Pasinei nekuonekwa kwayo kwe teddy bear, koala haina kana hukama nemapere. Imhuka inonzi marsupial inoyamwisa kuAustralia ine bhegi umo vana vayo vanokura. Inopedza anenge maawa mana pazuva ichidya zvikurukuru mashizha eeucalyptus uye inopedza nguva yose yakarara. Tinokukumbira kuti urambe uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi kuitira kuti uwane ruzivo rwese nezveKoalas.
Koala Information
Koala imhando yemarsupial inogara muOceania uye ndiyo yega nhengo yemhuri yePhascolarctidae, yakasarudzika kuAustralia. Yakabatana zvikuru neimwe marsupial iripo, wombat. Inogara munzvimbo dzemahombekombe dzekumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kweAustralia, munzvimbo dzeQueensland, New South Wales, Victoria neSouth Australia.
Inooneka zviri nyore nekukura kwayo isina muswe, musoro muhombe une nzeve dzakaurungana, dzine mvere, uye mhuno hombe yakaita sechipunu. Saizi yaro inosiyana kubva pa60 kusvika 85 centimita uye huremu hwayo huri pakati pe4 ne15 kilogiramu. Rudzi rwavo rwemvere rwunobva kune sirivheri grey kusvika chocolate brown. Mienzaniso kubva kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kazhinji idiki uye isina kusviba muruvara pane iyo kubva kumaodzanyemba, saka inofungidzirwa kuti inogona kuumba yakaparadzana subspecies, kunyangwe iyi thesis ichiri kukurukurwa.
Vanogara munzvimbo dzakacheneswa dzeeucalyptus groves, ayo mashizha ari chinhu chine huvepo hukuru mukudya kwavo. Sezvo chikafu ichi chichipa chikafu chisina kukwana uye macalories, koalas vanorarama hupenyu hwakagara, kazhinji vachirara kusvika maawa makumi maviri zuva rega rega. Zvisikwa zvine kudyidzana kushoma uye hazviratidzi hukama hwepakutanga pakati paamai nevana vavo vanovachengeta. Kurukurirano pakati pevarume vakuru inoumbwa nokuomba kwakasimba uko kunopinza rutyo muvakwikwidzi uye kunobatira kukwezva hadzi.
Hono dzinoganhura nzvimbo yadzo kuburikidza nekuvanda kwehwema huri pachipfuva chavo. Kufanana nemamwe ma<em>marsupial, vana vawo havasati vakura zvakakwana pakuberekwa uye vanokwira pakarepo mu<em>marsupium yaamai vavo kana kuti saga remudumbu, umo vanogara kwemwedzi mitanhatu kana kuti minomwe yokutanga yokuvapo.
Vana vaduku vanonyatsorumurwa pazera regore rimwe. Vane tupukanana tushoma uye zvikara zvomusikirwo, pasinei nokuti vanotyisidzirwa neutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana uye vanoratidzirwa kuutachiona hwechlamydial uye koala retrovirus. Moto wesango nekusanaya kwemvura ndezvimwe zvityisidziro zvinotarisana nekoala.
Pane humbowo hwekuti maAborigines eAustralia akange atovhima zvisikwa izvi uye zvakaratidzwa mungano dzadzo uye art yedombo kwezviuru zvemakore. Kusangana kwekutanga pakati pemuEurope nekoala inozivikanwa kwakaitika muna 1798 uye nyanzvi yezvezvisikwa George Perry akaburitsa mufananidzo wemhuka iyi muna 1810.
Nyanzvi yeBotanist Robert Brown akanyora ongororo yekutanga yakadzama yekoala muna 1814, zvisinei nekuti basa rake rakaramba risina kudhindwa kwemakore 180. Nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi uye muimbi John Gould akadhirowa nekutsanangudza zvisikwa izvi, zvichiita kuti zvipenyu zvizivikanwe kune ruzhinji rweBritish, uye mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX dzimwe nyanzvi dzechiRungu dzakatsanangura zvakanyanya nezve biology yayo.
Nekuda kwechimiro chayo, inozivikanwa pasi rese seimwe yemifananidzo inomiririra yeAustralia, uye zvakare chiratidzo chezvipfuyo zvedunhu reQueensland. Koala yakanyorwa kunge iri panjodzi paInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Hurumende yeAustralia yakanyorawo vanhu muQueensland, New South Wales neCapital Territory sevasina njodzi mumitemo yenyika yavo pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX yakavhimwa muhuwandu hukuru nevagari vekuEurope, kunyanya nekuda kwemvere dzayo. Kutyisidzirwa kwayo kukuru pari zvino kuparara kwenzvimbo yayo yekugara kunokonzerwa nekurima uye kukura kwemaguta. Sezvinongoita mhuka dzesango zhinji dzeAustralia, hazvisi pamutemo kuchengeta koalas semhuka dzinovaraidza, muAustralia nekumwewo pasirese.
Etymology
Phascolarctos cinereus izita resainzi remhuka iyi, iyo genus, Phascolarctos, inobva mumutauro wekare wechiGiriki pháskōlos, zvinoreva kuti 'bhegi', uye árktos, zvinoreva 'bere', nepo iro zita, cinereus, rinobva muchiLatin. uye inoturikira ichiti 'ruvara rwedota'.
Izwi rokuti koala rinobva pashoko rokuti 'gula', iro mumutauro weDharug (mutauro weAustralia weAboriginal), zvinoreva "kwete mvura". Sezvo mhuka idzi dzaisawanzoonekwa dzichiburuka mumiti, zvaifungwa kuti dzaigona kurarama dzisina kunwa mvura. Mashizha eEucalyptus ane mvura yakawanda, saka koala haifaniri kuinwa kakawanda, asi pfungwa yokuti vaisafanira kunwa mvura yakaratidzwa kuva ngano. Kunyange zvazvo mavhawero 'u' akanyorwa nechiperengo cheChirungu kuti 'oo' (pamwewo necoola kana koolah) akazove 'oa', zvichida nekukanganisa.
Mapoka akasiyana echiAborigine ekuAustralia anoshandisa mazita akadai sekuti cullawin, koolawong, colah, karbor, colo, coolbun, boorabee, burroor, bangaroo, pucawan, banjorah kana burrenbong kureva mhuka iyi. Nekuda kwekufanana kwayo nebere , pa dzimwe nguva yakatonzi "koala bere", kunyanya pakati pevakatanga kusvika munzvimbo iyoyo.
Taxonomy uye Evolution
Nyanzvi yemhuka yakazvarwa kuFrance, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, akatanga kunyora koala pasi pezita rekare rekuti Phascolarctos muna 1816, kunyangwe akasarudza kusaipa zita chairo kudzamara awongororazve. Muna 1819, weGermany Georg August Goldfuss akaitumidza nezita rebhinari rokuti Lipurus cinereus asi, sezvo Phascolarctos yakatanga kuburitswa, maererano neInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ine mukurumbira wepamusoro sezita resainzi reiyo genus.
Nyanzvi yechiFrench Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest akasimudza Phascolartos fuscus muna 1820, achitaura kuti zvienzaniso zvine makushe ebrown zvaive zvemhando dzakasiyana pane grey. Mamwe mazita akataurwa nevanyori vekuEurope anosanganisira Marodactylus cinereus naGoldfuss muna 1820, P. flindersii naRené Primevère Chidzidzo muna 1827, uye P. koala naJohn Edward Gray muna 1827.
Koala yakakamurwa pamwe chete nemawombats (mhuri yeVombatidae) nedzimwe mhuri dzatsakatika (sePalorchestes, Thylacoleonidae neDiprotodontidae) mune suborder Vombatiformes yehurongwa Diprotodontia. MaVombatiform ihanzvadzi inoungana kuboka rinosanganisira Macropodiformes (kangaroos uye wallabies) uye Possums. iye Eocene.
Koala yanhasi ndiyo chete nhengo mhenyu yePhascolarctidae, mhuri iyo pane imwe nguva yaibatanidza magenera nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Munyika yese yeOligocene neMiocene, koalas dzaigara mumasango uye dzaive nekudya kushoma. Mamwe marudzi, akadai seNimiokoala greystanesi uye mamwe marudzi ePerikoala, akanga akafanana nekoala yemazuva ano pakukura, nepo mamwe, seaya erudzi rweLitokoala, akanga ari hafu kusvika pazvikamu zviviri muzvitatu saizi yanhasi.
Kufanana nemhando dzemazuva ano, prehistoric koalas yaive neyakasimukira zvimiro zvenzeve, zvichikurudzira manzwi kureba uye maitiro ekugara padanho rekutanga. MuMiocene yose, kondinendi yeAustralia yakatanga kuoma, zvichikonzera kuderera kwemasango uye kupararira kwemasango eucalyptus akacheneswa.
Iyo genus Phascolarctos yakapatsanurwa kubva kuLitokoala pakupera kwenguva iyoyo uye yakagadziridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvakaita kuti ikwanise kurarama nekudya kwakakosha mumashizha eucalyptus, sekugadziriswa kwemukanwa kuenda kumberi kwedehenya, kuwedzera kwehukuru hwe. the molars uye premolars, kuderera kwehukuru hwe pterygoid canal uye mukaha wakakura pakati pemolars uye incisors.
Munyika yose yePliocene nePleistocene, Australia yakachinja mamiriro ekunze nemakwenzi ayo, uye marudzi ekoala akawedzera kukura uye kukura. Kudzikira kwehukuru hwemhuka huru dzinoyamwisa kunoonekwa sechiitiko chinowanzoitika pasi rose muUpper Pleistocene uye dzimwe mhuka dzeAustralia, dzakadai seMacropus agilis, dzinowanzoonekwa semhedzisiro yechiitiko ichi.
Nekudaro, ongororo ya2008 yaipokana neiyo thesis, ichiratidza kuti Phascolarctos cinereus uye Phascolarctos stirtoni yaive nenzvimbo imwechete yekugovera kubva kuMiddle kusvika kuLate Pleistocene kana kunyange kubva kuPliocene. .
Genetics uye Kusiyana
Kune marudzi matatu akasiyana anozivikanwa netsika: koala yeQueensland (P. c. adustus, Thomas 1923), koala yeNew South Wales (P. c. cinereus, Goldfuss 1817), uye Victoria koala (P. c. victor, Troughton 1935). Zvinozivikanwa neruvara nekukora kwemvere dzadzo, kukura kwemuviri wadzo, uye nechimiro chedehenya radzo. Queensland ndiyo idiki pavatatu, ine makushe mapfupi eruvara rwesirivha uye dehenya diki; Victoria's ndiyo hombe, ine dehenya hombe uye mvere refu dzebrown.
Miganhu yekusiyana kwakadaro inotangwa mumiganho yakafanana yematunhu aya uye chimiro chadzo sediki chichiri kukurukurwa. Tsvagiridzo yeGenetic yakaitwa muna 1999 inoratidza kuti misiyano yakadai humbowo hwehuwandu hwakasiyana hunoramba hune muganhu wekuyerera kwemajini pakati pavo uye kuti zvisikwa zvitatu zvinoumba imwechete Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). genetic kusiyana.
Zvakaonekwa kuti munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kwaiva nekusiyana kukuru kwemajini, nepo munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kwaiva nekusagadzikana kuduku uye nepamusoro-soro yekuberekesa, iyo yaienderana nezvimwe zvisizvo zvakanyorwa, pakati pevamwe, mumachende, kumaodzanyemba kwevanhu. Padanho rekondinendi, zviri pachena zvipingamupinyi zvebiogeographic zvinogona kucherechedzwa, zvakaita seBrisbane Valley, Hunter Valley neRwizi rwaClarence, izvo zvinoita kuti kuyerera kwemajini pakati pehuwandu kusaite.
Kuchinja kudiki kwemajini uku kungangove kwaive kwakasiyana nevagari vekoala kubva kumagumo ePleistocene. Zvakaratidzwa kuti nzizi nemigwagwa zvinoganhurira kuyerera kwemajini uye zvinobatsira mukusiyaniswa kwemajini evanhu kubva kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweQueensland. Pakazosvika 2013, vatsvakurudzi veAustralian Museum neQueensland University of Technology vakataura kuti vakanga vabudirira kutevedza genome ye koala..
Koala genome inoumbwa ne16 chromosomes. Centromeres idiki mumarsupials pane eutherian (senge mbeva kana vanhu). 47,5% yekoala genome inoumbwa nekutevedzana kwakadzokororwa, 44% yeizvi zvinhu zvinotapurika. Nezve matunhu ekukodha, 6124 mapuroteni-coding genes akaonekwa.
Hunhu hwepanyama
Imhuka ine muviri wakakura, ine musoro muhombe uye haina kusimba zvakanaka kana kuti muswe.Kureba kwayo i 60-85 centimeters uye inogona kurema pakati pe 4 ne 15 kilograms, izvo zvinoita kuti ive imwe yemhando huru dze arboreal marsupials. Koalas in Victoria anorema zvakapetwa kaviri pane ari muQueensland.Mhuka yacho hairatidzi pachena dimorphism yepabonde, zvisinei kuti varume vane 50% yakakura kudarika vakadzi; izvo zvinosiyanawo neizvi nemhino yadzo yakakombama uye nekuva nepectoral glands (inoburitsa zvinobuda zvinonhuwa), izvo zvinogona kuonekwa semakwapa asina bvudzi.
Anatomy uye Physiology
Sezvinoita mamarsupials mazhinji, murume ane mboro ine bifurified uye mukadzi ane two lateral vaginas and two independent uteri.Ganda rakafukidzwa nemboro yemurume rine utachiona hwepanyama hunoita basa rinokosha pakusangana.Muromo wehomwe yemukadzi unogona kuva kuvharirwa nesphincter kudzivirira vechidiki kuti vasadonha.
Mvere dzayo dzakareba uye dzakakora kumusana uye dzakapfupika padumbu. Nzeve dzine mvere dzakasimba mukati nekunze.Mvere dzekumusana dzinochinja kubva kugrey kuenda ku chocolate brown, ukuwo mvere dziri padumbu payo nechekumashure dzakachena.Mvere dziri kumusana Inoita kuchengetedzwa zvakanyanya kubva kumamiriro ekunze pane kucheneruka. mamwe ma<em>marsupials uye ane zvakawanda zvinodzivisa mhepo nemvura, nepo ganda redumbu richibvumira kuti riratidzire mwaranzi yezuva.
Makungwa avo, akakomberedzwa uye akapinza, akanyatso kujairana nekukwira miti. Makumbo ayo makuru epamberi ane zvigunwe zvishanu, chokutanga nechechipiri chiri murutivi rwakapesana nemimwe mitatu, izvo zvinovagonesa kubata matavi maduku. Pamakumbo adzo okumashure, minwe yechipiri neyechitatu zvakanamirwa pamwe chete (chimwe chinhu chinowanzoitika pakati pemadiprotodont) uye nzwara dzezvigunwe izvi (zvichiri kupatsanurwa) zvinoshandiswa pakushongedza.” Kufanana nevanhu nemamwe matsoko, koala dzine dermal papillae patsoka dzadzo. .
Ine skeleton yakasimba uye hunde pfupi, ine tsandanyama, uko makumbo ayo akareba zvikuru anobatsira zvikuru pakukwira nekubatirira. Mamhasuru emuhudyu ane simba anobatana netibia munzvimbo yakaderera pane dzimwe mhuka anodzipa simba rakawedzerwa kana dzichikwira.Dzine cartilaginous pad kumucheto kwe vertebral column iyo inobatsira kuti unzwe wakasununguka kugara pamapazi emiti.
Pakati pemhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa, uropi hwekoala, hunorema magiramu 19,2 chete, ndihwo humwe huduku zvikuru mukuenzana nouremu hwomuviri wahwo, huduku kusvika ku60% pane huya hwediprotodont. Zvisikwa zvikuru zve "primitive" (plesiomorphy) Inosvika zvishoma pa61% yegonhi remugotsi uye inotsikirirwa pamusoro pemukati necerebrospinal fluid.
Chinangwa chemvura yakawandisa iyi hachizivikanwi, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita sechinhu chinoderedza kuvhunduka, chichitora kuvhunduka uye kudzivirira uropi kana hwadonha kubva mumuti. miganhu inoiswa nekudya kwayo, iyo isina kukwana kutsigira uropi hukuru.
Nemhaka youropi hwadzo huduku, kukwanisa kwekoala kuita miitiro yakaoma kana kuti yaasingazivi inoganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, kana ikapiwa mashizha akatorwa pamuti panzvimbo yakati sandara, mhuka yacho haigoni kujairana nokuchinjwa kwemuitiro wayo wenguva dzose wokudyisa uye haiadyi.Kugona kwayo kunhuhwidza ndokwenguva dzose uye pane ufakazi hwokuti inonhuwa mafuta omubazu rimwe nerimwe. kuti vaone kuti vangangogona kumera.Mhino yayo yakakura zvakanyanya uye yakafukidzwa neganda reganda.
Nzeve dzadzo dzakatenderedzwa muchimiro uye dzinodzipa kunzwa kwakanaka uye dzine nzeve yepakati nepakati.Mukupesana, kuona kwavo hakuna kunyatso nyatso uye maziso avo haana kufanana neemamwe ma<em>marsupial, sezvo iwo ane mwero zvikuru uye vana vawo vanawo. maumbirwo emutinhimira wakatwasuka Kuti vabudise manzwi makuru vanoshandisa imwe nhengo yezwi inoshamisa; kuti, kusiyana nehunhu hwemammalian vocal cords, iyo inopeta mudokoriro, nhengo iyi iri pamuromo munyoro uye inonzi velar vocal cords.
Koalas dzakagadziridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti dzigadzirise kudya kwadzo zvichienderana nemashizha eucalyptus, ayo ane hutano hushoma, hunotyisa uye huwandu hwefiber muzvokudya.Mazino emhuka iyi akaumbwa ne incisors uye postcanines (a single premolar uye mana molars for rushaya rumwe norumwe), rwakaparadzaniswa nediastema hombe (yakajairika yemhuka dzinodya mhuka).
Incisors inoshandiswa kubata mashizha, ayo anozochekwa nepetiole ne premolars asati aaendesa kune molars, ane cusps yakakurumbira, umo anopwanyika kuita zvidimbu zviduku. matama) asati atsenga.” Mamolari akasakara zvishoma e<em>koalas ezera repakati akakwana pakupwanya mashizha kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, kuita kuti kugaya kunobudirira uye kubatwa kwezvinovaka muviri neura hudiki, uko kunogayiwa mashizha eucalyptus anopa simba rakawanda remhuka yacho. .
Dzimwe nguva vanodzosera chikafu kumuromo kuti vadzokorore kutsenga. Mukusiana nekangaroo nama<em>possum, ayo anodyawo eucalyptus, koalas dzine caudal fermentation digestive system (muitiro unoitika muura mukuru) uye gadziriro yadzo yokugaya inotora kusvikira kumaawa 100 musango, uye anosvika kumaawa 200 muusungwa. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda kwekuwedzera kunoshamisa kwececum yayo (masendimita mazana maviri pakureba uye 200 mudhayamita), iyo inofungidzirwa, zvichienderana, semhuka huru pane dzose.
Kuumbwa uku kunoita kuti vasarudze kuti ndezvipi zvimedu zvekudya zvekuchengeta kwenguva yakareba uye kuti ndezvipi zvokurega kuti zvitenderere: zvimedu zvihombe zvinowanzopfuura nemo nekukurumidza, sezvo zvichida nguva yakareba yekugaya.Kunyange zvazvo nzira yadzo yezasi yedumbu yakakura, yakakura kwazvo pane dzimwe mhuka dzinodya sora. , koala inowana 10% chete yesimba rayo kuburikidza nekuvirisa.
Sezvo vachiwana simba shoma kubva mukudya kwavo, simba shoma ravanoda ihafu yemhukawo zvayo inoyamwisa, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichisiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nemwaka uye varume nevakadzi. Vanokwanisa kuchengetedza mvura mumuviri nekubvisa mabhora etsvina anenge akaoma asi akazara mu fiber isina kugezwa uye kuunganidza mvura mucecum.
Zvokudya uye Basa
Koalas inodya zvinomera uye, kunyange zvazvo chikamu chikuru chekudya kwavo chinoumbwa nemashizha eucalyptus, inogona kuwanikwa mumiti yemamwe makirasi, seAcacia, Allocasuarina, Callitris, Leptospermum uye Melaleuca. phenolic complexes uye terpenes) dzinowanzouraya mhuka zhinji dzinoyamwisa.
Nekudaro, idzi marsupials dzinogona kugadzirisa idzi xenobiotics. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa neaviri ekuwedzera monophyletic eiyo cytochrome P2 450C mhuri (CYP2Cs) inowanikwa mukoalas. Cytochrome P450 basa rinoita basa rakakosha mukubvisa huturu kuburikidza nechikamu I oxidative metabolism yeakasiyana makomisheni anosanganisira xenobiotics.
Kunyange zvazvo mumhando yadzo dzine mashizha anodarika mazana matanhatu emhando dzeeucalyptus, dzinoratidza kuti dzinoda zvakajeka kune dzinenge makumi matatu chete. iwo mashizha ane hushoma hwechepfu yechipiri metabolites, nekuda kwekuti ivo vane nhamba yakakura yezvinogamuchirwa muvomeronasal organ uye kuravira zvinogamuchira seTAS2R, izvo zvinoita kuti vakwanise kuziva zvinhu zvakaita seterpenes, phenols uye glycosides, zvimwe izvo zvine chepfu.
Mashizha avanoda ndeaya eEucalyptus microcorys, E. tereticornis uye E. camaldulensis, ayo anoumba paavhareji inopfuura 20% yezvokudya zvawo. , zvakadai segidhi hombe. Sezvo mashizha eucalyptus aine mvura yakawanda, haadi kunwa nguva nenguva; mwero wavo wemazuva ese wekuzadza mvura unosiyana kubva pa71 kusvika 91 milliliters pakirogiramu yehuremu hwemuviri.
Dzinosarudzawo mashizha ane mvura yepamusoro-soro, nekuda kwekudzokororwa kwejini yeaquaporin.Kunyange vakadzi vachikwanisa kuwana mvura yavanoda chete nekudya mashizha, hombe hombe vanoda imwe mvura yavanoisa muvhu kana mumakomba. Kuti dzidye, dzinozvitsigira pabazi, dzichizvibata nemakumbo eshure uye rimwe gumbo rekumberi uku rimwe gumbo remberi richibvisa mashizha.
Koala duku dzinogona kusvika kumucheto webazu, asi koalas hombe dzinogara pedyo nepasi pemamwe akati kurei. Dzinonwa anosvika magiramu 400 emashizha zuva rimwe nerimwe, dzichipararira pamusoro pezvokudya zvina kusvika kutanhatu. vane mafuta mashoma uye vanoda kudya nguva zhinji.Nekuda kwekuti vanowana simba shoma kubva mukudya kwavo, vanofanirwa kuganhurira kushandisa kwavo simba, saka vanongoita mamovements akasimba pazuva.maawa mana pazuva uye kurara maawa makumi maviri asara.
Vanonyanya kushingaira usiku uye vanopedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yavo yekumuka vachidya. Kazhinji, dzinodya nokurara mumuti mumwe chete, umo dzinowanzogara kwezuva rose.Pamazuva anopisa zvikuru dzinowanzodzika kunzvimbo inotonhorera zvikuru yemuti, inotonhorera zvikuru kupfuura mhepo yakapoteredza apo dzinombundira muti wacho kuti uparare. Kupisa kwemuviri pasina kufemereka.Pakupisa dzinowanzozorora dzakafuratira pabazi kana kurara nedumbu kana musana makumbo akarembera.
Mumwaka inotonhora, inonaya, dzinomonereka kuva bhora kuti dzichengetedze simba.” Pamazuva ane mhepo, koala dzinotsvaka mapazi akakora, akaderera okugara paari. Kunyange zvazvo vachipedza nguva yakawanda vari mumiti, vanodzika pasi kuti vafambe kubva pamuti kuenda kune mumwe, vachifamba nemakumbo mana.
Kuberekwa uye Kubudirira
Dzinoberekana maererano nemwaka uye kuberekwa kunoitika kubva pakati pechirimo kusvika muchirimo nekutanga kwekudonha, kubva muna Gumiguru kusvika May. Madzimai mukupisa vanowanzoita misoro yavo kumashure kupfuura nguva dzose uye kazhinji vane kubvunda uye kutsemuka. Nekudaro, varume vacho vanoita sevasingazive masaini aya uye nyaya dzakafungwa dzavanokwira hadzi dzisiri mukupisa.
Sezvo dzakakura zvikuru, varume vanogona kumanikidza hadzi kuti dzibatane, dzichigara nadzo dziri shure uye, muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, dzichikandira hadzi kunze kwomuti. Mukadzi anogona kuridza mhere uye kurwa zvakasimba nevanomukomba, asi anozviisa pasi pemurume ane chiremera kana anoziva.
Kudzvova nokuchema kwazvinoita pakusvirana kunogona kukwevera ngwariro yedzimwe hono dziri pedyo, kuchimanikidza mukono kumbomira kukwira uye kurwisa mbavha. Makwikwi akadai anoita kuti zvive nyore kumukadzi kusarudza kuti nderipi rine simba.Zvakajairika kuona mavanga, mavanga, uye mavanga pavarume vakuru, kunyanya pamhuno nemaziso.
Ovulation inotsamwiswa, zvinoreva kuti, mushure mekusangana, urume hwemurume hunobuda hunoita kuti hormone yeluteinizing (LH) ibudiswe, zvichiita kuti mukadzi aite ovulation.Nguva yekuzvitakura inogona kubva pamazuva makumi matatu nematatu kusvika kumakumi matatu nemashanu uye vakadzi vanogara vaine mwana mumwe chete.
Kufanana nema<em>marsupial ose, pwere dzinouya munyika dzichiri muchikamu che<em>emryonic, dzichingorema magiramu 0,5 kusvika ku2, pasinei zvapo neidi rokuti dzinotova nemiromo, mapfudzi nemakumbo, pamwe chete negadziriro yokufema. kugaya uye kuita weti. Mwana achangobva kuberekwa anokambaira achienda kuhomwe yaamai vake kuti aenderere mberi nokukura kwake.
Hadzi ine minyatso miviri uye mhuru inonamatira kune mumwe wayo kuti iyamwise kwenguva yakareba sezvaichagara muhomwe.” Pakati pemhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa, koala ine mumwe wemwero wakaderera zvikurusa wokugadzirwa kwesimba kwomukaka mukuwirirana nokukura kwomuviri wadzo; kugadzirisa kugumira kwakadaro, nguva yekuyamwisa inowedzerwa kwegore rose.
Pakusvika mavhiki manomwe ekuvapo, musoro wemhuru unotanga kukura zvakaenzana nemuviri, kukura kwepigmentation kunotanga uye bonde rayo rinogona kutsanangurwa, nekuti muvarume scrotum inogona kutoonekwa uye muvakadzi marsupium inotanga kushanduka. Pakasvika vhiki yegumi nenhatu, mhuru inorema magiramu 50 uye musoro wayo wakapetwa kaviri muhukuru, meso ayo anovamba kuvhurika, uye ganda rakatetepa rinokura pahuma, nape, mapfudzi, uye maoko.
Pamasvondo makumi maviri nematanhatu, mhuru inenge yatotanga kuita kunge munhu mukuru, yakafukidzwa nebvudzi uye yatobudisa musoro mubhegi.Mwana paanosvika mwedzi mitanhatu yekurarama, amai vanotanga kugadzirira kuberekwa kwayo. mashizha uye kugadzira tsvina inodyiwa nepwere kubva mumucheka wayo. Kuumbwa kwepaste iyi hakuna kufanana nechigaro chenguva dzose, zvakanyanya kufanana nezviri mukati mececum, uye inosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwebhakitiriya.
Vechidiki vanotanga kudya nenzira iyi kweinoda kusvika mwedzi, vachiwana mapuroteni anoenderana neaya, ukuwo kubuda kwekudya kunobva pamukaka kuenda kune imwe kunobva pamashizha kunosiya bhegi remarsupial kekutanga mwedzi mitanhatu kana minomwe yekuvapo, painorema pakati pe300 ne500 magiramu, uye ipapo inotanga kuongorora nokungwarira mhoteredzo yayo itsva, yakanamatira kuna amai vayo nokuda kwetsigiro. Pavanosvika mwedzi mipfumbamwe, vanodarika kilogiramu imwe muhuremu uye vanotanga kuratidza ruvara rweganda revakuru.
Pashure pokunge yanyatsosiya marsupium, inokwira pamusana pomubereki wayo kuti ifambe-fambe uye inodzidza kukwira miti yakanamatira pamapazi.. .12 kilograms. Kana amai vava nepamuviri zvakare, chibatanidzo chemwana wavo wekare chinenge chadambuka zvachose uye vanoita zvechisimba neachangobva kurumurwa zvekuti vanobva vasiyana naye voparadzana naye. kuva nepamuviri.
Kusiyana neizvi, varume vanosvika pakukura pabonde pavanosvika makore mana ekurarama, pasinei nekuti vanogona kutogadzira urume pamakore maviri. Kusvikira vakura.” Sezvo vaduku vaine nguva refu yokutsamira, hadzi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoberekana mumakore anotsinhanisa, kunyange zvazvo dzingafarirwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, zvakadai somupiro wakawanda nemiti inobereka zvokudya zvemhando yepamusoro, inogona kubereka gore negore.
Utano uye Kufa
Kuvapo kwavo kunogona kugara makore gumi nematatu kana 13 vari musango, kunyange zvazvo varume vachigara vari pasi pevakadzi nekuda kwemaitiro avo ane ngozi.Vanowanzopona pakudonha kubva mumiti uye pakarepo vanokwira zvakare, asi zviitiko zvinozivikanwa kuti vanogona kukuvadzwa kana kukuvara. kunyange kuparara, kunyanya pakati pevaduku vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kana kuti panoitika kurwisana pakati pevarume.
Vanenge vava nemakore matanhatu, manyowa avo anotanga kupera izvo zvinoderedza kutsenga kwavo. Nokufamba kwenguva, mazamu emazino aya anonyangarika zvachose, zvichikonzera kufa kwemhuka nekuda kwekushaya simba nekuda kwekushaya chikafu.
Zvikara zve koala zvishoma. Ivo vanozivikanwa kuvhimwa nemadingo uye python hombe, nepo shiri dzinodya nyama dzakadai serobust nymphus kana gondo rakashinga rinogona kutora vana. Havagari vachitambura nehutachiona hwekunze, kunze kwezvikwekwe munzvimbo dzemahombekombe. Vanogona kutambura nescabies inokonzerwa ne mite Sarcoptes scabiei uye maronda eganda anokonzerwa nebhakitiriya Mycobacterium ulcerans, kunyange zvazvo zvirwere zviviri izvi zvisingawanzoitiki.
Saizvozvo, zvipembenene zvemukati hazviwanzo uye kana zviripo, hazvina kukuvadza. Pakati pawo pane cestode Bertiella obesa, inowanzowanikwa muura, uye nematodes Marsupostrongylus longilarvatus uye Durikainema phascolarcti, isingawanzowaniki mumapapu. Australian Zoo Wildlife Hospital muQueensland, 600% yavo yakabatwa neinenge imwe yakasiyana-siyana yeprotozoan parasites yerudzi rweTrypanosoma, iyo yakawanda yaiwanzoita T. Irwini.
Anogona kubatwa nezvirwere zvakaita seChlamydiaceae bacteria, anogona kukonzera keratoconjunctivitis, utachiona hweweti, uye utachiona hwenhengo dzesikarudzi.Zvirwere izvi zvinowanzoitika kuvanhu vakawanda munyika, asi hazviitike mune zvimwe zvitsuwa.Koala retrovirus (KoRV), inova iyo Gammaretrovirus genus, inogona kukonzera Koala Immune Deficiency Syndrome (KIDS), chirwere chakafanana neHIV/AIDS muvanhu.
Huwandu hwevanhu vanotakura KoRV muhuwandu hwekoala hunoratidza maitiro ekupararira kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba kweAustralia, nevanhu vekuchamhembe vane hutachiona hwakazara, nepo vamwe kumaodzanyemba (kusanganisira Kangaroo Island) vasina hutachiona uhu.
Social structure
Koala dzinowanzorangarirwa sezvisikwa zvine usimbe zvikuru. Sezvo metabolism yavo ichinonoka zvikuru, havawanzoita chinhu kwemaawa 18 pazuva. Yakawanda yenguva iyoyo inopedzwa mukurara. Vanoda kuchengetwa vari voga, izvo handizvo kana hadzi inochengeta vana vayo. Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti koala imhuka iri nyore uye yakadzikama.
Zvisinei, vanozivikanwa nokuda kwokuva vanorwisana zvikuru, sezvo vanoshatirwa zvikuru kana vamwe vakaedza kupinda mundima yavo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinogona kuomera makoala madiki kuwana nzvimbo yavo. Dzinogara dzichirumana uye dzinorwa. Hadzi duku dzinogara pedyo naamai vadzo kusvikira dzasvitsa gore rokuvapo. Panguva iyoyo vanenge vachangobva kurumurwa uye vane mugwagwa wakaoma mberi kwavo zvichienderana nekwavo pachavo kana vasina kudzidziswa nzira yokurarama nayo. Varume, kazhinji, vanoramba vari pedyo nemubereki kusvikira vasvika makore matatu.
Zvinonakidza kuti ivo koalas pachavo vanosarudza kugara pedyo nemumwe. Nemumwe chete wavo ari mumuti, kunze kwevanaamai vane vana vavo, ivo vanowanzova vavakidzani vepedyo. Zvisinei, vanogutsikana nokuva voga kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira. Sezvo kune makoala mashoma munharaunda uye miti yakawanda kwazvo, ivo vachagara vari pedyo zvikuru kune mumwe nomumwe, sezvo kunorangarirwa kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yavanowana nayo nyaradzo.
Kudyidzana kwakawanda pakati pemhuka idzi kunoitika pavanenge vachitsvaga chikafu. Sezvo pane zvakawanda zvakaringana, vanoratidzika kuva vasingaratidzi fariro mukudyisa panzvimbo imwe cheteyo navamwe. Chokwadi, vanosarudza kunakidzwa nekusangana kwenguva pfupi vobva vaenda kwakasiyana.
Mumaawa ose emasikati, koala inosarudza kuvanda mumiti, uye pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi. Chekutanga, nenzira iyoyo vanonzvenga zvikara, chechipiri, muviri wavo unogona kupera mvura nemvura nekukurumidza kana ukasangana nezuva rinopisa reAustralia. Ivo vanofanirwa kugara vakanyorova, saka vanoongorora nzvimbo dzine mumvuri kwavanogona kutora pekugara.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekufona ayo koala anogona kuita nechinangwa chekukurukurirana. Vanomanikidza manzwi kuti afambe nzendo refu kuti akwezve mukwanyina. Vanoshandisa mavhuvhu kukwezva kutarisa asi vachiratidza kudzvova nehasha uye kunyevera kana vachida kusiiwa. Vanaamai vanowanzoshandisa zvinyoro-nyoro kuti vataure nevana vavo, iyi inzira inotapira yekubatana nemwana wavo pamwe chete nekuvadzidzisa mararamiro.
Nokuridza mhere, koala inotsvaka kunyevera munhu wose ari munharaunda kuti kune ngozi. Vanogona kuratidza hunhu hwekupengereka kubva mukushushikana kwakawedzerwa uye kutotanga kudedera zvine simba. Aya maitiro ayo koalas anotsvaga nyaradzo kubva kune vamwe vanhu vakavapoteredza. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanowanzoita manzwi akati wandei kune mumwe nemumwe kuti vape kudzikama kutozosvikira kutya kwapera.
Matauriro aanoita asingataurwi nemashoko avanoshandisa anoshanda kutara miti nekunhuhwirira kwayo. Marume ane mahombe, mahombe anonhuwirira anoita kuti akwanise kuburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwekunhuhwirira kwawo. Tsananguro yeizvi inobva pakuti, nenzira iyi, ivo vanonyanya kuita zvehasha. Kubva pakuona kwese, chimiro chemagariro ekoala, kunze kwekuoma, chakakodzera kufarira.
Kukurukurirana
Izvo zvisikwa zvine kushamwaridzana kushoma uye zvinongopedza maminetsi gumi nemashanu zuva rega rega pamafambiro emagariro. KuVictoria mhando yadzo idiki uye inopindirana zvakanyanya, nepo pakati peQueensland yakakura uye isinganyanyi kudhumhana.Nharaunda yemhuka idzi inoita kunge inoumbwa ne "vagari" uye "transiters", inoumbwa zvakanyanya kune yekutanga nyaya yevakadzi vakuru uye wechipiri, navarume. Varume vekugara vanoita sevane nharaunda uye vanokunda vamwe varume nemuviri wavo wakakura kuvaka.
MaAlpha marume anowanzo gadza matunhu adzo pedyo nekuberekesa vakadzi, ukuwo varume vadiki vanoita zvakadzikama kusvika vakura nekukura kwemuviri. murume anotamira kumuti mutsva, anouratidza kuti ndewake nekukwesha ganda rake pahunde kana bazi; vakamboonekwawo pane dzimwe nguva vachiitira weti pahunde.
Iyi territorial defining behaviour inogona kubatsira kusvitsa meseji uye pane humbowo hwekuti vanhu vanonhuwa pasi pemuti vasati vakwira Kuratidza hwema kunowanzoitika mukurwisana nechisimba. makomisheni akazivikanwa) ayo akasiyana mukuwanda uye kuumbwa sezvo achienderana nemwaka uye zera remhuka.
Varume vakura vanokurukurirana kuburikidza nemheremhere ine simba, ruzha rwakadzika rwunobva pakufema kwakafanana nekufembedza, uye kufema kune ruzha kunonzwika sokuchema.Kunzwika kwakadaro kunotendwa kuti kunogadzirwa nenhengo dzenzwi dzakasiyana nerudzi urwu. Mumhepo nezvinomera.Anogadzirwa mumwaka upi noupi wegore, asi zvikurukuru panguva yokukwirana, apo anoshandiswa kukwezva hadzi uye zvichida kutyisidzira dzimwe rume. . . .
Vanoyambirawo vavakidzani vavo nezvekuvapo kwavo pavanenge vachitamira kune muti mutsva.Nekudzvova uku vanoratidza kukura kwemuviri wavo uye vanogona kuwedzeredza, sezvo vakadzi vanonyanya kukwezvwa nekudzvova kwehurume. iyo inodzvova, kurira uye mhere-mhere inowedzerwa. Idzi nhare dzinoitwa kana dziri mungozi uye kuita tyisidziro dzokuzvidzivirira. Koala duku dzinowanzorira kana dziri mungozi.
Pavanokura, mhere inova rudzi rwekuchema kunogadzirwa kana vachinge vanzwa kushushikana uye kuratidza hukasha. Kana mumwe munhu akakwira pairi, inobudisa mhere mhere yakavhara muromo. Makoala anoratidza zvakawanda nezviso zvadzo. Pakugunun'una, kuchema, kana kukwenya, miromo yekumusoro uye nzeve dzinorembera mberi. Pavanoridza mhere vanokwenya miromo nenzeve. Vanhukadzi vanoburitsa miromo yavo vachibaya nzeve dzavo pavanenge vasina kugadzikana.
Maitiro panguva yekurwa anowanzo kuve nemakwikwi pakati pevanhu vanokwira kana kupfuudzana, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinovatungamira kuti vagume. Vanhurume vasina kujairana vanogona kurwisana, kushungurudzana, uye kurumana.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, murume angaedza kudzinga mumwe mukwikwidzi muduku kubva mumuti. Izvi zvinoda kuti murwi mukuru akwire oedza kukomba munhu anenge abatwa, uyo anotsvaka kukurumidza kutiza nekuinzvenga nekudzika kubva mumuti kana kuenda kumucheto kwebazi.
Mhondi inorova rova mapendekete ichiramba ichiruma. Pose apo munhu asina kusimba zvakanyanya anowisirwa pasi, akunda anoita kudzvova uye anozivisa muti.. Hadzi dzine mimba kana kuti dzinoyamwisa dzine hasha zvikuru uye dzinopomera vanhu vanoswedera pedyo. simba.
Ecology uye Maitiro
Nzvimbo dzenzvimbo umo koala inoparadzirwa dzinoumba anenge makiromita 1.000.000 30 XNUMX munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiana-siana XNUMX. Dzinobva kumabvazuva nokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAustralia, uko kunobatanidza kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, pakati uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweQueensland, kumabvazuva kubva kuNew. South Wales, Victoria uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSouth Australia. Koala yakaunzwa munharaunda yeAdelaide uye pane zvimwe zvitsuwa zviri pedyo, zvakadai seKangaroo Island neFrench Island.
Vanhu ivavo vanogara paMagnetic Island vanomiririra muganhu wekuchamhembe wenzvimbo yavo. Zvakawanikwa zvicherwa zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo yavo inotambanukira kumadokero kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweWestern Australia muLate Pleistocene. Kunyangarika kwavo munzvimbo iyi kungangove kwakakonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa okuvhima evaAboriginal Australia.
MuQueensland, vagari vekoala vakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana uye vashoma kunze kwekumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva, uko kwakakura. MuNew South Wales vanongowanda mumasango ePilliga, nepo vachiwanzogara mudunhu rese reVictoria. Kumaodzanyemba vakaparadzwa zvachose muma1920s uye gare gare vakaunzwazve.
Koalas anowanikwa munzvimbo dzinogara masango kubva kumasango akavhurika kusvika kumasango uye munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze ekunze kubva kune dzinopisa kusvika kune dzakadzikama.Kana ari mamiriro ekunze asinganayi mvura, anoda nzvimbo dziri pedyo nerwizi, umo nzizi nehova dziri pedyo dzinopa pekugara munguva dzemvura. kusanaya kwemvura uye kupisa kwakanyanya.
State of kuchengetedza
Muna 2016, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) yakabatanidza koala muRed List, ichiisa mhando yemhuka isina njodzi nekuda kwe "kushaikwa kwechokwadi pamusoro pezvakatanhamara zvimiro zvehuwandu hwayo uye nekusiyana kuri pachena kwemaitiro muhuwandu. munzvimbo yayo yakakura yekugovera. Huwandu hwese hwekudzikiswa kwehuwandu hwevanhu mumakore apfuura 18-24 makore akafungidzirwa kusvika 28% neScientific Committee on Endangered Species (2012), nehuwandu hwakanyanya kukanganiswa nekuderera kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekusanaya kwemvura. "
Muna 2009, vamiriri veparamende veAustralia vakapokana nechikumbiro chekuisa koala muEnvironment Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Huwandu hwekoala hweQueensland, New South Wales neCapital Territory hwakanzi muna 2012 nehurumende yeAustralia sevasina njodzi mumutemo wayo wenyika. .
Koalas muVictoria neSouth Australia inoratidzika kuva yakawanda, zvisinei iyo Australian Koala Foundation inotaura kuti kunze kwevagari veVictorian kubva mumigove yedziviriro kwakavakirwa papfungwa isiriyo yekuti vagari vese vekoala i200.000, nepo ivo vachifunga kuti ingangove isingasviki 100.000. .
VaAborigine veAustralia vaivavhima senzira yokurarama nayo. Imwe nzira yaiwanzoshandiswa kuvabata yaiva kubatanidza tambo yaigadzirwa neshinda dzemiriwo kumucheto kwechimuti chirefu, chitete, nokudaro vaigona kubata mhuka pamusoro pemuti, mayaisagona kusvikwa nokukwira pahunde. Vaiti kana vabatwa nechisungo chacho, vaiparadza nedemo rematombo kana kuti murwi, rudzi rwesando yedanda.Kune mamwe marudzi zvakanga zvisingabvumirwi kuvabvisa ganda, nepo mamwe aifunga kuti musoro wavo une chinetso chakasiyana ndokuuchengeta. muvige gare gare.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1924, yakabatwa muhuwandu hukuru nevagari vekuEurope, kunyanya nekuda kweganda rayo gobvu, rakatsetseka. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti matehwe anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri akabviswa muAustralia muna 1915. Ganda rayo raishandiswa kugadzira maragi, mabhachi evhavha, mafuti uye seshongedzero dzembatya dzevakadzi.” Kuurayiwa kwevakawanda kwakaitwa muQueensland muna 1917, 1919 naXNUMX, apo anopfuura miriyoni koalas akaurayiwa pfuti, chepfu uye misungo.
Mheremhere yakakurumbira mushure mekuuraya uku ingangove yaive yekutanga nyaya hombe yezvakatipoteredza kumutsa kuratidzira pakati pevaAustralia. Munyori uye mutsoropodzi wemagariro Vance Palmer akaburitsa tsamba muThe Courier-Mail bepanhau achitaura manzwiro akakurumbira:
Kuvhimwa kwebere redu rekuzvarwa risina mhosva uye rinoyemurika kunongonzi hutsinye… Hakuna kumbopomerwa mhosva yekuparadza gorosi revarimi, kudya uswa hwevatorwa, kana kuparadzira mapear. Hapana tsika yakaipa yemagariro inogona kubhadharwa kuakaunti yako ... Haisi kupa mitambo kumurume ane pfuti ... Uye yave inenge yapera kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Pasinei zvapo nesangano rinokura renzanga rokupa dziviriro kumarudzi amo, urombo hwakaparirwa nokusanaya kwemvura kwa1926-28 hwakaparira kutsakatiswa kwemamwe makoala 600.000 1927 mukati memwaka wokuvhima wapachena muna August 1934. Mugore ra 500 Frederick Lewis, panguva iyeyo Chief Game Inspector. muVictoria, yakataura kuti mhuka yaichimbova yakakura yakanga yava pedyo nokutsakatika mudunhu iroro, zvichireva kuti vanhu 1.000 kusvika kuXNUMX XNUMX chete ndivo vakanga vasara.
Kuedza kwekutanga kunobudirira kuchengetedza mhuka kwakatanga nekugadzwa kweLone Pine Koala Sanctuary muBrisbane neKoala Park Sanctuary muSydney muma1920 nema1930. Muridzi weiyi paki yechipiri, Noel Burnet, akava uyo akatanga kukwanisa kubereka koalas muSydney. hutapwa, nokudaro vachiwana mukurumbira semukuru anotungamira panguva ino pamhuka iyi.
Muna 1934, David Fleay, anoona nezvekuchengetedza mhuka dzeAustralia paMelbourne Zoo, akaisa kamuri yekutanga yemhuka munzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka yeAustralia, iyo yaisanganisira koala, ichimubvumira kuita ongororo yakadzama yekudya kwayo muusungwa. Fleay akazoenderera mberi nekuedza kwake kuchengetedza koala paHealesville Sanctuary uye David Fleay Wildlife Park.
Kutanga muna 1870, koalas dzaitenderera kunze kweAdelaide uye zvitsuwa zvakawanda zviri pedyo, zvakadai seKangaroo Island neFrench Island. Nhamba dzadzo dzakawedzera zvikuru, asi sezvo zvitsuwa zvacho zvakanga zvisina kupamhama zvakakwana kuti zvitsigire nhamba huru yavanhu, kufudza mafuro kwakava chinetso.” Muma1920, Lewis akaita chirongwa chokutamisa nokuita kuti pave nepurogiramu yokuita kuti pave noutano hwakanaka. kupatsanurwa kana kuderedzwa, kunzvimbo itsva nechinangwa chekudzidzosera kune yakare.
Somuenzaniso, muna 1930-31, vanhu 165 vakatamisirwa kuQuail Island (Victoria) uye, pashure penhambo yenhambo yenhambo yokuwedzera kwenhambo yavagari vemo uye kudyisa kwakatevera kweeucalypt pachitsuwa chacho, muna 1944 vanhu vanoda kusvika 1.300 1923 vakasunungurwa kuti vadzokere kunyika yacho. Kutamiswa kwekoala kwakava muitiro; Peter Menkorst, maneja wedunhu reVictoria, anofungidzira kuti kubva muna 2006 kusvika 25.000 vanhu vanenge 250 XNUMX vakaendeswa kunzvimbo dzinopfuura XNUMX mudunhu iri.
Kubvira kuma1990 masangano ehurumende akasiyana-siyana akaedza kuganhurira nhamba dzawo kupfurikidza nokuparadza kunodzorwa, asi zvose zviri zviviri tsinhiro yenyika neyomunyika yose yakamanikidzira muitiro wokutamisa nokubvisa mbereko panzvimbo pezvo. . Munharaunda dzemahombekombe, chikonzero chikuru ndechekusimukira kwemaguta, nepo kumaruwa kuri kurima uye kutema zvisina tsarukano kwemasango ekutanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvehuni.
Kwegore ra2000, Australia yakanga iri pachinhano chechishanu munyika yose nokuda kwemwero wayo wokuparadzwa kwemasango, nokuchekererwa kwemahekita 564.800 2015, uye maererano neIndependent, Australia muna 50 yakatungamirira ndaza yacho mukutema miti nokutsakatika kwemarudzi. XNUMX% kubva pakusvika kwevaEurope, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutsemuka kwenzvimbo yekugara muQueensland.
Mamiriro ayo e“kusagadzikana” muQueensland, New South Wales neCapital Territory zvinoreva kuti vanogadzira munzvimbo idzi vanofanira kuziva nezvezvinokonzeresa mhuka iyi vasati vaenda kumberi nechero zvirongwa zvekuvaka.Ramba uchifunga kuti koalas dzinogara munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakachengetedzwa.
Kunyange zvazvo kukura kwemaguta kuchigona kupa tyisidziro kuvagari vekoala, izvi zvisikwa zvinogona kurarama munzvimbo dzomumaguta, chero bedzi miti yakakwana ichiwanika, pasinei zvapo neidi rokuti zvinogona kurohwa nemotokari nokurwiswa nembwa dzinopfuyiwa, dzinouraya koala dzinenge 4.000 XNUMX gore rimwe nerimwe. .Muzviitiko zvakadaro, koalas dzinenge dzakuvara dzinowanzoendeswa kuzvipatara zvemhuka dzesango nenzvimbo dzokupora.
Ongororo yemakore 30 yezvekudzokororwa kwekoala muNew South Wales yakasimbisa kuti kukuvadzwa, kazhinji kacho nemhaka yenjodzi yemotokari kana kuti utsinye hwembwa, ndicho chikonzero chakajairika chemari, chichitsigirwa nehosha dzechlamydial. vane zvibvumirano zvakakosha, asi vanongofanira kusunungura mhuka kuburikidza nekudzitungamirira kudzokera kunzvimbo yechisikigo kana yapora kana, kana iri yevana, kana yasvika zera rakakodzera.
Sezvazvakaita nemhuka dzomusango zhinji dzeAustralia, hazvisi pamutemo kuchengeta koalas semhuka dzinovaraidza, mose muri muviri muAustralia uye kune imwe nzvimbo panyika. Koala nomutoo womuzvarirwo inotsvaga pokugara mumapazi akakwirira, uko iri panjodzi yokupisa kukuru nemirazvo. Moto wemasango zvakare unopatsanura nzvimbo yavo yekugara, izvo zvinomisa kufamba kwavo uye zvinoreva kuderedzwa kwehuwandu uye kurasikirwa kwemajini akasiyana.
Kupera mvura mumuviri uye kupisa zvakanyanya kunogonawo kuva kunouraya.” Naizvozvo, koala inotapurwawo nemigumisiro yokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Mienzaniso yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze eAustralia inofanotaura mamiriro okunze ekupisa nekuoma, zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda ye koala ichaderera kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba, ichienda kunzvimbo inodziya uye ine mwando.
Semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura muna 1980, miti yakawanda yeeucalyptus yakarasa mashizha, izvo zvakazoita kuti 63% yevagari vekumaodzanyemba-kumadokero kweQueensland vaparare, kunyanya mhuka diki dzakadzingwa kubva kunzvimbo huru dzekudyisa. koalas dzine simba, nekumwe kupora kwevanhu kuri kunonoka zvakanyanya.
Gare gare, huwandu uhu hwakadzikira kubva paavhareji inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 59.000 1995 muna 11.600 kusvika 2009 muna 2002, kudzikira kunonzi kwakakonzerwa nekupisa nekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura kubva muna 2007 kusvika 2. Imwe fungidziro Yakashata yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze i mhedzisiro yekukwira kwemuchadenga COXNUMX mwero mukupihwa kwechikafu kwekoala, sezvo kuwedzera kwemazinga aya kuchikonzera kuderera kweprotein mumiti yeeucalyptus uye kunowedzera kuwanda kwematannins mumashizha awo. , izvo zvinodzikisira kunaka kweanenge tsime chete rezvokudya zvezvisikwa izvi
Koala History
Nongedzero yokutanga yakanyorwa yekoala yakanyorwa naJohn Price, mubetseri waJohn Hunter, Gavhuna weNew South Wales. Price akawana munhu akakunda musi wa26 Ndira 1798 parwendo rwekuenda kuBlue Mountains, kunyangwe kuwanikwa kwake hakuna kuziviswa kusvika makore anoda kusvika zana gare gare muHistorical Records yeAustralia.Muna 1802, mufambi wekuFrance Francis Louis Barrallier akawana mhuka iyi vatungamiriri vaviri vevaAborigine vakadzoka kubva kunovhima, vachiuya nemakumbo maviri ekoala nechinangwa chekuadya.
Barrallier akachengetedza apendices aya ndokuaendesa pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvake kumutevedzeri waGavhuna Hunter, Philip Gidley King, uyo akazozvitumira kunyanzvi yechirungu Joseph Banks. Sezvakaita Price, zvinyorwa zveBarrallier hazvina kubudiswa pachena kusvikira 1897. Imwe nyaya pamusoro pekutanga kubatwa kwekoolah yakabudiswa muThe Sydney Gazette munaAugust 1803. Mavhiki mashomanana gare gare, James Inman, nyanzvi yenyeredzi kumuongorori uye munyori wemifananidzo Matthew Flinders, akawana sampuli dzinoverengeka dzekutumira kuna Joseph Banks kuEngland, iyo yaakatsanangura sechisikwa "chakakura muhukuru kupfuura waumbut" (wombat).
Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakaita kuti Mambo atumire muimbi John Lewin kuti atore mvura yemhuka. Lewin akapenda mahwendefa matatu, rimwe rawo rakazoitwa chinyorwa chakadhindwazve mubhuku raGeorges Cuvier rinonzi The Animal Kingdom (rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1827) uye mumabhuku akasiyana-siyana okuEurope ane chokuita nezvakaitika kare. Natural history work Arcana muna 1810.
Perry akaitumidza kuti "New Holland Sloth" (sloth yeNew Holland) sezvo aigona kuona kufanana nemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzeCentral neSouth America dzemhando yeBradypus. Kuzvidza kwake koala, kwakanyatsojekeswa mukuongorora kwake mhuka, kwaive hunhu hwenzvimbo yaivepo yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX yeBritish pamusoro pekutanga uye kushamisa kwemhuka dzeAustralia:
... ziso rakaiswa seriya resimbe, riri pedyo zvikuru nemuromo nemhino, richiripa queer, risingakwanisi, uye chimiro chisina kunaka ... pane zvishoma muunhu hwaro kana chitarisiko chingave chinofadza kune wezvisikwa. kana kuti muzivi. Nekudaro, sezvo zvisikwa zvisingabatsire pasina, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kunyangwe izvi zvisikwa zvisingagoni uye zvisina njere zvakarongerwa nehunyanzvi kuti zvitore chimwe chezvisungo zvakakura mumaketani ehupenyu ...
Sainzi Robert Brown ndiye akatanga kugadzira ongororo yakadzama yesainzi yekoala muna 1814, zvichibva pamufananidzo wechikadzi wakavharirwa munzvimbo yave kunzi Mount Kembla munzvimbo yeIllawarra (New South Wales). Nyanzvi yezvemiti yokuAustria Ferdinand Bauer akataura nezvedehenya, huro, tsoka, uye maoko emhuka yacho. Zvisinei, basa raBrown rakaenda risina kucherechedzwa uye risina kudhindwa, sezvo zvinyorwa zvake zvemumunda uye manotsi zvakaramba zviri maari kusvikira pakufa kwake, apo zvakaendeswa kuNatural History Museum muLondon.
Aya manotsi haana kuzivikanwa kutozosvikira muna 1994 (mitoo yaBauer haina kubudiswa pachena kutozosvikira 1989) Chiremba wechiNgezi Everard Home akabatanidza udzame hwakati hwekoala hwakavakirwa paufakazi hwomunzveri William Paterson, uyo akanga ashamwaridzana naBrown naBauer panguva yose yokugara kwake muNew. South Wales.Kumba, uyo akaburitsa mushumo wake mupepanhau Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society muna 1808, akapa mhuka iyi zita resainzi Didelphis coola.
Nyanzvi yeChirungu inozivikanwa zvikuru uye nyanzvi yezvakatipoteredza John Gould akadhirowa uye akarondedzera mhuka iyi mubhuku rake remavhoriyamu matatu The Mammals of Australia (1845-1863) uye akazvizivisa kune dzimwe nhengo dzenharaunda yeAustralia pamwe chete neruzhinji rweChirungu. Muenzanisi weanatomist Richard Owen, munhevedzano yezvinyorwa zve physiology uye anatomy yezvinoyamwisa zveAustralia, airatidzira bepa pamusoro pekoala anatomy kuZoological Society yeLondon.
Mubhuku iri, rakadudzwa kakawanda, akapa nhoroondo yokutanga yokungwarira yechimiro chayo chomukati uye akaratidza kufanana kwechimiro chayo chose nechibereko.” Nyanzvi yezvisikwa yokuBritain George Robert Waterhouse, mutarisiri weZoological Society of London, ndiye akatanga kuisa muboka. nenzira yakarurama koala se<em>marsupial muma 1840. Waterhouse yakaziva fanano pakati payo nehama dzayo dzezvisaririra Diprotodon neNototherium, iyo yakanga yawanwa makore akati pamberi pezvi.
Nokuda kworutivi rwake, Gerard Krefft, mutarisiri weAustralian Museum muSydney, akakwanisa kuziva miitiro yemhindumupindu mubasa rake nokuenzanisa koala nehama dzayo dziri kure mubhuku rinonzi The Mammals of Australia. Koala yekutanga mhenyu yakasvika muEurope muna 1881, yakawanwa neZoological Society yeLondon. Maererano nezvakataurwa negweta resosaiti, William Alexander Forbes, mhuka iyi yakaparara netsaona apo yaisakwanisa kuzvisunungura kubva pachivharo chinorema chedhishi yakawira pairi.
Forbes akatora mukana wenjodzi iyi kuongorora chitunha chemunhukadzi uyu, kwaakawana ruzivo rwakakwana rwekubereka kwake, uropi nechiropa, zvikamu zvisina kumboongororwa naOwen, aingokwanisa kuwana masampuli akachengetedzwa. Caldwell, ane mukurumbira mumadenderedzwa esainzi pakutsanangura nzira yekubereka nayo yeplatypus, akaongorora magadzirirwo ekoala muna 1884, achishandisa ruzivo rutsva kuratidza zvinogutsa kushanduka kwekoala nemonotremes.
Henry weGloucester, uyo baba vake vakanga vari Changamire George V weUnited Kingdom, akashanyira Koala Park Sanctuary yeSydney muna 1934 uye akanga “achifarira zvikuru ‘mapere’”; mufananidzo wake wakabatanidzwa naNoel Burnet, musiki wepaka, uye koala, wakanga inobuda muThe Sydney Morning Herald. Pashure peHondo yeNyika Yechipiri, apo kushanya kwakavamba kuwedzera muAustralia uye marudzi ayo emhuka akavamba kutumirwa kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka mune mamwe marudzi, kukurumbira kwekoala kwakawedzera mupasi rose.
Kuzivikanwa kwakadaro kwakaita kuti vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vanoverengeka uye nhengo dzemhuri dzehumambo vatore mifananidzo nezvisikwa izvi, zvakadai saMambokadzi Elizabeth II weUnited Kingdom, Muchinda Henry weWales, Muchinda Naruhito naPrincess Masako Owada, Pope John Paul II, vatungamiri veUnited Kingdom. VaBill Clinton naVaBarack Obama, mutungamiri weSoviet Union VaMikhail Gorbachev, mutungamiri weSouth Africa VaNelson Mandela, mutungamiri wehurumende yeAustralia Tony Abbott kana mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin.
Cultural Kukosha
Imhuka ine mukurumbira pasi rose uye inokwezva zvikuru mapaki emusango eAustralia nemazoo. Yakabuda mukushambadza, mumitambo, makatuni ane mapopayi uye mhuka dzakatutirana.Iri batsiro kuindasitiri yezvekushanya yeAustralia. Nzvero yakaitwa muna 1997 yakaratidza kuti muna 1996 bedzi kwaireva mari inopfuura bhirioni rimwe remadhora uye mabasa akananga anenge zviuru zvipfumbamwe nenhamba yemari inosvika mabhiriyoni 2,5 nokuda kwegore ra2000, nhamba dzakawedzera kubvira ipapo.
Pakazosvika 1997, 50% yevashanyi vaishanya kuAustralia, kunyanya avo vanobva kuSouth Korea, Japan neTaiwan, vakaenda kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka nemapaki emhuka, uye vanosvika 75% yevashanyi vanobva kuEurope neJapan vakaisa koalas pamusoro pezvavanoda mhuka dzavanoshuvira. Kuona.” Maererano nomusayendisiti Stephen Jackson: “Kudai ndaizoitisa nzvero pamusoro pemhuka ipi inobatanidzwa zvikurusa neAustralia, ibheji yakachengeteka zvikuru kuti koala yaizoiswa zvishomanene pamberi pekangaroo.
Pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu anochengetedza mukurumbira uyu wakatsigirwa nekufamba kwenguva muviri wake wakaita sewemwana uye chitarisiko chake chebere. Iyo koala chikamu cheDretatime nyaya uye yeAustralia Aboriginal mythology. Vanhu veTharawal vaidavira kuti chisikwa ichi chakanga chabatsira kukwasva igwa rakavaunza kunyika huru.Imwe ngano inorondedzera kuti rudzi rwakauraya koala sei ndokushandisa ura hwaro hurefu kugadzira zambuko revanhu vanobva kune mamwe mativi enyika. Kurondedzera kwakataurwa kunosimbisa mugariro wekoala sechisikwa chinovhima nokuda kwetsika yechiAborigine kupfurikidza nokunongedzera kuwedzera kwoura hwayo.
Nhoroondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotaura nezvekurasa kwavakaita muswe; mune imwe yadzo, kangaroo inoicheka kuvatsiura kuti vane usimbe uye vane makaro.Marudzi eQueensland neVictoria anomuona semhuka yakachenjera uye anotsvaka mazano ake. Vanhu vaitaura mutauro weBijara vaifunga kuti koalas ndivo vane basa rokuchinja nyika yakaoma kuva masango akasvibira.
Vagari vekuEurope vakatanga kusvika kuAustralia vaiiona semhuka ine simbe inofamba-famba ine “kutarisa kunotyisa uye kusingateereri”. (1899), umo inoratidzwa se "bere rekuzvarwa rine nyasha".
Muimbi Norman Lindsay anga aine koala inoita kunge munhu muThe Bulletin mitsetse, kutanga muna 190. Mutambi uyu akaitawo seBunyip Bluegum muzvinyorwa zvaLindsay zva1918, The Magic Pudding. Mutambi wengano ane mukurumbira ndiBlinky Bill, mufananidzo wakagadzirwa naDorothy. Wall muna 1933 uyo akaratidzwa mumabhuku akati wandei uye anga ari protagonist wemafirimu, terevhizheni, zvitambi zvekutumira, mhuka dzakaputirwa uye rwiyo rwa1986 rwakakumikidzwa kunharaunda nemuimbi wekuAustralia John Williamson.
Chitambi chetsamba cheAustralia icho chakatanga kuratidza koala chakabudiswa neCommonwealth muna 1930. Nhimbe yokuzivisa muterevhizheni yekambani yenyika yeAustralia, Qantas, iyo yakavamba muna 1967 ndokushanda kwamakumi amakore anoverengeka, yakabatanidzwa ku koala mhenyu (nenzwi romutambi Howard. Morris) anochema-chema kuti Australia ine vashanyi vakawanda uye anopedzisa achiti “I hate Qantas.” Mushandirapamwe uyu wakarongwa panguva iyoyo seimwe yezvishambadzo zvakanakisa zvepaterevhizheni munhoroondo.
Inoonekwa pabheji renyika yeQueensland yemhuka dzesango. Murwiyo "Ode to a Koala Bear" inowanikwa paB-side raPaul McCartney naMichael Jackson's 1983's Say Say Say. Koala ndiye mutambi mukuru mumakatuni ekuma1980. akatevedzana The Kwicky Koala Show naHanna-Barbera uye Noozles naNippon Animation. Kune zvakawanda zvinonaka zvakaita sekoala, uye Dadswell Bridge muVictoria ine chivako chevashanyi chakaita sekoala hombe.Boka rerugby reQueensland Reds rine koala semascot aro.
Kune akawanda mari ane koalas, akadai seyeAustralia "Platinum Koala", iyo inoratidzira chisikwa kumashure uye Mambokadzi Elizabeth II pane iyo yakashata. Sezvakapesana neinodya mhuka yakapusa iyi, ngano yemazuva ano yekuAustralia yakagadzira bheya, mufananidzo wengano. kuratidza chikara, chinodya chikafu che koala. Nezve chisikwa ichi chekufungidzira chinowanzo hukama mungano dzinonakidza dzakagadzirirwa kutyisidzira vashanyi mumataundi ekumaruwa uye dzinotsanangurwa semhuka hombe uye dzinotyisa dzinogara pamisoro yemiti uye dzinorwisa vanhu vasingafungire kana imwe mhuka inopfuura pazasi. , achizviwisira pavari. .
Koalas uye Hukama hwevanhu
Ruzhinji zvikuru rwavanhu runorangarira koala sechisikwa chinodiwa, zvisinei kuti vamwe vanodavira kuti inofinha uye youpenzi. Sezvo koala dzichiramba dzichifamba kana kuti dzakazorora kweanenge maawa 18 pazuva, pane fariro shoma mukudzifunda. Parizvino, vanhu vakawanda vanogara munzvimbo dziri pedyo nekugara kwekoalas uye izvi zvakaita kuti vave vanyajambwa vokurwiswa nembwa.
Vamwe vanhu vanonetsekana kuti zvipfuwo zvavo zvinogona kubata chirwere nekuda kwekurwa uku. Kana zviri izvo, saka unofanirwa kubaya imbwa yako seyekudzivirira. Kuvakwa kwemigwagwa nomumasango umo koalas kwakaparira vazhinji vavo kufa kana kuti kukuvadzwa zvakakomba. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika usiku, pavanenge vachienda kunotsvaka zvokudya, uye sezvo vasingakwanisi kuyambuka migwagwa iyi nokukurumidza, vanotsikwa nemotokari.
Vamwe vanhu vanoda pfungwa yekuve nemhuka isinganzwisisike sechipfuyo. Kuvatora hakusi pamutemo munyika zhinji, asi kuchine vanhu vanovatora. Avo vanogamuchira koala sechipfuwo vanozviisa vamene mungozi sezvo izvi zvisikwa zvichigona kuzvibata zvine hasha. Kune zvirango zvakasimba kune avo vasingateereri pachena mutemo mune izvi uye vanoedza kuvachengeta semhuka dzinovaraidza.
Pakutanga kwemakore 1900 mamiriyoni ezvisikwa izvi zvakaparadzwa nechinangwa chekushandura matehwe azvo kuva mabhachi akanaka evanhu. Zvimiro zvemakushe zvekoala zvairangarirwa sezvinotyisa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakadaro sezvo, mukuwedzera mukupa chitarisiko chinofadza, vaipa mwero wakati wokudziya. Sezvo mafashoni akachinja, misika yemhando iyi yejasi yakatanga kuderera. Kudai zvimwe chetezvo zvakanga zvapfuurira, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vangadai vakaparira kutsakatika kwakakwana kwemarudzi a<em>koala.
Koala chisikwa chinoratidzika kunge chisingaiti zvakanyanya kumararamiro evanhu kana kuti ecosystem yemhuka dzakaipoteredza. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vazhinji vasingafungi kaviri vasati vatema miti inogara koalas. Vanoda kushandisa minda iyi kurima, migodhi uye kusimudzira maguta.
Chiri kunetsa ndechekuti hurumende yeAustralia haitore matanho emutemo panyaya iyi. Varatidza kuti kuvhima kwavo hakusi pamutemo, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, mitemo haisi kutevedzwa zvakasimba uye vanhu vanoramba vachivaparadza pasina kurangwa. Koala haionekwi sengozi kuvanhu uye hapana mishumo yekuti vanhu vari kurwiswa navo. Ndivo vanoita sevasina basa nazvo kuti vadzima rudzi urwu zvachose here kana kuti kwete.
Chikamu chakakosha chenyika panowanikwa mhuka idzi ipfuma yega. Panzvimbo pokuwana nzvimbo dzakadaro nokudzidzivirira, hurumende inotsigira muridzi wayo, ichivabvumira kuita zvavanoda mavari. Kune mitemo yakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa kuchengetedza koala maererano nenzvimbo muAustralia mavanogara. Kwose ikoku kunotungamirira kunyongano nokukangaidzika sezvo nhamba yavo inopfuurira kuderera zvikuru.
Ichokwadiwo kuti vanhu vakawanda vanoda koalas uye vanobatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchengetedza kuti varambe vari vapenyu. Havadi kuona vachirasikirwa nenzvimbo yavo yekugara kana kuti vane zvipingamupinyi pakutenga zvokudya zvavo uye havadi pfungwa yokuti vanogona kungorarama vari muusungwa. Koalas asina kuberekerwa muutapwa anogona pane imwe nguva kunzwa kushushikana zvakanyanya kana akamanikidzwa muhupenyu hwemhando iyi. Somugumisiro, vanogona kurwara kana kuramba zvokudya, zvichikonzera kufa kwavo nenzara.
Koala: Isina Mhaka Marsupial iri munjodzi yekuparara
Chisikwa chinomiririra chemahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweAustralia ndechimwe chezvakanyanya kukanganiswa nemoto mumavhiki apfuura. Moto wemasango unotambudza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAustralia wakapisa mahekita mamiriyoni mashanu mumwedzi inopfuura miviri chete, nzvimbo inofananidzwa nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kweGalicia, Asturias, Cantabria neBasque Country. Kuwedzerwa kune kurasikirwa kwevanhu uye kuparara kwedzimba uye zvivakwa, moto uri kukonzera dambudziko risati ramboitika renharaunda.
Pakati pemhando dzemhuka dzakakanganiswa nemirazvo ndeye koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ), imwe yeanonyanya kumiririra uye anotyisidzirwa eAustralia marsupials. Kwakaoma kufungidzira kuti kurasikirwa kwakabatanidzwa kwakadini, asi mune imwe yenzvimbo dzakatapurwa zvakaipisisa, Kangaroo Island (kubva pamhenderekedzo yeSouth Australia, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAdelaide) ingave yakaparara hafu ye50.000 XNUMX koalas dzakarekodhwa.
Kuziva
MuNew South Wales, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvienzaniso zvinenge 3.000 8.000 zvakatsakatika mumwedzi mumwe chete, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevagari vanofungidzirwa kuva zviuru zvisere zveizvi zvisikwa, maererano nezvakashumwa kuLa Vanguardia nomutauriri weGreenpeace Australia Pacific (dunhu). agency yeboka repasi rose rezvakatipoteredza). Deborah Tabart, director weAustralia Koala Foundation, akadzokorora muhufakazi hwebepanhau rino kubva kuBrisbane kuti marimi emoto ari kukanganisa nzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo pakurarama kwekoalas, kunyanya muchikamu chemahombekombe ekumabvazuva enyika.
Mumavhiki achangopfuura, "koala dzakawanda dzakaendeswa kuzvipatara zvemhuka, asi nhamba iyi haisi chinhu kana ichienzaniswa neavo vakafa mumoto," anodaro akasuwa mukadzi uyu anozivikanwawo semukadzi wekoala, akazivikanwa muna 2008 neMedal of the Order yeAustralia (OAM) mukutenda "nechipo chake chekuchengetedza uye manejimendi ekoalas nenzvimbo yavo yekugara, uye nemabasa ake kuAustralia nenyika yese."
Kwapera gore kubva apo Tabart akashoropodzwa nevamwe vaongorori uye vezvenhau nekutaura kuti koalas "yainyangarika." "Ndakavhundutswa [nekoalas] ipapo uye ndinoitevera zvakanyanya nhasi," Tabart anosimbisa kuLa Vanguardia. Kukodzera kwenjodzi inokanganisa kupona kwekoalas, chero zvakadaro, inoramba iripo.
General Dambudziko
Rondedzero dzvuku yemhuka dzemhuka dziri kutyisidzirwa, inotungamirwa neInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), inoronga koala se "isiri panjodzi" kubva 2014, asi nekuda kwekuita kwemoto, zvinogona kururamiswa kuti munguva pfupi. nguva iyi mhuka inobata chikamu chinoshungurudza, ndiko kuti, che "pangozi".
"Koalas dzaive dzatove munjodzi isati yatanga moto wemusango sezvo nharaunda yadzinogara uye zvekudya zvave kuderera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemaguta uye kutemwa kwemasango. MuNew South Wales, semuenzaniso, koala inoonekwa panjodzi yekutsakatika pasi peBiodiversity Conservation Act yakadzikwa muna 2016, "maererano nemutauriri weGreenpeace Australia Pacific.
Basa revatungamiriri vehurumende yeAustralia nevatungamiriri vavo vezvematongerwo enyika mumamiriro ekupisa kwesango rakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya mumavhiki apfuura, kunze kwechisungo chinosiririsa cheMutungamiriri wehurumende, Scott Morrison, kuti vaende kuzororo kuHawaii kwemazuva mashoma, vachiyananisa Zvita. ruzhinji rwenyika yake rwaipisa moto.
Pamusoro pekurangarira kuti hurumende yeAustralia yanga iri mumwe wevanopikisa zvakanyanya kufambisira mberi hurongwa hwekuita chibvumirano cheParis, vaongorori nemapoka ezvezvakatipoteredza zvino vanosimbisa kuti koala kana nharaunda yayo yakasikwa yakachengetedzwa zvakakwana.
Insufficient Figures
“Zviremera zvedu zvehurumende [muAustralia pamwe chete nomunzvimbo dzakasiana-siana] zvinofanira kunyara nenzira iyo zvakatarisira nayo nzvimbo dzinogara koala,” anodaro Deborah Tabart. Kuedza kudzoreredza kuvimbika kwavasina, muna Ndira 6, 2020, Mutungamiriri Scott Morrison akataura nezvekudyara kunoshamisa kwe1.243 miriyoni euros mumakore maviri anotevera kuvakazve dzimba, zvivakwa uye nzvimbo dzechisikigo dzakaparadzwa nemoto.
Iyo bhajeti yakaziviswa inogona kuve yakakosha, asi kana munhu akarangarira kuti moto wakapisa mahekita ane mamirioni mashanu, mhedzisiro yekupatsanurwa kwakadaro ingori 2 euros yekudyara pahekita uye pagore. Kunyange zvazvo zviremera zvichigere kupa mhinduro dzinogutsa, masangano asiri ehurumende uye chikamu chikuru chenzanga yesayenzi zviri kutungamirira nhamburiko dzokunzwisisa miuyo yengwavaira iyi ndokuita kutsvaka mhinduro dzenguva refu.
Unique Proposal
Sechikamu cheimwe yemapurojekiti akabuda mumavhiki apfuura, boka kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNewcastle (Australia) inotungamirwa naRyan Witt yakaratidza kukosha kwekuita chirongwa chinosanganisira kuomesa genetic zvinhu zve koalas. Kuchengetedzwa kwematishu uye masero eutachiona evanhu verudzi urwu rwunomiririra kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAustralia kwaizofarira tsvakiridzo pazvirwere zvavo, kunyanya chlamydia, uye zvikumbiro zvekubatsira kubereka muusungwa kana nzira iyi ichidikanwa mune ramangwana.
Murondedzero yakabudiswa muThe Conversation, vatsvakurudzi vatanhatu veNewcastle vanotaura kuti kana kurasikirwa kwevagari vekoala kukapfuurira pamwero unotsigirwa mumoto uchangobva kupfuta, “uye mienzaniso yemamiriro ekunze inonyevera kuti zvichange zvakaita seizvi kana kuti zvakatoipisisa, tinogona kurasikirwa nedzinza rakasiyana-siyana. takanga tisisakwanise kutsiva. Dambudziko harisi rekuti moto unokonzeresa kurasikirwa kukuru muhuwandu hwekoalas, asi kuti vanhu vanopona vachange vakakamukana uye vakaparadzaniswa, nenjodzi yekuberekesa uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvenhaka, timu yaRyan Witt inotaura. .
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