaita kuti pave neAlgerian People's Party (PPA), iyo yaida kuzvitonga kwakakura. Mapato ese aya akarambidzwa mumhirizhonga yakasiyana-siyana, uye vatungamiriri vavo vakaiswa mujeri kana kutumirwa kuhutapwa, izvo zvakawedzera kushatisa sangano iri zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, maAlgeria akarwira kusunungura France aitarisira shanduko dzakadzama uye kuenzana kwechokwadi kwekodzeroMuna 1944, kuenzana kwekodzero kwakaziviswa zviri pamutemo, uye Mutemo waLamine Gueye wa1946 wakapa hugari kune vese vagari vemumadhipatimendi ekunze kwenyika. Mutemo wa1947 waive nechinangwa chekugadzirisa chinzvimbo cheAlgeria nekupa kodzero dzakawanda kumaMuslim, asi hauna kuzomboshandiswa: vagari vemo vakabiridzira sarudzo dzeAlgerian Assembly muna 1948 na1951, vachibvisa chero chiratidzo cherudzi rweAlgeria kubva mukumiririrwa kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Chikamu chikuru chechikamu ichi chaive kuurayiwa kweSétif naGuelma, muna May 1945Kuratidzira kwerudzi, kwakadzvinyirirwa nechisimba nemapurisa, kwakakonzera mhirizhonga nemhirizhonga kubva kuvaEurope nevaMuslim. Mhinduro yeFrance yakanga isina kuenzana zvakanyanya: kubhomba, kuparadzwa kwemisha, uye zviuru zvevanhu vakafa muAlgeria. Kunyange zvazvo kudzvinyirirwa kwakaparadza hunhu hwenyika munguva pfupi, kwakaparadza kutenda munzira yepamutemo uye ine mwero yekuchinja mune ramangwana.
Mumakore gumi a1945-1954, vatungamiriri vakaita se Ferhat Abbas Vakaedza kutevera nzira yeparamende, vachitora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika zveFrance uye vachitsigira kuenzana nekuzvitonga muRepublic. Zvisinei, kubiridzira musarudzo kwakarongeka uye kusava nehanya kweParis kwakakanganisa hurongwa uhwu. Panguva iyi, bato raMessali Hadj, iro rinonzi MTLD (Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms), rakasangana nekukakavadzana mukati, uye bapiro raro rakasimba rakagadzira Special Organization (OS), chinhu chakavambwa pachivande chakazvipira kugadzirira kurwa nezvombo.
Kutanga kweHondo yeAlgeria
Kubva muOS yaizobuda muna 1954 iyo Sangano reNational Liberation Front (FLN)Vakatsunga kusiya nzira yepamutemo vosarudza kumukira hurumende, boka iri pakutanga raive neboka diki, risina zvombo zvakakwana uye risina zviwanikwa, asi vaive netsika dzakasimba uye vaine chokwadi chekuti mhirizhonga chete ndiyo yaizokonzera kuti France iite chimwe chinhu. Vatungamiriri veFLN vakaedza kubatanidza mapoka eMTLD, asi hapana boka raMessali Hadj kana raLahouel raida kubvuma, zvichisiya FLN iri musimboti wehutongi hutsva hwenyika.
Musi wa1 Mbudzi, 1954, mune inonzi Toussaint Rouge (Operation All Saints Red), mauto eFLN akatanga kurwisa kwakarongeka pahondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemauto nedzevanhuwo zvavo muAlgeria yese. Kunyangwe France yakanga ichiri muhondo muIndochina, Morocco, neTunisia, Algeria yakakurumidza kuita izvi: kusungwa kwevanhu vazhinji, kusimbiswa kwemauto, uye mabasa ekutanga ekurwisa zvimurenga, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadai seAurès Mountains.
Nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa neFLN kuita nzvimbo dzehondoVatungamiriri vakaita saMustapha Ben Boulaïd (Aurès), Krim Belkacem (Kabylia), Larbi Ben M'Hidi (dunhu reOran), Rabah Bitat (Algiers), naMourad Didouche (kuchamhembe kweConstantine) vakagovana basa rekuronga sangano remagandanga. Nzvimbo yega yega yaive nerusununguko rwakakura mukutsvaga varwi, kuunganidza mari, uye kuronga mashandiro, izvo zvakaita kuti sangano ripararire kunyangwe hutungamiriri hwepakati hwakaramba husina kusimba.
Pakutanga, ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAlgeria havana kutsigira zvakanyanya kumukira hurumende. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti paive varwi vari kushanda pasi pemazana mashanu pakutanga kwehondoAsi kusanganiswa kwekudzvinyirirwa kwemauto eFrance, kubhomba, uye kumanikidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuFLN zvakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakutanga kurwiswa kwacho kwaitevera mutemo wekudzivirira kufa kwevanhuwo zvavo, kunyange hazvo kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwakafanana nekwakaitika muPhilippeville muna 1955, uko vanhu vanopfuura zana vakafa, kwakatevera nekukurumidza, uye mhinduro yeFrance yakatevera yakauraya zviuru zvevanhu vekuAlgeria.
Panguva imwe chete, FLN yakaita hondo yekuuraya hama dzavo neAlgerian National Movement (MNA) naMessali Hadj, kuti amutorere chimiro cherudzi. Kurwisana uku kwakaitika muAlgeria uye pakati pevanhu vekuAlgeria vari kunze kwenyika muFrance, uko kurwisana pakati pevarwi vemasangano ese kwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vanosvika zviuru zvishanu munguva yehondo.
Kurongeka kweFLN uye kukura kwehondo
Pakati pa1956 na1957, hurongwa hweFLN hwakava hwehunyanzvi. Kongiresi yeSoummam Chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika nehondo chakajeka chakatangwa: nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa kuita maWilaya makuru matanhatu, akakamurwa kuita matunhu, matunhu, uye zvikamu. Dunhu rega rega raive ne katiba yevarume vanenge zana kana zana nemakumi maviri vakashongedzerwa zvakanaka, vachitsigirwa nevashandi vekubatsira vasiri varwi (musibilin) izvo zvaipa ruzivo, pekugara, uye zvekushandisa.
Kongiresi iyi yakaisawo chinhu chakakosha: kupa kukosha kwakawanda kusangano rezvematongerwo enyika nerehutungamiriri kupfuura yemauto chete. Chinangwa chaive chekutsiva hurumende yeFrance pese paikwanisika, kuronga kuunganidzwa kwemitero, kutonga kururamisira, uye kuparadzira zvinangwa zvesangano, kusimbisa hukama pakati pemagandanga nevanhuwo zvavo. Nzvimbo iyi yezvematongerwo enyika yaizova, kubva muna 1958 zvichienda mberi, imwe yenzvimbo huru dzainangwa nemauto eFrance.
Mumaguta, FLN yakasarudza "kuendesa hondo" kunzvimbo dzemaguta nekufonera kuratidzira kwakajairika uye kuratidzira mabhombaDanho rakakurumbira zvikuru rekuita izvi raive Hondo yeAlgiers (1956-1957), apo vakadzi vaishandiswa sevanhu vanotakura mabhomba, macafe, mahofisi, nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji zvaibhombwa, uye kuuraya vanhu kwakaitwa. General Jacques Massu akapihwa mukana wekuti adzorere runyararo, achishandisa kutambudza pachena, kutsakatika kwevanhu, uye kudzvinyirira vanhu vazhinji.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, kunyange hazvo FLN yakaparadzwa nemauto muAlgiers, Mufananidzo weFrance wepasi rose wakaparadzwaMabhuku, mishumo, nemafirimu akazotevera aizoratidza kuti democracy yeEurope yakashandisa sei nzira dzehondo dzakashata, izvo zvakakonzera tsitsi dzepasi rose nekuda kweAlgeria. Kuderera kwetsika uku kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yezvematongerwo enyika yehondo iyi.
Mumunda, mapoka eNational Liberation Army (ALN, bapiro reFLN) aiita basa re hondo yechinyakare yemagandangaZvinangwa zvavo zvaisanganisira kudzivirira kurwa kwepamberi, kurwisa mapatiro, uye kuparadza njanji, migwagwa, migodhi, uye mabasa ekurima ekuEurope. Munzvimbo dzakadai seAurès, Kabylia, kuchamhembe kweAlgiers, nedunhu reOran, vakakwanisa kudzora zvishoma nzvimbo iyi, kuunganidza mitero, kutsvaga varwi, uye kuronga hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunyangwe vakatadza kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakagadzikana vachirwisa mauto eFrance.
Mhinduro yeFrance: kurwisa kupandukira uye chisimba chakanyanya
France yakatumira zvombo zvakawanda zvehondo. Munguva yehondo yese, yakagadzirira kurwisa masoja ari pakati pe400.000 neanopfuura 600.000kusanganisira mapoka epamusoro eparatrooper, Foreign Legion, nemauto ekoloni. Maherikoputa, ndege, zvombo zvehondo, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, napalm zvakashandiswa. Panguva imwe chete, makumi ezviuru zvevaMuslim vekuAlgeria, vanonzi Harkis, avo vaishanda semasoja ekubatsira, vatungamiriri, vapi vemashoko, kana kuti mauto eparamende.
Chinhu chikuru chehurongwa hweFrance chaive Chikamu Administrative Specialisée (SAS), yakagadzirwa pakati pemakore ekuma1950. Mapurisa anozivikanwa se kepis yebhuruu Vakaita mabasa ehurumende munzvimbo dzekumaruwa: dzidzo, hutano, mabasa eruzhinji, uye mabasa eruzhinji, vachiedza kutorera simba reFLN pamusoro pevanhu. Panguva imwe chete, vakaunganidza ruzivo rwemabasa ehondo. Mari haina kukwana, uye kushandira pamwe kubva kuhurumende yehurumende kwakanga kushoma, saka chirongwa ichi hachina kumbokwanisa kudzikamisa kupararira kweFLN.
Hondo yacho yaisanganisirawo mashandiro emureza wenhemaFrance yakaronga mapoka akaita seFrench Algerian Resistance Organisation kuti aite kurwiswa kwaigona kunzi kwakakonzerwa nevapanduki uye kuvharira chero kufambira mberi muhurukuro. FLN, kune rumwe rutivi, yaive nezviitiko zvakaita seForce K, boka revanofungidzirwa kuti vaitsigira French guerrillas avo vaibatanidzwa neboka iri uye vakazopedzisira vatiza nezvombo nemidziyo yekusimbisa vapanduki.
Imwe nhandare yakaoma zvikuru yaive Mabhinokurasi Ekushanda (Jumelles) Operation Kabylia, yakatangwa muna 1959, yakatumira makumi ezviuru zvemasoja eFrance munzvimbo ine makomo nerutsigiro rwakasimba rweFLN. Hurongwa hwacho hwaive hwekutora nzvimbo dzakakosha—misha, nzvimbo dzinosangana migwagwa, matsime emvura—uye kugadzira mapoka ekupindira nekukurumidza. Mumavhiki mashoma, mauto akakwanisa kuparadza network yakawanda yezvematongerwo enyika yeFLN munzvimbo iyi, kuparadzanisa varwi kubva mumisha, kubvisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemauto ehondo, uye kukurudzira mapoka "ekuzvidzivirira" anopesana nevapanduki.
Kupfuura maitiro ehondo, hondo yeFrance yakaratidzwa ne kutyorwa kukuru kwekodzero dzevanhuKwemakumi emakore—kubva pakukundwa muna 1830 kusvika kuhondo yerusununguko—kubhomba kusina kurongeka, kupfurwa, kubatwa chibharo, kuchekwa kwenhengo dzemuviri, kuurayiwa kwechinguvana, kugurwa misoro, uye hutsinye hwemarudzi ese kuvanhu vasina zvombo zvakanyorwa. Vasungwa vazhinji vakakandwa kubva muherikoputa mugungwa kana mugomba risina chinhu, vakavigwa vari vapenyu, kana kuvharirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu asina hunhu.
Nzira dzekutambudza dzaisanganisira kuvhunduka nemagetsi, kurohwa zvakanyanya, kunyura mumvura nenzira yekufananidzira, kusungirirwa makumbo, kurwiswa pabonde, uye kushaya hopeVanhu vekuAlgeria vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri vakavharirwa mumisasa yevasungwa kana kuti "misasa yekuunganidza vanhu," uko mararamiro aioma zvikuru uye vamwe vaimanikidzwa kushanda. Maitiro aya, ayo akarambidzwa muFrance kwemakore, ari kubvumwa uye kukurukurwa pachena kwemakumi emakore gare gare.
Chiyero chepasi rose nekumanikidzwa kwekunze
Hondo yeAlgeria yakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuti Hondo Yemashoko uye mafungu epasi rose ekubvisa hutongi hwenyikaFrance, nhengo yechigarire yeUN Security Council uye ine simba renyukireya riri kukura, yakashandisa simba rayo rezvematongerwo enyika kudzivirira kushorwa pachena, asi mamiriro ezvinhu muAlgeria aishungurudza nharaunda yepasi rose, kunyangwe yaiwanzotarisa zvakasiyana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Nyika dzeArabhu dzakazvimirira, dzakadai se Morocco neTunisiaMushure mekunge vabviswa muhutongi hwemadzinza muna 1956, vakazviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. Vakagamuchira makumi ezviuru zvevapoteri vekuAlgeria uye vakabvumira vamwe vatungamiriri veFLN kuti vapotere munyika yavo, asi pakutanga vakaedza kudzikamisa mabasa ehondo aibva kumiganhu yavo kuti vasaparadzane neFrance.
Muna 1958, FLN yakagadzira Hurumende Yenguva Pfupi yeAlgerian Republic (GPRA) Izvi zvakaratidza kukwira kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvichivakirwa muTunisia. Mutungamiri weTunisia, Habib Bourguiba, akapa rutsigiro rwakakosha rwakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva. Egypt, ichitungamirwa naGamal Abdel Nasser, yakapa zvombo, kudzidziswa, uye chifukidziro chezvematongerwo enyika, ichiratidza kurwa kweAlgeria sechikamu chechinangwa chevaArabhu pamwe nekusangana nemasimba ekumadokero ekoloni.
Soviet Union neUnited States, pasinei nekukwikwidzana kwavo, kazhinji vakabvumirana tsigira maitiro ekubvisa hukoloniMumwe nemumwe nenzira yake uye zvichienderana nezvaanofarira. Dzimwe nguva Moscow yaishanda kuburikidza neshamwari dzakadai seEgypt kana, gare gare, Cuba. Hurumende yaCastro yaipa zvombo nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kuboka reAlgeria, zvichiita kuti hondo ive chiratidzo chekupikisa kukoloni mune inonzi Third World.
Panguva iyi, muFrance, gakava rakanga rava kuchinja kuva dambudziko rechokwadi. dambudziko rehurumendeNyika yeChina, yakanga yatopera simba nekuda kwenguva yehondo nekukundwa muIndochina, yakaramba ichinyanya kuodzwa mwoyo neHondo yeAlgeria: hurumende pfupi, mapoka eparamende, kumanikidzwa kubva kumauto nevagari vekuEurope, uye nzanga yakanga yava kuneta nekugamuchira nhau dzevechidiki vari kufa muhondo isina mugumo wakajeka.
Kuparara kweRepublic yechina uye kusvika kwaDe Gaulle
Kumanikidzwa kwakabatana kwehondo nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaita kuti dambudziko raChivabvu 13, 1958MuAlgiers, matunhu evakoloni, vakuru vemauto, uye chikamu chevanhu vekuEurope vakaronga kumukira kudzivirira chero kutaurirana neFLN uye kumanikidza murume ane simba kuti akwire pachigaro: General Charles de Gaulle, gamba rekurwisana neFrance muHondo Yenyika II.
De Gaulle akabvuma kudzokera kune zvematongerwo enyika uye akapihwa masimba anoshamisa ekunyora Bumbiro idzva reMitemo. Vagari vazhinji nevatungamiriri vemauto vaivimba kuti aizochengeta Algeria iri chikamu cheFrance uye kudzivirira kukundwa kunonyadzisa. Mukuru wemauto akasimbisa kwekanguva, asi akakurumidza kuona kuti Kukunda pasi hakugone kushandurwa kuita mhinduro yakagadzikana yezvematongerwo enyikauye vakatanga kufunga nezvenzira dzakasiyana dzekuzvisarudzira.
Mikana yekutaurirana nzira yekuzvitonga yakaburitsa hasha dzemauto nevagari vemo. Muna 1961, varwi vakakurumbira magakava evajeneraliKuedza kupidigura hurumende muAlgeria kwakakundikana. Kubva mumhedzisiro yacho kwakabuda OAS (Secret Armed Organization), sangano remagandanga raive netsika dzechikoloni rakatanga kurwisa zvisina tsarukano muAlgeria nemuFrance kuti rikanganise kufambira mberi kwekuzvitonga.
Pasinei nematambudziko aya, De Gaulle akaramba akasimba. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, France yakatanga mabasa ehondo akasimba ayo Vakaderedza zvakanyanya kugona kwekurwa kweALN mukati, asi panguva imwe chete akagadzirira nzira yekugadzirisa nyaya iyi, achiziva kuti mari yehondo yehupfumi, yezvematongerwo enyika uye yetsika yakanga isingazogoneki kwenguva refu.
Kukanganisa kwehondo iyi munharaunda yeFrance kwaive kwakakura: zviuru zvemajaya zvakadanwa kuti zviite basa rechiuto, hupfumi hwairema nekuda kwehondo, uye kusawirirana kuri kukura pakati pevanyanzvi, vashandi, nevezvematongerwo enyika vachishora kutambudzwa uye hunhu hwehondo iyi. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akamanikidza hurumende kuti iongorore zvakakomba mukana wekutaurirana neGPRA.
Zvibvumirano zveEvian uye kuguma kwehondo
Mushure mekutaurirana kwekutanga uye hurukuro dzenguva nenguva, France neGPRA vakakwanisa kupedzisa munaKurume 1962 Zvibvumirano zveEvianChibvumirano ichi chakasimbisa kumisa hondo, mamiriro ezvinhu enguva yekuchinja, uye kurongwa kwereferendamu yekuzvisarudzira. Chaisanganisirawo nhevedzano yezvivimbiso zvevanhu vekuEurope vanogara muAlgeria uye kune vanhu vekuAlgeria vakashandira France, kunyangwe zvakawanda zvezvivimbiso izvi zvaisaremekedzwa mukuita.
Kumiswa kwehondo hakuna kuunza rugare ipapo ipapo. OAS yakawedzera kurwisa kwayoVachiedza kudhonzera vagari vemo muhondo yakasununguka uye kumanikidza mauto eFrance kuti apindire vachipesana nemaitiro aDe Gaulle, Algiers yakasangana nemavhiki ekusagadzikana, nekuponda, kuba, uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso pakati pemapoka emagandanga ekuEurope nevamwe vaimbove nezvombo. Kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwakaitika musi wa26 Kurume 1962, uko vanhu vanosvika makumi manomwe vakafa uye mazana akakuvara, kwakaratidza kutanga kwekubva kukuru kwevagari vemo.
Musi wa8 Kubvumbi, 1962, referendamu muFrance yakabvumidza zvibvumirano nevanhu vanopfuura mumwe chete. Mavhoti makumi mapfumbamwe muzana (90%) anotsigiraRuzhinji rwevanhu vekuFrance rwakanga rwatogamuchira pfungwa yekubvisa hutongi hwenyika, kunyangwe vakasiya basa. Nguva pfupi yadarika, muAlgeria, referendamu yekuzvitonga yakasimbisa chishuwo cheruzhinji chekuzvitonga.
Musi wa5 Chikunguru 1962, France yakazivisa zviri pamutemo kuti rusununguko rweAlgeriaNyika itsva yakazvarwa kuNorth Africa, mushure memakore angangoita masere ehondo yakasununguka uye makore anopfuura zana ekutonga kwevakoloni. Hurumende yechinguvana yakatora simba, uye mushure menguva yekusawirirana mukati, Ahmed Ben Bella akava purezidhendi wekutanga weAlgerian Republic.
France, kurutivi rwayo, yakadzivisa kukundwa kwemauto zviri pamutemo—uto rayo harina kukundwa muhondo yakakosha—asi raifanira kutarisana nechokwadi chehondo yaisazokundwa mune zvematongerwo enyika. Hondo yeAlgeria yakava dambudziko renyika, rakafanana nenzira dzakawanda nezvakaita Vietnam kuUnited States.
Migumisiro yevanhu, yezvematongerwo enyika uye yemagariro evanhu
Huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa muhondo hunoshamisa. Nhamba dzacho dzinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, asi zvinowanzotaurwa kuti Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vekuAlgeria vafa —mamwe fungidziro anosvika hafu yemiriyoni kana kutoti miriyoni— uye vagari vekuFrance vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu vakaurayiwa kana kutsakatika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti varwi veFLN neMNA vanopfuura zviuru zana nemakumi mana chete vakaurayiwa nemauto eFrance. Pamusoro pezvo, vanhu vekuAlgeria vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri vakapfuura nemumisasa yekuvharirwa kana "kuunganidzwazve".
Mumashoko ehuwandu hwevanhu nemagariro evanhu, kuzvitonga kwakaunza kubuda kwevanhu vakawanda. pieds-noirsPavanhu vekuEurope vanosvika mamiriyoni 1.1 vakanga vagara muAlgeria, vanenge 170.000 chete ndivo vakasara mushure memwedzi mishomanana chete. Vakatiza nekukurumidza, vachisiya pfuma yavo, mabhizinesi avo, nemararamiro avo ese. Kudzoka uku kwakawanda kuFrance kwakakonzera kusawirirana munharaunda nezvematongerwo enyika, uko vazhinji vakanzwa vakatengeswa kaviri: nehurumende yeFrance, iyo yakakundikana kudzivirira chinzvimbo chayo muAlgeria, uye nevanhu vekuAlgeria, vavaionawo se "nyika yavo".
Rimwe boka rakanyanya kukanganiswa raiva HarkisVanhu vekuAlgeria vakamboshanda muzvikamu zvekubatsira zvemauto eFrance kana kuti vakamboshanda pamwe chete nehutongi hwevaivepo panguva yekoloni. Vanhu vanosvika 150.000 vakarongwa kuva maharka, uye vamwe vazhinji vakashanda muhutongi, makambani eFrance, kana kuti vaiva nhengo dzemhuri dzakasanganiswa.
Zvibvumirano zveEvian hazvina kusanganisira nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira maHarkis. Mushure merusununguko, Vakashorwa sevatengesi nezvikamu zvikuru zvevanhu vekuAlgeria. Makumi ezviuru akatambudzwa, akaurayiwa, kana kutambudzwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanopfuura 100.000 vanogona kunge vakaurayiwa muzviito zvekutsiva. Zviuru zvakati wandei zvakakwanisa kutizira kuFrance, uko vana vavo nhasi vanoumba nharaunda yakakura inoramba ichida kuzivikanwa nekururamisirwa.
Munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, Algeria ichangobva kuzvitonga yakatendeukira ku muenzaniso wemaitiro echisosharisiti uye pan-Arabist, vachitungamirirwa nepfungwa dzaNasser uye rutsigiro rweSoviet bloc. Zviwanikwa zvakaiswa munyika, shanduko dzezvekurima dzakaitwa, uye kuedza kwakaitwa kuvaka nyika yakasimba inokwanisa kukunda kupatsanurwa kwakagara nhaka kubva munguva yekoloni. Zvisinei, kusawirirana kwemukati pakati pemapoka asina chekuita nechitendero, echiIslam, neechisosharisti, pamwe chete nemasimba echinyakare, zvakaramba zviripo uye zvaizoumba nhoroondo yeAlgeria mumakumi emakore akatevera.
MuFrance, gakava iri rakakurumidzisa kuguma kwehumambo hwekare hwekoloni uye rakamanikidza kufunga patsva zvizere nezvemitemo yekunze kwenyika uye kuzivikanwa kwenyikaKurasikirwa neAlgeria, iyo yakazviti "yechiFrench chisingachinjiki kwemakumi emakore," kwakaunza kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Nhaurirano pamusoro pehondo, kutambudzwa, mutoro wenyika, uye kurangarira varwi vehondo nevakabatwa yaizoramba iripo kwezvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.
Mutsika nekurangarira kwevanhu, Hondo yeAlgeria yakakurudzira vazhinji mabasa ekunyora, rondedzero dzenhoroondo nemafirimuMafirimu akaita se "The Battle of Algiers" yaGillo Pontecorvo, ayo anoratidza zvakajeka hondo dzemumaguta nekudzvinyirirwa kweFrance, kana mafirimu akazotevera anotaura nezvedambudziko rema pieds-noirs, ma harkis, uye kukanganisa nzanga yeFrance kwenguva refu, akabatsira kuchengetedza gakava pamusoro penyaya iyi yekare isina kugadzikana asi yakakosha.
Kana tichitarisa zviri pachena, kuguma kweHondo yeAlgeria neEvian Accords hazvina kungoreva kuzvarwa kwenyika itsva muMaghreb chete, asiwo kuguma kunorwadza kwedenderedzwa refu rekoloni yeFranceKubatanidzwa kwekurwisa zvombo, kumanikidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda, kubviswa kwemasimba emukati menyika, uye kushanduka kwezvematongerwo enyika muParis pakupedzisira kwakakunda kuedza kuramba uchitonga chero zvodini. Chiitiko cheAlgeria chakava nzvimbo inokosha yekutarisa maitiro ekubvisa hutongi hwemuzana remakore rechi20 uye zviratidzo zvakaoma zvavakasiya kumativi ese ehukama hwekare hwehumambo.
