ari Planetary Movements, munhau yose zvakakwevera ngwariro yomunhu, pamusoro pokucherekedza uye fundo dzinotevera dzemitumbi yomudenga. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, dzidziso dzinoedza kutsanangura kufamba kwemitumbi iyi dzakabuda kwemakore akawanda uye mune mamwe mazana emakore. Mumwe wenyanzvi dzekuita ongororo iyi aive Ptolemy wekuAlexandria, achigadzira hurongwa hwekuti Nyika yaizogara pakati peNyika.
Zvinonakidza kuona kuti sei panguva iyoyo, kutsvaga uku kunotaurwa nezvayo, uko kucherechedzwa kunobva nyika, ndiyo yaiva manyuko makuru emashoko, kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kusina ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakawanda sezvakuri nhasi. Ipapo, apo dzidziso inomuka umo Ptolemy airatidza kuti kutenderera kwePasi mamwe mativi emuchadenga aizofamba achitsanangura orbits, ane chimiro chaizova epicycloid.
Panguva ino, chii chinotsanangura epicycloid ndizvo zvaizotsanangurwa nepasi nekufamba kwakafanana denderedzwa, epicycle, iyo pakati yakafamba ichitevedza imwe denderedzwa reradius yakakura inogarwa pakati payo nePasi. Denderedzwa rekupedzisira iri rinonzi deferent. Mukuwedzera kune iyi rondedzero, kwakanga kune dzimwe dzakagamuchirwa sedzinoshanda kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kubvira ipapo Copernicus vaifunga kuti mapuraneti ese, kusanganisira Nyika, aitenderera zuva, iro rinenge riri pakati pekutenderera kwadzo.
Nhasi tinoziva kuti kufamba kwekudenga dzakafanana, dzekusingaperi, uye dzakatenderera kana makomboni emhando dzakasiyana siyana. Nekune rumwe rutivi, zviri pachena kuti pakati peSolar System iZuva.Izvi imhaka yokuti nyeredzi zvinhu zviri kure zvinoramba zvakatsiga. Kunyangwe kubva kuPasi zvichiita sekufamba, chokwadi ndechekuti dziri kure kupfuura zvatinofunga uye hadzitenderere zuva.
Kufamba kwepasi
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti aive Galileo akasimbisa dzidziso yeCopernican achiipembedza nemhedzisiro yake yekuedza. Icho chokwadi chekuti mwedzi yeJupiter, iyo ndiyo mapuraneti emishonga, kutenderera kwacho kunoreva kutanga pane zvese kuti hazvisi zvese zvinotenderera Pasi. Kuongorora kwakaitwa, kuburikidza neteresikopu, kwakaratidza kuti nyeredzi, kunze kwekusaonekwa kuwedzera pakushandisa teresikopu, dzinoita kuti afunge kuti dziri kure kwazvo nesu, ndiko kuti, hapana parallax inogona kucherechedzwa.
Iwe unofanirwa zvakare kuverenga: Hunhu Hwemapuraneti matatu akakurisa GASEOUS ESOLAR SYSTEM.
La Kushungurudzika kwaGalileo Kana zvasvika pakuramba achidzivirira dzidziso yeheliocentric yaCopernicus, zvakamutungamira mumatambudziko akakomba, akatarisana nemhosva neBvunzurudzo uye kusungwa mumba make kunze kweFlorence, kwaakangoshanyirwa nemumwe wevadzidzi vake. , vakadai saTorricelli.
Nechikonzero ichi, tisati tataura nezvekufamba kwemapuraneti ese, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti pachayo Nyika ine mafambiro matatu, ayo anoti: kutenderera kwezuva nezuva, shanduko yegore negore, uye kurerekera kwegore kweaxis yayo. The retrograde motion zvemapuraneti Inotsanangurwa nekufamba kweNyika. Nhambwe kubva paNyika kuenda kuZuva idiki kana ichienzaniswa nenhambwe kuenda kunyeredzi.
Kufamba kwemapuraneti nemitemo yavo
Pfungwa dzemunhu dzakakodzera kuyemurwa, nekuti dzinokwanisa kunzwisisa maitiro echisikigo, mushure mekuongorora kwakadzama. Yakanga iri nzira imwe cheteyo yokufunga, iyo yaigona kukudza hunhu hwaiwana muchimiro chakapedzwa chakadaro, uye nouzhinji hwakadaro, musimboti wakapfava zvinoyevedza se mutemo wegiravhiti. Ndizvo chaizvo mutemo uyu unotaura kuti chinhu chose chiri muChadenga chinokwezva chimwe nechimwe chinhu. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani mitemo yekufamba kwepuraneti, kukwezva uku kunofanira kufungwa nezvazvo.
Kukwezva pakati pezvinhu zviviri, kuburikidza ne giravhiti, inoitwa nesimba rekuti chero miviri miviri inoenzana nehuremu hweumwe neumwe uye inosiyana nekupesana neskweya yechinhambwe chiri pakati payo. Wedzera kune izvi chokwadi chokuti chinhu chinopindura simba kuburikidza nekumhanya kwakananga kune simba, nehuwandu hunoenzana nehukuru hwechinhu.
Ndirwo ruzivo urwu rwunodiwa kuti nyanzvi yemasvomhu ine tarenda yakakwana ikwanise kuona kuti mhedzisiro yemisimboti miviri iyi ndeipi. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kutsanangura zvakadzama mhedzisiro yemisimboti iyi uye maitiro emapuraneti, ayo akakosha pakunzwisisa mitemo yekufamba kwepuraneti.
Aya ekupedzisira akaongororwa na Muongorori wenyeredzi wekuGermany Johannes Kepler, uyo akatsanangura zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemitumbi yekudenga iri munzvimbo yepasi rose.
Nechikonzero ichi Kepler aionekwa semurume ane huwandu hwakawanda hwepfungwa dzekuchinja mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Zvisinei, hapana mubvunzo kuti budiriro hurusa yeiyi nyanzvi huru yesayenzi yakanga iri kugadzira dzidziso mitemo yekufamba kwepuraneti.
Kepler's 3 Mitemo
Nezvekufamba kwemapuraneti kune mitemo mitatu yekufamba kwemapuraneti. Pakutanga, nyanzvi yenyeredzi Tycho brahe akarayira Kepler kuti aone zvaainge aona pa Mars orbit. Kubva pane zvinyorwa kubva kune zvidzidzo izvi, zvakabatsira zvikuru kuna Kepler, sezvaakazivisa mitemo yake yekutanga neyechipiri yekufamba kwepasi 4 makore mushure mekufa kwaBrahe, muna 1605. Gare gare, muna 1619, Kepler akabudisa mutemo wechitatu .
Mutemo wekutanga waKepler
Mutemo wekutanga uyu unoratidza kuti mapuraneti mukufamba kwawo achitenderedza Zuva, anotsanangura nzira dzakati sandarara, dzakavharika uye dzine chimiro cheelliptical mune imwe yefoci yayo iZuva. Apa ndipo paunokwanisa kuona dzidziso yeheliocentrism. Nechikonzero ichi, mumutemo wekutanga uyu zvakasimbiswa kuti mapuraneti ese anofamba achitenderedza Zuva mune elliptical orbits uye neZuva pane imwe yenzvimbo dzakanangana dzeellipse yega yega.
Mutemo wechipiri waKepler
Mumutemo wechipiri uyu, ratidza chikamu chinobatana nezuva nepasi chinotsvaira nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi the mutemo wenzvimbo. Chii chinotsanangudza velocity yeareolar senzvimbo yakatsvairwa neposition vector yeplanet inotora Zuva semabviro aro.. Mutemo uyu unogona kuzivisa kuti: "The areolar velocity of a planet is constant through its all trajectory."
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutemo wechipiri uyu unotaura kuti radius vector iyo batanidza chero pasi neZuva tsvaira nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana.
Zvimwe unofarira: ZVINOKOSHA ZVINHU ZVINE ROCKY PLANETS YESOlar SYSTEM.
Mutemo wechitatu waKepler
Apa ndipo pazvinoratidzwa kuti quotient iri pakati peskweya yenguva yeimwe nyika uye iyo cube yehafu-yakakura axis yeellipse inotsanangurwa nepasi, ine kukosha kwakafanana kune dzose. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutemo wechitatu uyu ndiwo unosimbisa kuti kune chero nyika, sikweya yenguva yayo yeparutivi inoenzanirana necube yeavhareji yedaro rayo kubva kuZuva.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sidereal nguva inotsanangurwa senguva yeimwe neimwe. chimurenga chose.
Kunyangwe zvichiita kunge zvakaoma kunzwisisa, ichiri yakanakisa mhinduro kuverenga iyo nzvimbo dzemapuraneti. Zvichida chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa pane zvakawanikwa naKepler ndechekuti mitemo yake miviri yekutanga yakataurwa pasati pagadzirwa materesikopu ekutanga anofefetera aishandiswa nenyanzvi dzemudenga dzakaita saGalileo Galilei. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvidzidzo zvake zvaibva pakuona kwakananga uye kwakadzama, mudenga rakashama.
Zvinofadza chokwadi nezve Kepler
Kunyange zvazvo Kepler pachake aisanzwisisa kuti nei mitemo yake yakanga yakarurama. Pakazobuda pachena mutemo wegiravhiti Isaac Newton, kunzwisiswa kwakakwana kwekufamba kwemapuraneti kwakawanwa. Mitemo yaKepler yaingobva pakuona kutenderera kwepuraneti, asi ichibatanidza simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi raNewton mairi, yakaratidza kushanda kune chero chinhu chipi zvacho chikareruka chinotenderera chihombe.
Kune rumwe rutivi, nhasi hazvionekwi sedambudziko guru kuziva zvigaro uye kutenderera kwemapuraneti Yezuva rezuva. Chikonzero ndechekuti Planetary Motions ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakufanotaura mafambiro emasatellite, akadai seVoyager neCassini. Ngarava idzi dzakashandisa simba rinokweva remapuraneti kuti dzifambe madaro mahombe. Pasina rubatsiro rwaBrahe, mitemo yaKepler naNewton, zvingadai zvisingabviri kuronga nzira dzavo refu.
