Iyo Universe inoburitsa mwaranzi munzira dzese dzehurefu uye masaisai eiyo electromagnetic spectrum. Mwaranzi uyu uripo munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu uye unobvumira kushanda kweakawanda ecosystems yepasi uye anotidziya nekufambisa simba. Zvisinei, pane chinhu chiri muchadenga chinobvumira kupfuura kweimwe mwaranzi kusvika pamusoro penyika uye inonzi Hwindo reAtmospheric.
Chii chinonzi Atmospheric Window?
Ndiko kugona kwakakosha kwemhepo yePasi kuve pachena kune mamwe ma radiation anosvika kubva kunze uye zvakare anodzivirira kupfuura kwemamwe mwaranzi kuenda kumusoro izvo zvinoita kuti kuvepo kwehupenyu paNyika kusakwanisika. Kazhinji, mwaranzi inobvumirwa kupinda muPasi kubva kuCosmos masaisai eredhiyo uye chiedza chinooneka. (pamwe nechikamu chidiki che infrared radiation uye ultraviolet) izvo zvinoenderana neanonzi optical neradio windows.
Optical uye Radio Window
Muchadenga wePasi unokwanisa kutora mwaranzi yemagetsi kubva kuChadenga muhuzhinji hwemasaisai ayo. Kune mabhandi ayo mamiriro ekunze anenge akajeka, uye mbiri dzacho dzakafara zvakakwana kuti dzive dzefariro yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga uye donzo rokupfuuridzira fundo. Zvidzidzo izvi zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kutenderera kwemvura mune dzakasiyana siyana ecosystem uye hukama hwavo ne humidity.
Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye "Optical Window," iyo inobvumira kupfuura kwemafungu emagetsi anowanzozivikanwa seanooneka spectrum: wavelengths kubva paanenge mazana matatu kusvika ku300 nanometers (1.000 kusvika 0,3 picometer). Yechipiri inozivikanwa se "Radio Window" iyo inotambanuka muwavelengths kubva pa 1 millimeter kusvika ku1 metres, (15 Ghz - 300 Mhz). Uyezve, kudzidza kweaya mahwindo emuchadenga kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kutenderera kwemvura munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Munzvimbo iri pakati pehwindo rekuona uye hwindo reredhiyo, kunyura kwemuchadenga kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemvura uye kabhoni dhaibhoni, (mamwe mabhendi akajeka anoonekwawo pano). Nezve kureba kwemawavelengths (pakati pe 1 mm ne 1 cm), ivo vane basa rekutora, kunyanya, okisijeni uye mhute yemvura.
Atmospheric Windows kune iyo Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum inonzi kugoverwa kwesimba kweseti yemafungu emagetsi anoburitswa kana kutorwa nechinhu. Spectra inogona kucherechedzwa uchishandisa spectroscopes iyo, kunze kwekupa kugona kwekuona iyo spectrum, inobvumira kuyerwa kuti iitwe pairi, senge wavelength, frequency uye kusimba kwemwaranzi. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama pane idzi pfungwa, unogona kushanyira chinyorwa chedu greenhouse yemumba.
Iyo Electromagnetic Spectrum inotenderera kubva kupfupi wavelength mwaranzi, senge gamma rays uye X-rays, kuburikidza neultraviolet mwenje, mwenje unooneka uye infrared mwaranzi, kusvika kureba wavelength emagetsi masaisai, akadai seredhiyo. Zvinogoneka kuti muganho weiyo diki yewavelength iPlanck kureba uye kuti muganho mukuru ungave saizi yeNyika, kunyangwe sainzi inotaura zviri pamutemo kuti electromagnetic spectrum haina magumo uye inoenderera.
Spectrum Range
Iyo spectrum inovhara simba remagetsi emagetsi ane masaisai akasiyana. Frequencies ye30 Hz uye pazasi anowanzo gadzirwa nedzimwe stellar nebulae uye anoenderana nekudzidza kwavo. Mafungu epamusoro-soro akadai se 2.9 * 1027 Hz awanikwa. High-frequency electromagnetic waves ane urefu hupfupi uye simba repamusoro, ukuwo masaisai akaderera ane urefu hwakareba uye simba rakaderera.
Nekudaro, pese kana masaisai emagetsi ari pakati (nyaya), kureba kwawo kunoderera. Iwo mawavelength emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, zvisinei nepakati paanofamba nawo, anowanzo kutaurwa maererano newavelength muvacuum. Electromagnetic radiation inowanzoiswa zvichienderana newavelength: mafungu eredhiyo, microwaves, infrared uye inooneka dunhu, iyo yatinoona sechiedza, ultraviolet mwaranzi, X-ray uye gamma rays.
Mafungu eredhiyo
Masaisai eredhiyo anowanzo shandiswa uchishandisa antenna akakura zvakafanira (zvichienderana nemusimboti wekuti resonance), ane mafungu akareba kubva kumazana emamita kusvika pamirimita. Kushandiswa kwayo kunoshanda pakufambiswa kwedata, kuburikidza nekugadzirisa. Kubva kune isina waya network, nhare mbozha, terevhizheni uye magineti resonance imaging, aya angori mamwe emamwe anonyanya kufarirwa mashandisirwo eanonzi "Radio Waves", ayo akakodzera mumamiriro eiyo kusvibiswa kwemuchadenga.
Microwave oven
Iwo mafungu epamusoro uye nekudaro ane mapfupi ewavelength, ndosaka zita rawo. Chimiro chavo ndechekufadza mamorekuru emvura uye ari pakati pemwaranzi ye infrared nemasaisai eredhiyo akajairwa. Iyo ine chiyero chewavelength ye1 mm kusvika 30 cm. Kushandiswa kwaro kunoonekwa mumavheni emicrowave ekudziisa chikafu chine zvinwiwa, izvo zvinoratidza kushanda kunoshanda muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
infrared waves
Infrared mafungu e electromagnetic spectrum ari pakati pechiedza chitsvuku chinooneka uye mafungu ekutanga eredhiyo wave dunhu. Munzvimbo yeElectromagnetic Spectrum zvinonzwisiswa kuti mwaranzi iyi ndiyo yatinoona sekupisa, chimiro chesimba chakakosha mune zvakawanda zvechisikigo maitiro, kunyanya mu.
nharaunda inooneka
Iyo i electromagnetic radiation ine wavelength inosvika mazana mana nm uye 400 nm. Muchikamu ichi Zuva nenyeredzi dzakafanana naro dzinoburitsa yakawanda yemwaranzi yadzo uye frequency yadzo iri pamusoro peiyo infrared. Chiedza chatinoona chikamu chidiki che electromagnetic spectrum. Muraravungu muenzaniso wechikamu chinooneka che electromagnetic spectrum.
Ultraviolet mwaranzi
Iyo inozivikanwawo semaranzi eUV, imwaranzi ine wavelength ipfupi pane iyo violet yekupedzisira yeinooneka spectrum. Nekuda kwesimba rayo, ultraviolet mwaranzi inogona kutyora chemikemikari zvisungo, zvichiita kuti mamorekuru ashande zvakanyanya kana kuti ionizing iwo, izvo zvingave muvimbisi wekuchinja kwemaitiro avo, nechikonzero ichi kupisa kwezuva uye kunyangwe gomarara kunonzi kunokonzerwa nemwenje weUV yeganda.
X rays
X-rays inouya mushure me ultraviolet. Hard X-rays ane marefu-masaisai mapfupi pane maX-ray akapfava. Kubatsira kwayo kunoshanda kuona kuburikidza nezvimwe zvinhu. Kuburitswa kweX-rays kubva kune nyutroni nyeredzi uye accretion disks ndizvo zvinobvumira kudzidza kweaya mafungu emagetsi. X-rays inobatsira mumishonga uye indasitiri. Nyeredzi uye kunyanya mamwe marudzi e-nebulae ndiwo makuru emitters e-x-rays.
Gamma mwaranzi
Gamma mwaranzi inowanikwa mushure meX-ray uye ndiwo mafotoni ane simba zvakanyanya, uye muganho wepasi wewavelength wawo hauzivikanwe. Vanopa rubatsiro kune vanoongorora nyeredzi mukudzidza kwezvinhu zvine simba guru kana matunhu, uye zvinobatsira kune vefizikisi nekuda kwekugona kwavo kupinda uye kugadzira kwavo radioisotopes. Iyo wave dimension ye gamma rays inoyerwa nekurongeka kukuru nenzira yeCompton kuparadzira.
Emission uye Absorption Spectra
Iyo Atomic Emission Spectrum yechimwe chinhu seti yemafrequency emagetsi emagetsi anoburitswa nemaatomu echinhu ichocho, munzvimbo ine gasi, kana simba richitaurwa kwachiri. Iyo emission spectrum yechimwe nechimwe chinhu chakasiyana uye inogona kushandiswa kuona kana icho chinhu chiri chikamu chemukomboni usingazivikanwe.
Iyo yekunyudza spectrum inoratidza chidimbu chechiitiko che electromagnetic radiation icho chinhu chinotora mukati mehuwandu hwema frequency. Chekemikari chimwe nechimwe chine mitsetse yekunyura pane mamwe mawavelengths, chokwadi chine chekuita nekusiyana kwesimba kwemaatomu ayo akasiyana orbitals. Muchokwadi, iyo absorption spectrum inoshandiswa kuona zvikamu zvemamwe masampuli, sezvinwiwa uye magasi; kupfuura, inogona kushandiswa kuona chimiro che organic compounds.
Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti, mune izvo zvinozivikanwa se Atmospheric Windows, panongova nekushomeka kana kusapinzwa kana kubuda kwemwaranzi yemagetsi nezvikamu zvemhepo pakati pechinhu chinoyerwa nemidziyo yekuyeresa.
