La kuberekana kwefungi chinhu chakasiyana chaizvo, semarudzi acho. Iyi ndeimwe yehumambo hushanu hwakasiyana zvakanyanya maererano nehunhu hwezvipenyu zvahwo uye izvi zvinodaro nekuti ivo vanoberekana nenzira mbiri nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuita kudaro, mune ino post ichatsanangurwa zvishoma nezvekuti fungi inogadzirwa sei.
fungi umambo
Fungi chikamu che Eukaryota domain uye Fungi humambo, imwe yevashanu umambo hwezvisikwa zvipenyu inowanzobatwa mubiology, marudzi anopfuura 100.000 akanyorwa uye akatsanangurwa mukati mehumambo uhwu, saka kupatsanurwa kwavo kunosanganisira mazinga akati wandei eiyo classification system (taxonomy) iyo masayendisiti mazhinji akabvumirana mumakore apfuura.
Zvese zvave zvekushanduka-shanduka, kusanganisira zvidzidzo zvebhayoloji, mhuka dzisati dzave dzakaiswa muumambo hutatu chete, mhuka, humambo hwezvirimwa uye humambo hwemaminerari uye fungi dzaive dzakabatana nezvirimwa (saka vakapinda muumambo hwezvirimwa), zvisinei zvaive. zvinotaridza kuti havana autotrophic nutrition asi kuti vanodya pane organic matter vozvishandura kuita simba nezvinovaka muviri kuti varambe vachirarama nekuberekana.
Ipapo ivo vaive nehukama nemhuka asi sezvavaidzidzwa zvakaratidzwa kuti vane sero madziro anoumbwa nechitin (ichi chinhu chavanogovana nemiti), maseru madziro anoshanda sematanho anoramba masimba echisikigo kune ayo anoburitswa zuva nezuva. zuva, tichifunga kuti fungi inogona kuwanikwa mumhando dzakawanda dzenharaunda, nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Muchokwadi, tichifunga nezvezvakatipoteredza ivo vakakamurwa kuita:
- saprophytic fungi: Izvi zvinogona kubva kune zvakasara zvezvimwe zvipenyu, kutaura zvazviri zvinoenderana nazvo kuti zvirarame. Inogona kuva mashizha emiti yakafa kana miti, zvitunha zvemhuka nevanhu, tsvina zvakare.
- Lichenized fungi: Ivo vanobva kune symbiosis pakati pefungus nealgae, rudzi rwembiriso inowira mukati meiyo rondedzero.
- Mycorrhizal fungi: Pano zvakare symbiosis inogadzirwa asi haisi nealgae asi nezvinomera, fungi idzi dzinobatsirwa kubva kune zvicherwa nemvura kubva kumidzi yemiti iyo inoberekwa uye ivo kubva kwavari.
- Parasitic fungi: Maparasite, kusiyana neaya apfuura, haapi mabhenefiti kune zvipenyu zvavanogadzira symbiosis, asi zvinovakuvadza kunyangwe vachivimba nazvo. Pano symbiosis inoratidzwa nefungus kuva parasite uye chimwe chipenyu chihombe.
Chimwe chinhu chinozvisiyanisa kubva kune zvinomera kuti fungi inogadzirwa sei, zvinomera zvinogona kuva ne stomata, kubereka maruva, kumera mhodzi, uye kubva ipapo zvinokura zvakawanda. Mhuka dzinotevedzera uye dzimwe nguva dzine asexual kubereka (mune mamwe marudzi), nepo fungi dzichiberekana kuburikidza nespores mukati me sporangia, izvi zvinogona kugadzirwa mune zvese zvepabonde uye kuberekana. Zvimwe zvirimwa nemabhakitiriya zvinogadzirawo spores.
Kunyangwe nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwehumambo uhwu yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya kupfuura yevamwe, humambo hweFungi hauna kutaurwa zvakanyanya semhuka kana umambo hwezvirimwa. Mycology ndiyo sainzi ine basa rekuvadzidza uye yave ichionekwa seimwe yeakasiyana-siyana uye nezvidzidzo zvakakura, izvi zvinofambidzana nehuwandu hwemhando dzefungi dzakawanikwa nekufamba kwenguva.
Mukuwedzera kune iyo ine maitiro akawanda anofadza mumarudzi akawanda akawanda kupfuura ayo anoonekwa mune humwe humambo, semuenzaniso kudyisa kana chii mhando yekubereka fungi ine, Iwo anoshanda seanonyanya kuora nyaya yakafa yezvisikwa zvehumwe humambo uye ane kukosha kwakakosha mukutenderera kwebiogeochemical.
Howa hunoberekana sei?
Kuberekwa kwefungi zvinonyanya kuitika kuburikidza nespores, spores miviri ine microscopic inoumbwa mufungi ne mitosis uye inogona kunge iine hunhu hwayo zvichienderana nekirasi yefungi maanoitika, nekudaro ichipa mhando dzakasiyana dzespores:
- Ascospore: aya ndiwo anogadzirwa mu asci, angave ari ascomycete fungi
- basidiospore: aya ndiwo basidia, angave ari fungi yekirasi basidiomycetes
- conidium: idzi iasexual spores iyo inogadzirwa zvakanyanya mu deuteromycete fungi
- Ecidospore: Zvinoitika mumhando ye puccinia
- Sporengiospore: Iwo madzimai emhando dzefungi dze zygomycetes
- Glomerospore: Glomal fungi inoberekana nemhando iyi yespores, ndeye chikamu cheZygomcota.
- Oospores: Iyo fungi inoburitsa spores iyi chikamu cheboka reoomycete uye inorondedzerwa sepseudofungi.
- Teliospore: Iyi mhando yespores, senge basidiospores, chikamu chekubereka mubasidiomycete fungi.
- Zygospore: Izvi zvinoonekwa mu zygomycete fungi
- Zoospore: Spores zverudzi urwu zvinogadzirwa nefungi akaiswa mukati meboka reChytridiomycota neboka reOpisthosporidia.
Mushure mokunge spores inogadzirwa mukati me sporangia, inopararira kuti irarame mune chero rudzi rwemamiriro ezvinhu umo fungus huru inogona kuwanikwa, kupararira uku kunogona kuitwa nemhepo, nemiti kana kunyange nemhuka, inogona kunyatsochengetwa zvakakwana. nguva ivo vachiwana chimiro chakakodzera.
Kana mamiriro acho achifarira kumera kwavo, hypha inogadzirwa iyo inogona kukura kusvika 5 mm pasekondi (izvi kana iri nyaya yekupisa fungi), pavanenge vachikura vanonzi mycelia.
Zvino izvo rudzi rwekubereka kwefungal inogona kunge iri yepabonde, isingaite kana kune kunyange mhando dzinogona kuzviita nenzira mbiri. Iyo yekupedzisira inochinjana pakati peimwe neimwe zvichienderana nemamiriro ayo anowanikwa panguva iyo spores ichagadzirwa, izvi imhaka yekuti kuberekana kwepabonde kune zvimwe zvakanakira uye kubereka kweasexual kune vamwe vanogona kushanda zvirinani kune fungus. Kuberekwa kwezvipenyu izvi kwakasiyana-siyana seumambo hwavo hwose.
Mupfungwa iyi, kubereka kwayo kunogona kuwanzosiyaniswa kuita zvikamu zviviri: imwe yakakwana uye imwe isina kukwana, kana teleomorphic kana anamorphic chikamu:
- Chikamu chakakwana: Iyi inonzi teleomorph uye ndeyepabonde, uko kune genetic siyana, inobatsira apo fungus inotsvaga kurarama uye inobudisa zvipenyu zvakati wandei kuitira kuti chizvarwa chitsva chisikwe kana kuti fungal yakasiyana-siyana inogadzirwa. Izvi zvakare zvishoma zvishoma, chimwe chinhu chinoshanda kana fungi iri munzvimbo iyo mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anosiyana.
- Chikamu chisina kukwana: Iyi inonzi anamorph uye ndeye asexual, uko pasina genetic siyana nekuti spore inogadzirwa nefungus uye maitiro ayo anofanana. Mhando iyi yekuberekesa inokurumidza kupfuura kuberekana kwepabonde uye inowanzoitika mumhando idzo dzefungi dzinoda kubereka nokukurumidza mune chimwe chipenyu kana muhuwandu hwemiti.
Kubereka pabonde
Kuberekana pabonde kunogona kutsanangurwa sekuti panosikwa chinhu chipenyu chinotsamira pane zvimwe zviviri, izvi zvinosanganisa masikirwo azvo kugadzira chisikwa ichi chechitatu nekudaro vagovane zvinhu. Iro kupatsanurwa kwesero kunowanzoitika muzvisikwa zvipenyu zve Eukaryota domain. Mune rudzi urwu rwekubereka, mapatya (ayo ari masero anokosha) uye kunyange masero akawanda anoberekwa.
Mupfungwa iyi kuberekana kwepabonde mumhuka Zvinoda kuti pave nezvisikwa zviviri, fungi mbiri munyaya iyi, uye nokudaro kuchinjanisa progametangia kuitira kuti vasanganise (kana vachiwirirana) uye vagadzire rimwe sero rinonzi zygosporangia. Pano fungi inogona kunge yakasiyana zvikuru nevabereki vavo kana kuti vanogona kugovera maitiro akafanana anobvumira kuti vachengetwe mukati mechikamu chekurongeka, mhuri, genus uye marudzi.
Kuberekana kwepabonde kune marudzi akati wandei ezvigadziriso mufungi, sezvazvinogona kuitika nenzira yapfuura, fungi inogona kugadzira magametes ari echikadzi kana murume mukati megametangia. Kana izvi zvasangana mukati mechimiro ichi (mumwe ari murume uye mumwe munhukadzi) kusanganiswa kunoitika, mubatanidzwa wekutanga uyu unonzi plasmogamy uye kana kusanganiswa kwaitwa sero rinogadzirwa rine mapoka maviri emakromosomes.
Izvo zviri pamusoro zvinongoonekwa mune mamwe marudzi efungi, mumhando dzinotsanangurwa sechokwadi, kuberekana kunoumba diploid zygote (ine seti mbiri dzekromosomes) isingarambi kwenguva refu kusvika yave fungus yakakura, inotogadzira imwe spores ye. fungi itsva kuti ibude, iyi inonzi meiosis uye inoitika kana zygote iri mukati mespore inopikisa.
Pakutanga zvakaratidzwa kuti kune akati wandei mafomu espores, aya anogona kuve nehukuru hwakasiyana uye fungi inovaburitsa inogona kuve yemhando ipi neipi, imhaka yemhando iyi kuti kune marudzi akasiyana ekuberekana kwefungi zvichibva pane izvo. chimiro che spores:
- Kana kutamba kwapera planogametes fungus inoumba motile gametes inobata ne cytoplasm uye ipapo fuse.
- Kana kutamba kwapera gametangy anntheridium (ndiyo inodaidzwa nevarume) uye oogonium (inofanana neyechikadzi) inoumbwa, dzinosangana kuburikidza nechubhu ye fertilization uye antheridium inobereka gametic nuclei kune oogonium.
- Kana munhu apihwa gametangial copulation masero anosangana, anoita zygote uye izvi zvinodzivirirwa ne spore mukati me gametangia.
- Kuberekwa kwepabonde kunogona kuonekwawo ne spermatisation uko macells anoumba fungi akada kufanana nesperm remunhu, anosiyana pakuti haana flagellum asi kana asvika paoogonium inoisanganisa.
- Pakupedzisira, kuberekana kwepabonde ne somatogamy Inoratidzwa nekubatanidzwa kwehyphae zvakananga, izvo zvinowanzove zvinomera.Uku kubereka kunoonekwa mufungi nekuoma uye kuumbwa kupfuura mamwe, kunyange zvazvo kubatana kuri nyore.
Kuita zvepabonde
La asexual kuberekana mumhuka, vanhu, fungi kana chero chipenyu chinobva pakuti chimwe chipenyu chinoumbwa kubva kune rimwe kana kupfuura masero emubereki mumwe chete, kureva kuti, hazvidikanwi kuti pave nechimwe chipenyu kuti kubereka uku kugoneke. Zvinoitwa kuburikidza nemaitiro emitotic kana maitiro akadai sefission kana cleavage, apo sero raamai rinotsemuka uye rinopatsanurwa kuita vanasikana masero maviri kana kutopfuura.
Inorasikirwa nekuzivikanwa kwayo kwekutanga nekuti inocheka uye inorega kuve iyo yepakutanga zvisikwa, masiponji ane rudzi urwu rwekubereka uye masero anopatsanurwa nemabuds anogadzirwa mukati memuviri wavo asati aparadzana. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sebudding uye zvinopesana nezvinoitwa nemiti. Apa maspores anomerawo musporangia obva aburitswa kana kuparadzirwa kuti azomera kusvika aita fungus akafanana neakatanga.
Kuberekwa kweAsexual kunogona kutora nzira dzinoverengeka:
- Inogona kunge iri kuburikidza nemuchina we kuparadzaniswa kwe mycelium uko kunokamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvakati kuti umo munhu anogona kubuda uye kubva ipapo zvinoberekana nokukurumidza zvikuru uye muhuwandu hukuru.
- Imwe nzira ndeye gemmation iyo iri nzira yekubereka iyo fungi inofanana nezvimwe zvipenyu zvakadai sebhakitiriya, pano fungus inogadzira yolk umo hafu yezvinyorwa zvayo uye chikamu che cytoplasm chinowanikwa.
- Kubereka kunogonawo kuitika kuburikidza conidia: inova kugadzirwa kweasexual spores inowanikwa muconidiophores, izvi zvinogona kuitwa nebudding kana vanogona chidimbu kubereka astrospores iyo, painokura, inogadzira mamwe fungi akaenzana neyekutanga. Pano iwe unogona kuona conidiogenesis inogona kuve thallic kana blastic, iwo maviri mafomu ekubereka kweasexual mukati mechikamu ichi.
- ari sporangia ivo variwo chikamu cheimwe nzira, mukati mawo ma spores anogara ari asexual asi aya ari mobile kusiyana neanowanikwa muconidiophores. Vanogona kufamba kuti vakure mune imwe nharaunda asi vachiramba vari mukati me membranes.