Chii chinonzi Absolute Void? Nhoroondo uye Zvimwe

  • The Void inotsanangurwa sekushaikwa kwenyaya mune imwe nzvimbo.
  • Kune marudzi akasiyana evacuum, akaiswa maererano nekumanikidza kwavo uye nhamba yemamorekuru.
  • Vacuum kuyerwa kunoitwa uchishandisa midziyo yakaita sebarometer uye vacuum gauges.
  • Vacuum maapplication anotangira kubva kune tekinoroji kuenda kumaindasitiri maitiro sekuomesa-kuomesa uye degassing.
Viaje al Cosmos

15 maminitsi

El vacío, inofungidzirwa sekushayikwa kwezvinhu mune imwe nzvimbo, iyo yatinogona kushandura kushayikwa kwechimwe chinhu munzvimbo. Muchinyorwa chinotevera tichaziva zvese nezve iyo Void iri kutaura nesainzi, mhando dzevacuum, kuyerwa kwayo uye zvimwe zvakawanda.

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Chii chinonzi Void?

Iyo Void inosanganisira kusiiwa kwakazara kwezvinhu muzvinhu, izvo zvinozivikanwa nesainzi se "Nyaya" mune yakatarwa nzvimbo kana nzvimbo, kana kutoreva kushaikwa kweimwe mhando yezvinyorwa mukati memukati memudziyo. Iyo inodaidzwa zvakare kunzi Vacuum kune iyo mamiriro enzvimbo iyo ukobvu hwezvimedu hunoita kunge huri pasi pemazinga, muenzaniso weizvi unozova Interstellar Space.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvinoitika munyaya yehafu-yakavharwa gomba apo iyo vacuum pressure pamwe chete neiyo yemagasi ari mumhepo kazhinji ishoma pane iri mumhepo. Iyo Void inogona kuitika yakasikwa kana kutogadzirwa zvisirizvo, saka inoshandiswa pazviitiko zvakawanda kune huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu, senge muzvikamu zvinotevera:

  • Tekinoroji
  • Motoring
  • Pharmacist
  • Chikafu

Definition of the Void

Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yakapihwa neAmerican Vacuum Society kana inozivikanwawo neacronym yayo "AVS" mugore ra1958, chirevo ichi chinoreva imwe nzvimbo yakazadzwa nehuwandu hwemagasi pakumanikidzwa kudiki kwazvo pane kusiyana nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, saka. iyo yakataura dhigirii yevacuum inowedzerwa mukutsamira kwakananga pakuderera kweiyo kudzvanywa kwegasi rinosara.

Zvinoreva izvi ndezvekuti sezvo kusimba kunodzikira, huwandu hwevacuum huchawanikwa huchave hwakakura, izvo zvinobvumira nyanzvi kuti dzikwanise kugovera dhigirii yevacuum uye kuiwana. Imwe neimwe yemhando idzi ine hunhu hwayo.

Vacuum Measurement

Atmospheric pressure ndiyo yose inoita mhepo yakapoteredza pasi kana kunyange mweya uri pamusoro penyika. Patembiricha yekamuri uye yakajairika mhepo yemhepo, 1 m3 Mhepo ndeiya inotakura mamwe kana mashoma 2 x 1.025 mamorekuru ari kufamba paavhareji yekumhanya yemakiromita 1.600 paawa (km/h).

Imwe nzira yekuyera nayo mhepo yemhepo ndeye mercury barometer; inowanzo ratidza hunhu maererano nekukwidziridzwa kwemercury column yechikamu chemuchinjiko chechikamu chinosanganisira 760 mm kureba. Pahwaro uhwu, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mamiriro ekunze anowanzo kuenzana ne760 mmHg.

Inoshandiswa kurerutsira seyero yekumanikidza kune iyo inonzi Torricelli Unit ine chiratidzo "Torr"; saka zvinogona kutsanangurwa kuti:

1 Torr = 1 mmHg

Izvo zvinopa izvo: 1 atm = 760 Torr; saka 1 Torr = 1/760 yemamiriro ekunze, muchidimbu:

1 Torr = 1,316 x 10 – 3 atm, zvichireva kuti uyu wanga uri mugumisiro wekupedzisira.

Low Pressure Measurement

Iyo nzira yakagadziridzwa naPirani ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa uye inowanzoitika kuyera yakaderera kudzvinyirirwa. Nzira imwe chete iyi inongobata nemhando yezambuko reWheatstone uko simba rebhiriji rinoiswa pavacuum inoyerwa.

Kupokana kwerudzi urwu rwe sensor element kuchasiyana zvichienderana nekuti kudzvanywa kunoshanduka sei, nekuti pavacuums padhuze nekumanikidza kwemuchadenga filament ichasangana nemamwe akawanda mamorekuru, ayo anoburitsa tembiricha yakaderera uye panguva imwechete inoguma yakaderera. resistive value.

Kunyange zvazvo vacuum ichizovandudzika, rudzi urwu rwefilament ruchawana nhamba shomanana yemamorekuru kuti iparadze kupisa, izvo zvinokonzera kuwedzera kwekushisa. Iyi mhando yekuwedzera tembiricha ndiyo inozoburitsa kuwedzera kweiyo inodzivirira kukosha, ichigadzira imwe mhando yekusagadzikana mune yambotaurwa Wheatstone zambuko.

Kusagadzikana kwerudzi urwu kunoyerwa nerubatsiro rweMicroammeter. Ipapo ichave ichipindirana ese mamicroamperes akagadzirwa nekuda kwebhiriji reWheatstone nehunhu hwevacuum pachayo.

Aya maitiro anodzoka mu 1 tafura inodhirowewa chiyero, apa ndipo apo, semuenzaniso, mune yeCINDELVAC vacuum gauges, pachava ne "0" microamps apo iyo inonzi sensor iri mune yakakwira vacuum uye mukati. "50" microamps pamhepo yemhepo. Zviri patafura yemhinduro yerinodaidzwa kuti CINDELVAC Wheatstone zambuko rine zvinotevera:

  • 0mV = 0,001mbar
  • 2mV = 0,010mbar
  • 11mV = 0,100mbar
  • 36mV = 1mbar
  • 45mV = 9mbar

Ionization zviyero

Aya ane mhando imwechete yehwaro seanonzi mabhomba eionization, kusvika pamwero wekuti ari kutorwa semhando yemhedzisiro. Kana nguva yasvika yekuverenga mamwe mavacuum intensity, zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinoshandiswa zvakapihwa nemukurumbira wefizikisi Bayard-Alpert, anove munhu mukuru ane chekuita nemhando dzese idzi dzemidziyo yakakwanisa kugovera nemazvo ese aya madhindindi kusvika anenge. 10–12 Torr.

Masimba akawanda akasiyana-siyana anoitwa pasi pano, mamwe acho ndeaya Masimba Anokosha Ezvakasikwa. Mhepo yatinofema inonyanya kuumbwa nemagasi akasiyana-siyana; pakati pawo ayo akakosha kwazvo anosanganisira oxygen nenitrogen, zvisinei, inowanzo gara yakawanda yegasi yakamira senge:

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Argon
  • Neon
  • Hélio
  • Krypton
  • Xenon
  • Hydrogen
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Mvura yemvura.

Zvishandiso zveVacuum Techniques

Iye zvino pane chiitiko ichi iwe uchaunzwa nemhando ipi yehunyanzvi yekushandisa yevacuum inoitwa zvichienderana nemamiriro emuviri aripo panguva ino:

Mamiriro Ekutanga Emuviri: Low pressure

  • Chinangwa: Musiyano wekumanikidza unowanikwa.
  • Mafomu: Inoshandiswa kutsigira, kusimudza, kutakura mumatayi, vacuum cleaners, kusefa, pamwe nekuumba.

Yechipiri Yenyama Situation: Low Molecular Density

  • Chinangwa: Bvisa zvinhu zvinoshanda kubva mumhepo.
  • Mafomu: Inoshandiswa kumarambi, angave ari incandescent, fluorescent kana magetsi machubhu, mukunyunguduka, sintering, kurongedza, encapsulation uye yekuona kuvuza.

Yechitatu Yenyama Situation: Low Molecular Density

  • Chinangwa: Kubviswa kwegasi rakavharika kana rakanyungudika.
  • Mafomu: Inoshandiswa pakuomeswa, kupera simba, kusungirirwa, lyophilization, degassing uye impregnation.

Yechina Mamiriro Enyama: Low Molecular Density

  • Chinangwa: Kuderera kwekufambisa kwesimba.
  • Mafomu: Inoshandiswa pakupisa kupisa, kuvharwa kwemagetsi, vacuum microbalance uye nzvimbo simulation.

Yechishanu Mamiriro Emuviri: Great Medium Yemahara Kosi

  • Chinangwa: Dzivisa kubonderana kana kubonderana.
  • Mafomu: Muchiitiko ichi, inoshandiswa kune:

-The Electronic Tubes – Cathode Rays – TV

-Photocells - Photomultipliers - X-Ray Tubes

-Particle Accelerators - Mass Spectrometers - Isotope Separators

-Electronic Microscopes - Electron Beam Welding

-Metallization (Evaporation, Cathodic Sputtering) - Molecular Distillation

Yechitanhatu Mamiriro Emuviri: Yakareba Monolayer Kugadzira Nguva

  • Chinangwa: Nzvimbo dzakachena.
  • Mafomu: Kudzidza kwekukwenya, kunamatira, kukora kwepamusoro. Kuedzwa kwezvinhu zvezviitiko zvepanyika.

Historia

Munguva yekare yekare uye kusvika iyo yakazova Renaissance, kuvapo kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakabviswa. Nokudaro, zvakanga zvisingabviri kupa rudzi rwetsananguro pamusoro pezviitiko nekuda kwevacuum. Munharaunda dzeGreece, dzinenge mhando mbiri dzedzidziso dzakapokana nekuda kwechikonzero ichochi.

Kuna Epicurus uye zvakanyanya kunyanya kuDemocritus nechikoro chake chese chepfungwa, nyaya yakanga isingabatanidzi kuenderera mberi, asi kuti yakagadzirwa nezvidimbu zvidiki zvisingaonekwe zvinozivikanwa semaatomu aifamba pakati penzvimbo isina chinhu uye nehurongwa hwakasiyana. izvi zvakakonzera mamiriro akasiyana-siyana emuviri.

Kusiyana, kuti kumuzivi mukuru anonzi Aristotle, uyu murume akaramba dzidziso pamusoro pokusava nechinhu uye kuti aruramise kutenda kwake uye chimwe nechimwe chezviitiko izvo physics yaAristotle pachake yaisagona kutsanangura, akanokora mashoko chirevo chinozivikanwa zvikuru chinotaura zvinotevera:

“Zvisikwa zvinotya kana pasina chinhu”

Iyi yakava dzidziso yakave yakazara mukufamba kweMiddle Ages uye yakagara kusvika pakuwanikwa kwekumanikidza. Mhando iyi yepfungwa ye "horror vacui" yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kunyange naGalileo pachake pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX paakatadza kutsanangurira mumwe nemumwe wevadzidzi vake chokwadi chakapfava chekuti rudzi rwekoramu yemvura mukati mechubhu yakavharwa. pamagumo ayo haibvi kana chubhu yave inverted apo iyo yakasununguka inopera yakanyura mumvura.

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Zvisinei, murume uyu akakwanisa kudzidzisa vadzidzi vake vose pamusoro pekuitira hanya kwake kuva netsananguro yechokwadi chakapfuura uye zvose zvine chokuita nacho, kunyanya nei pombi dzokusveta - impellers, inova hydraulic organ yakauya Kuve yakagadzirwa naAlejandrino. Ctesibius, aive akararama panguva yeArchimedes, vaisakwanisa kuita kuti mvura isimuke kubva mumatsime kusvika paurefu hwaipfuura mamita gumi pakureba.

Chronology yeZvakawanikwa nezve Vacuum Technology

Ngaticherechedzei kutevedzana kwezviwanikwa zvese zvakaitwa nezve Void tekinoroji kutanga kubva mugore ra1643 kusvika gore ra1953, kunyangwe zvimwe zvacho chete zvichataurwa kuitira kuti tisawedzere zvakanyanya pachirongwa ichi sezvo chiri zviitiko makumi mana:

Kutanga

  • munyori: Evangelista Torricelli
  • Gore: 1643
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Vacuum mukoramu ye760 mm yemekiyuri

Chechipiri

  • munyori: Blaise Pascal
  • Gore: 1650
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Kusiyana kwe mercury column nekukwirira

Chetatu

  • munyori: Otto von Guericke
  • Gore: 1654
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Piston vacuum pombi. Magdeburg hemisphere

Chechina

  • munyori: Robert Boyle
  • Gore: 1662
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Pressure-volume mutemo wemagasi akanaka

Cheshanu

  • munyori: Edme Mariotte
  • Gore: 1679
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Pressure-volume mutemo wemagasi akanaka

Chetanhatu

  • munyori: Antoine Lavoisier
  • Gore: 1775
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Mhepo inoumbwa nemusanganiswa weO2 neN2

Chenomwe

  • munyori: Daniel Bernoulli
  • Gore: 1783
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Kinetic dzidziso yemagasi

Chesere

  • munyori: Jacques Charles-J. Gay-Lussac
  • Gore: 1802
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Mutemo waCharles naGay-Lussac, vhoriyamu-tembiricha mutemo wemagasi akanaka

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Makumi mapfumbamwe

  • munyori: william henry
  • Gore: 1803
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Mutemo waHenry, unova wekuti patembiricha isingachinjiki, huwandu hwegasi hwakanyungudutswa mumvura hunoenderana zvakananga nekumanikidza kunoitwa negasi pamvura yakataurwa.

Chegumi

  • munyori: medhurst
  • Gore: 1810
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Inopa mutsara wekutanga pneumatic vacuum pakati pemahofisi.

Chegumi neimwe

  • munyori: William coolidge
  • Gore: 1915
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: x-ray chubhu

Chegumi nembiri

  • munyori: Wolfgang Gaede
  • Gore: 1915
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Mercury diffuser pombi.

Chegumi nenhatu

  • munyori: irving langmuir
  • Gore: 1915
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Incandescent mwenje wakazadzwa neinert gasi.

Chegumi nechina

  • munyori: irving langmuir
  • Gore: 1916
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Mercury condensate diffuser pombi

Chegumi neshanu

  • munyori: Oliver Ellsworth Buckley
  • Gore: 1916
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Kupisa cathode ionization geji

Chegumi nenhanhatu

  • munyori: Holweck
  • Gore: 1923
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: molecular bomb

Chekuti nenomwe

  • munyori: Gaede
  • Gore: 1935
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Gasi - ballast mumapombi anotenderera

Chegumi nesere

  • munyori: M Penning
  • Gore: 1937
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Cold Cathode Ionization Vacuum Gauge

Chegumi nepfumbamwe

  • munyori: Kenneth Hickmann
  • Gore: 1936
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: Oiri diffuser pombi.

Chegumi nembiri

  • munyori: J. Schwarz, R.G. Herb
  • Gore: 1953
  • Basa kana Kuwanikwa: mabhomba eion.

Sezvatakambotaura, iyi rondedzero pfupi ingori chikamu chenguva yezviwanikwa zvevacuum system.

Vacuum Applications

Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, mumarabhoritari makuru anhasi, zvinoitika kuti imwe mhando yemudziyo izere negasi inofanira kubviswa pakarepo. Kubvisa kunofanirwa kuve danho rekutanga mukugadzira nzvimbo itsva ine gasi.

Mukati mekuita distillation, gasi rakati rinofanirwa kubviswa nguva nenguva apo kuburitsa kuri kuitwa. Pane dzimwe nguva zvinodikanwa kuti mudziyo wose ubudiswe kuitira kudzivirira mweya mumwe chetewo kuti usashatise chimwe chikamu chepamusoro chakachena kana kuti kuvhiringa mamwe maitiro emakemikari.

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Zvimedu zveatomu zvinofanirwa kudzorwa muvacuum kuitira kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwe "Momentum" kuburikidza nekudhumhana kuri pakati payo nemamorekuru emhepo. Huwandu hukuru hwemwaranzi hunowanzo kutorwa nemhepo pachayo uye inogona chete kupararira nepamusoro penguva refu muvacuum.

Mhando yevacuum system ine chikamu chakakosha kune izvo zviridzwa zvemurabhoritari, pakati pavo Mass Spectrometer uye zvakare Electron Microscopes. Kune vacuum dehydration, iyo Nyore Vacuum System inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nekutsvaira kwechando.

Zvimwe zvakaomesesa uye zvakakura-zviyero zviridzwa kana michina inoda Vacuum System ndeyeThermonuclear Devices uye zvakare Nuclear Particle Accelerators. Panyaya yemaitiro makuru emazuva ano emaindasitiri, pakati peakanyanya kusimba ndiko kusikwa kwemasemiconductors, ayo anoda zvechokwadi nharaunda inodzorwa zvizere pasi pevacuum nenzira yekungwarira uye yakapfava.

Vacuum Systems

Zvese zviri zviviri kusimba uye chimiro chemagasi ese anozobuda mukati meiyo inonzi Vacuum System inowanzosiyana zvichienderana nenhoroondo yayo uye magadzirirwo nenzira yakakosha. Kune mamwe maapplication diki diki gasi remarara rine mamirioni nemamiriyoni emamorekuru pacm3 Zvinomboshiviririka.

Chimwe chinhu chave chiri chekukakavadzana kukuru kubva kare chave Chidzidzo che Kwakabva zvinhu zvose iyo yakave yakakakavadzana zvikuru nevazivi vakuru veNhoroondo yeHumanity.

Pane dzimwe nguva dzakawanda, zviuru zvishoma zvemamorekuru pacm3 ivo vakakwana kugadzira vacuum yakakwana. Kune zviitiko zvekuvapo kwekumanikidzwa kuri pasi pemhepo, izvi zvinoiswa sezvizvi:

Yekutanga - Void Range: Kudzvinyirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): 013
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): 8
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 7 × 1019
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 7 × 1025
  • Nzira Yemahara: 68 nm1​

Yechipiri - Void Range: vacuum shoma

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): 300 - 1
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): 225 - 7.501 × 10-1
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1019- 1016
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1025- 1022
  • Nzira Yemahara: 1 - 100 μm

Yechitatu - Void Range: Hafu isina chinhu

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): 1 - 10-3
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-1- 7.501 × 10-4
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1016- 1013
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1022- 1019
  • Nzira Yemahara: 1 - 100 mm

Yechina - Void Range: Vacuum yakakwirira

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): 10-3- 10-7
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-4- 7.501 × 10-8
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1013- 109
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1019- 1015
  • Nzira Yemahara: 10cm - 1km

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Yechishanu - Void Range: Ultra High Vacuum

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): 10-7- 10-12
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-8- 7.501 × 10-13
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 109- 104
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 1015- 1010
  • Nzira Yemahara: 1 km - 105km

Yechitanhatu - Void Range: Kunyanya High Void

  • Kumanikidzwa muhPa (mbar): -12
  • Kudzvinyirira mu mmHg (Torr): <7.501 × 10-13
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 4
  • Mamolekoro/cm3: 10
  • Nzira Yemahara: > 105km

Chimiro chegasi mukati mevacuum system inoshandurwa panguva iyo system inoburitsa nekuti kushanda kwemapombi evacuum kwakasiyana nemagasi. Pakudzika-simba, mamorekuru emadziro emudziyo wakataurwa anotanga kudzingwa uye panguva iyoyo kuumbwa kwegasi rinosara kunotanga.

Zvikurukuru, kuwanda kwegasi rinoramba riri pamadziro rinonzi mhute yemvura uye carbon dioxide; pakudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya, munyaya yemidziyo yakadzingwa, hydrogen inogona kuwanikwa.

Kuti upedze, tinokurudzira kuti uone kuti iri Orbit uye zvese zvine chekuita negwara iri muchadenga.

Nyaya inoenderana:
Ndima dzetariro, kurudziro uye kurudziro