Kunyemwerera, izvo zvatinoita zuva nezuva tisingafungi, kwave kuri musoro chaiwo weunyanzvi kwemazana emakore. Kana nhasi tichibatanidza kunyemwerera nekuva pedyo, mufaro kana kunyange hushamwari, mamiziyamu anotiudza nyaya yakasiyana zvikuruKufamba-famba nekukurumidza mugalari chero ripi zvaro zvakakwana kusimbisa kuti zvagara zvichiitwa zvaive zvakakomba, zvine hungwaru, uye kunyange zviri kure.
Zvisinei, kana kunyemwerera kuchionekwa mumufananidzo, chifananidzo, kana pikicha, Zvinova chinhu chinoonekwa chinobata maziso uye chinomutsa mibvunzo.Sei pasina munhu anonyemwerera mumifananidzo yekare? Sei kunyemwerera kwaMona Lisa kuchiramba kuchifadza mazana emakore gare gare? Chii chakachinja chinoita kuti tigare tichiisa mifananidzo yedu tichiratidza mazino edu mumifananidzo yese yatinoisa pasocial media?
Kusangana neunyanzvi nekunyemwerera: kubva kuKutxa Kultur kusvika kunhoroondo yemifananidzo
Munzvimbo dzetsika dzakadai seKutxa Kultur, muRuiz Balerdi Room, mibvunzo iyi inobvunzwa: Sei kunyemwerera kushoma pachiso chakapendwa kuchigona kuzunungusa fungidziro yedu yese uye kuzarura chakavanzika chave chichitiperekedza kubva pakutanga kwebudiriro. Kufungisisa kwacho kwakajeka: kwemazana emakore, kunyemwerera kwacho kwaive kusingawanzoonekwi mumifananidzo yekumadokero, chimwe chinhu chakakwezva kutariswa kukuru nekuda kwekusavapo kwayo kupfuura kuvapo kwayo.
Mifananidzo yekare yezviso zvinonyemwerera inoonekwa munzvimbo dziri kure dzakadai seMesopotamia, Egypt yekare, tsika dzevaEtruscan kana Mifananidzo yaBuddha muAsia. Mumazuva iwayo ekutanga, kukotama zvishoma kwemiromo kwaikwana kuratidza hupenyu, runyararo, kana simba remukati.Asi, pandakasvika pa Unyanzvi hwechiKristu kuMadokeroMatauriro acho anochinja zvakanyanya: zviso zvinova zvakaoma, zvine ruzha, uye kunyemwerera kunonyangarika kubva munhoroondo kwemazana emakore.
Zvakatozoitika kusvika panguva yeunyanzvi hwechiGothic, kusvika muzana remakore rechi12, apo mifananidzo yezvifananidzo nemifananidzo yakatanga kuoneka zvakanaka. Kudzoka uku kwekunyemwerera kwechiGothic kunosiyana nekuomarara kukuru kweRomanesque uye kuremekedzwa kwenhaka yekare., uye inovhura musuwo weunyanzvi huri pedyo neruzivo rwevanhu, inoteerera zvakanyanya pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike.
Panguva iyi, muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunyemwerera kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvine simba zvikuru zvemanzwiro zvatinazvo: Inzira yekukurumidza kutaurirana mufaro, hushamwari, uye rudo kune vamwe.Kunyemwerera kunoita kuti pave nekubatana, kunoputsa zvipingamupinyi, uye nenzira yakati zvinoita kuti tive vanhu pamberi pevamwe.
Ndosaka zvisiri zvekuwedzeredza kutaura kuti kunyemwerera rudzi rweunyanzvi hwepedyo uye hwepasi rose: hunyanzvi hwakasununguka, hunowanikwa nguva dzose, hunotizivisa uye hunosiya chiratidzo kune chero ani zvake anohugamuchira.Kungofanana nemufananidzo webasa wakaturikwa mumiziyamu, kunyemwerera kusingakanganwiki kunogona kuramba kuri mupfungwa dzako kwemakore.
Kunyemwerera seunyanzvi hwemazuva ese uye se "chishongo" chako pachako
Kana tikafunga nezvazvo kwechinguva, Munhu wese ane "basa reunyanzvi" rakasiyana: kunyemwerera kwakeHaidi mafuremu ane goridhe, mamiziyamu, kana mabhokisi ekuratidzira. Inoonekwa nekukasika, inoshanduka zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye inoperekedza muridzi wayo kwese kwavanoenda. Uye, kusiyana nezvishongo zvemachira, haina mutengo uye inotaridzika zvakanaka, kana kuti zviri nani.
Pfungwa iyi yekuti kunyemwerera sechinyakare chinowanikwa inotsanangura kuti sei tichiwanzo "danana" nechitarisiko chemumwe munhu kunyangwe tisati tavaziva zvakanaka. Kune kunyemwerera kunoyevedza nekuti kunoita sekunge kunokugamuchira, nekuti kunoratidza zvinhu zvakanaka nezvemunhu ari kukupa. Uye nekuti, semabasa makuru eunyanzvi, zvinoita sekunge ane hupenyu hwawo.
Pakupedzisira, kunakidzwa nekunyemwerera kwedu uye kugoverana nevamwe kwakafanana nekupa hunyanzvi kunyika. Kuratidza mutsa kwese, kuseka kwese kwatinogovana, kunova chiito chidiki chekugadzira chinovandudza nharaundaUye chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti, pasinei nesimba iroro rezuva nezuva, patinotarisa nhoroondo yeunyanzvi tinowana kunyemwerera kushoma kupfuura kwatingatarisira.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana tikafunga nezvekunyemwerera kwakakurumbira mumifananidzo, vashoma vanouya mupfungwa. Hapana mubvunzo kuti yakakurumbira zvikuru ndeye Mona Lisa waLeonardo da Vinciuyo ave chiratidzo chikuru chekunyemwerera kusinganzwisisike. Kubva ipapo, zvakaoma kurangarira mienzaniso yakawanda ine simba rakaenzana.
Kunyangwe mumifananidzo yemazuva ano, yakadai semimwe mifananidzo yaJason Brooks, kunyemwerera kunoshandiswa sechinhu chefashoni, asi kashoma kuwana huremu hwekufananidzira uye hunenge hwepfungwa hwatinowana mumabasa akaita seMona Lisa. Musiyano uripo pakati pekuwanda kwekunyemwerera muhupenyu chaihwo nekushaikwa kwavo mumamiziyamu, kutaura zvazviri, unoshamisa..
Mona Lisa uye chakavanzika chekunyemwerera chinoonekwa uye chinonyangarika
Kunyemwerera kwaMona Lisa pamwe ndiyo nyaya inonyanya kuongororwa uye kukurukurwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi. Leonardo da Vinci akashanda nekubatana kwakajeka kwemimvuri nemagirazi kuti agadzire chimiro chisina kugadzikana, asi chinogara chichichinja pamberi pemaziso edu.Vamwe vanoti kana tikatarisa muromo zvakananga, kunyemwerera kunoita sekunge kwanyangarika; kana tikatarisa maziso kana mamiriro ekunze, kunoonekwazve zvinyoro nyoro.
Zvidzidzo zvetsinga, zvakaita sezvakaitwa neboka renyanzvi dzekuAustria, zvinoratidza kuti: Maonero aMona Lisa ekunyemwerera anosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo iri mumufananidzo patinotarisa maziso edu.Pfungwa dzedu dzinotsanangura musiyano wechiedza nemumvuri zvakasiyana, uye izvozvo zvinoita kuti zvatinoona zvirambe zvichichinja.
Kuti asimbise kusanzwisisika ikoko, Leonardo anotamba nemwenje yakapfava yakatenderedza muromo nematama. Kushaikwa kwemagadzirirwo akaomarara uye kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma pakati pechiedza nemumvuri kunoita kuti chiratidziro chisina kugadzikana zvachose.Hatizive kana Lisa Gherardini ari kunyemwerera zvechokwadi, achidzivisa kuseka, kana kuti ari kungoramba achiratidza kusada kutaura.
Nekufamba kwenguva, dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabuda kuti dzitsanangure chiito ichi. Dzimwe dzinotaura nezvematambudziko ehutano, akadai sematambudziko ethyroid anokanganisa tsandanyama dzechiso; dzimwe dzinotaura nezvemanzwiro, kuva amai, kusuruvara, kana kunyange mashoko ekufananidzira akavanzika. Hapana fungidziro yakakwanisa kugadzirisa chakavanzika ichi, uye pamwe ndicho chikamu cherunako rwacho..
Chero zvazvingava, Mona Lisa inotsanangura pfungwa huru: Kunyemwerera kwakapendwa hakusi kungofadza chete, asi kunokonzera mibvunzo pamusoro pekuzivikanwa, nguva, kutarisa, uye hunhu hwemufananidzo wacho.Ndosaka mukurumbira wayo wakawedzera kubvira muzana remakore rechi19, zvichiita kuti ive kunyemwerera kunonyanya kufarirwa muunyanzvi hwekuMadokero.
Zviso zvekutanga zvinonyemwerera: kubva kuzvifananidzo zvekare kusvika ku "kunyemwerera kwekare"
Kana tikadzokera shure zvikuru munguva yakapfuura, tinoona chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa: Zviso zvekutanga zvakajeka zvinoonekwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi zvinowanzoratidza kunyemwereraMunguva yePaleolithic, vanhukadzi vazhinji—zvifananidzo zveVenus zvinozivikanwa—hazvina kana chimiro chechiso; mumifananidzo yemapako kana zvifananidzo zveCycladic, chinhu chinonyanya kuonekwa imhino ine mufananidzo uye zvimwe zvishoma.
Munyori wenhoroondo yezveunyanzvi Ernst Gombrich, achitaura nezvemutemo unonzi Toepffer Law, akayeuka kuti Chero musanganiswa mudiki wekurova wakafanana nechiso unobva wawana kuratidzwa kwekutaura.Kana tikadhirowa madotsi maviri nemutsetse wakakombama papepa, hazvigoneke kusanzwa kuti chiso chemunhu, kunyangwe chisina kunaka, chiri kutitarisa. Uye, kutaura chokwadi, vanhu vazhinji vanozeza kubvisa kana kuparadza chiso ichocho chakagadzirwa, sekunge chatova nechiedza chehupenyu.
Kwenguva yakareba kare kare, vaimbi vaidzivirira njodzi iyoyo: Zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura vachiratidza miviri, zviitiko zvekuvhima, kana zviratidzo vasingatore rusununguko rwekutsanangura maziso nemiromo.Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vavepo kwemakore angangoita mamiriyoni maviri, kuti hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwave nemakore angangoita 25.000, asi zviso zvavo—zvine mativi akazara—hazvina kuonekwa kusvika makore angangoita 5.000 apfuura.
Uye kana zviso izvozvo zvasvika, munzvimbo dzakadai seSumer, Akkad, Egypt, Crete, Mycenae, Greece yekare, nyika yeIberia kana nyika yeEtruscan, Vanhu vakawanda vane kunyemwerera kudikiHazvisi zvemufaro mupfungwa yemazuva ano, asi kuti inyaya yekuona kuti chiso chako chionekwe zvakanaka uye kuti chisataridzike chakatsamwa kana kutyisidzira.
Munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, chiito ichi chinozivikanwa se "kunyemwerera kwekare". Haisi ganda rezvisikwa, asi tsika inounza hupenyu nerudzi rwevanhu kuzvifananidzo kana kupenda.Gombrich akataura kuti kunyemwerera uku kwakasimba, kwakaomarara chiratidzo chisina kujeka, chine mativi akawanda, asi chinoshanda zvikuru mukuratidza kuti munhu wacho "mupenyu".
Zvinofadza kuti, vana vadiki pavanotanga kudhirowa, vanowanzo dzokorora fomura imwechete: Mifananidzo yavo yese inoita kunge ichinyemwerera, sekunge kufara ndiko kwaingosarudzwa.Pamwe ndosaka kunyemwerera ikoko kwekare, zvisinei nekuti kwaive kwakarongwa sei, kuchifadza kwatiri nhasi: kwakafanana nekukwazisa kubva pakutanga kwevanhu, apo nyika yakanga ichiri kusikwa.
Kubva pakunyemwerera kusvika pakuremekedzwa: Greece yekare, Roma, nenyika yechiKristu
Nekufamba kwenguva, kufarira ikoko kwekutanga kunotsiviwa neunyanzvi hwakakomba uye hwepfungwa. MuGreece yekare, kunyemwerera kwechinyakare kwakanyangarika chose, zviso zvakanyarara, zvakadzikama, uye pamusoro pezvose, zvakapfava.Zvifananidzo hazvichaedzi kumiririra munhu chaiye, asi pane kuva nepfungwa yekukwana.
El Doryphoros Polyclitus muenzaniso wakanaka: Hationi munhu mumwe chete, asi muenzaniso wemasvomhu wemuviri wemunhu.rudzi rwekuratidzwa kwehukuru nechiyero. Kudanwa uku kwekukwana kunoparadzanisa chitarisiko nemanzwiro ezuva nezuva; semuenzaniso, mufaro unoonekwa seusina basa kune magamba nevatambi vakasimudzirwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chevamwari.
Izvi zvinoshandawo kumabasa akaita se Charioteer yeDelphi kana kuti Discobolus naMyron: Zviso zvavo zvakakomba, zvakatarisa, zviri kure.Chifananidzo ichi chinopemberera kukunda, simba, uye chiremerera, kwete mufaro unongoerekana waitika. Muchirevo ichi, kunyemwerera kunoonekwa sechiratidzo chisina kukodzera kuratidza hukuru.
Kana kuvimba nevanhu semuyero wezvinhu zvese kwatanga kuparara—nekuda kwehondo dzevagari vemo, matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kukundikana kwehuzivi—unyanzvi hwechiGiriki huchatanga zvakare kusanganisira vanhu vasina kusimba; asi tsika yekunyanya kukosha yatovepo.
VaRoma vakagara nhaka iyi yekuda zvinhu zvine mwero, vachiwedzera kunaka kwavo kwekuzvikudza nekubwinya. Mumifananidzo yehumambo kana yehumambo, chinokunda isimba, simba, uye ukuru.Kunyange hazvo zvinhu zvezuva nezuva uye zvinosetsa zvingaonekwa mumifananidzo, mifananidzo yemosaic, uye mifananidzo yemhando, zviso zvevamiriri vepamutemo zvinoramba zviri zvinyoro.
Nekukura kwechiKristu, nhaka iyoyo yekare hainyangarike, inoshanduka. Kwemazana emakore, muenzaniso wekutarisa wakaramba uri weRoma.Vanhu verudzi rwechihedheni kana kuti vechiIslam, pakutanga kwazvo, havana kupa nzira yekumiririra mifananidzo kana mifananidzo yakatsiva zvachose zvirongwa izvozvo; saka, kukomba kwevanhu kwakaramba kuripo.
Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hweRomanesque, nesimba rahwo rese rekuratidza, hahuna kuputsa zvachose simba iri. VaKristu muHukuru, Mhandara, nevatsvene veRomanesque vanochengeta chiratidzo chakakomba, chepamberi, uye chekutongaPadanho repfungwa, pesvedzero yedzidziso dzaPlato inosundirawo mberi: chakakosha inyika yakanaka, yakakwana, iri pamusoro pechokwadi chedu chine musoro, iyo yakaderedzwa kuita rudzi rwemumvuri.
Mupfungwa iyi, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti, muunyanzvi, Dzidziso dzaPlato dzinowanzobatanidzwa nekukomba, nepo mafungu echokwadi uye ane simba ari pedyo nemweya waAristotle.Kana pfungwa dzichitarisa pane zvakaitika chaizvo, kune zvakasikwa uye manzwiro evanhu, kunyemwerera kunowana mukana wekudzoka.
Gothic uye kudzoka kupfupi kwekunyemwerera
Pakati peMiddle Ages, kuwanikwa patsva kwaAristotle kwakabatana nekuchinja kukuru munharaunda yeEurope. Maguta anomukazve, migwagwa inozadzwa nevafambi, hupfumi hunovandudzwa, uye marudzi matsva ekunamata anobuda ari pedyo nenyika yezuva nezuva.VaFranciscan vakaita saFrancis wekuAssisi vanotaura nezvezuva, mwedzi, mhuka, nezvisikwa sehama dzinoratidza chiso chaMwari.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ekudazve hupenyu hwepanyika, hunyanzvi hweGothic hwakatanga kuchinja kukuru mukumiririrwa kwezviso. Mifananidzo yacho inotanga kudhirowa kunyemwerera kwakapfava, kwevanhu, ichisiya kuomarara kwemifananidzo yeRomanesque.Mhandara dzine Mwana, ngirozi nevanhu vari pamasuo makuru vanoratidza kuswedera pedyo, kunyorova uye kunyange kutamba.
Magadzirirwo eGothic, nekumira kwayo kwezvisikwa uye kubatana kwayo kwekunetsana uye kuenzana, zvinoratidzawo nyika ine simba uye ine hupenyu. Zvinoita sekunge chimiro chemachechi makuru chaiperekedza kumuka uku kwemufaro wekuona.Kunyemwerera kwenguva yeGothic hakuna ruzha, asi kunoratidza musiyano wakajeka kubva munguva dzakapfuura.
Zvisinei, nguva iyi yakajeka haizogari kwenguva refu. Njodzi dzakakomba dzemuzana remakore rechi14—hondo, matenda, nzara—dzinodzima mugumo Uye vanosiya chiratidzo chavo paunyanzvi, izvo zvinoita kuti vanzwe kusuruvara uye kunetseka. Kunyemwerera kwava kushoma zvakare.
Renaissance: kutapira, chakavanzika uye kudzoka kune simba rinokwevera pasi
Renaissance yakanga izere nezvinangwa: Vanhu vanoda kudzoreredza basa ravo guru semuyero wezvinhu zvose.vachiwana kurudziro kubva munhoroondo yekare. Mukutanga kwaQuattrocento, tichiri kuwana vanhu vakawanda vanonyemwerera, kunyanya mumhando yevaimbi vakaita saFilippo Lippi kana Sandro Botticelli.
Mumabasa aya, mhandara, ngirozi nevechidiki vane mukurumbira vanoratidza zviratidzo zvinyoro, pakati perunyararo nemufaro wakavanzika. Mufaro wakadzikama, wakanaka unodzivisa kuseka kukuru asi usingaregi kudziya kwakati.Zvisinei, maitiro aya ari kupera zvishoma nezvishoma.
Leonardo da Vinci inyaya yakakosha: Paanosiya hunyanzvi hwe geometric hwezvidzidzo zvake zvemaumbirwo emuviri uye chiyero, anotipa mamwe emashoko akakurumbira munhoroondo.Kunze kwaMona Lisa, panewo kutaura kwaCecilia Gallerani mu Mukadzi ane Ermine kana kunyemwerera kunonakidza kwaMadonna Benois.
Rafael, iyewo, akachengetedzawo kunyemwerera ikoko kwaipenya kuripo mumifananidzo yake mizhinji nemifananidzo yaMadonna, pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwakazoitwa nevaPre-Raphaelites. Mifananidzo yake inoratidza runako, kusvikika, uye mufaro wakanyarara. izvo zvinobatana netsika yakanakisisa yeRenaissance.
NaMichelangelo matauriro acho anochinja zvakanyanya. Pfungwa dzake, dzakadzika midzi mutsika dzeNeoplatonic, dzinoita kuti pave nevanhu vane pfungwa dzakasimba, vane shungu, vanobatwa nepfungwa huru kwete nemanzwiro anokurumidza.Mhandara dzake, vaprofita, nemagamba ake havawanzonyemwerera; vanobatwa murudzi rwemutambo wemukati usingasiyi mukana wekuita zvinhu zvakasununguka.
Mannerist akatevera tsoka dzake akatora chirangaridzo ichocho kuenda kunzvimbo yakaoma kunzwisisa. Mumabasa akaita se Madonna wemutsipa murefu Mubasa raParmigianino, kunyemwerera kunoonekwa kunogona kushungurudza., inenge isiri panzvimbo yayo, pakati pezvinhu zvakareba uye zvekugadzira apo zviso zvinoyevedza zvinogara pamwe chete nekutaura kwekutya kana hasha.
Kubva kuBaroque kusvika muzana remakore rechi19: kupembererwa, kusarudzika uye shanduko dzepfungwa
Kutamira kune chimiro cheBaroque hakuna kugadzirisa "dambudziko" rekunyemwerera mumifananidzo yepamutemo. Rudzidziso rwechiBaroque rwakasimba uye rune manzwiro, asi runowanzo simbisa kutambura, mufaro wepachivande, kana hukuru hwaMwari.Pane kufara kuri nyore, kunyemwerera kunoonekwa—uye Murillo muenzaniso wakanaka—asi zvakajeka muzviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva nevana vemumugwagwa kupfuura mumifananidzo yevasande nemhandara.
Muzana remakore rechi17, pakati pevapfumi vekuEurope, Kunyemwerera kwakakura kwairatidza mazino kwaiwanzobatanidzwa nevanhu vepasi, vaseki, vatambi, kana zvidhakwa.Pfungwa iyi inoratidzwa mumabasa akaita se Kukunda kwaBacchus yeVelázquez, uko kuseka kwakabatana nevanhu vakakurumbira nemamiriro ezvinhu ekupemberera kusina kurongeka.
Mumutauro weDutch Baroque, kufarira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva kunovhura mukana wekuseka. Vapendi vakaita saGerrit van Honthorst mumabasa akaita se Mwanakomana anopambadza...kana kuti Rembrandt mune mamwe emifananidzo yake "yekuzviseka", anotsunga kuratidza kuseka kwechokwadiMifananidzo iyi yakaenzaniswa nemifananidzo yedu yeselfie yatiri kutora parizvino nekuda kwekuita kwayo nemaoko.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza kuchena kwemuromo. Kusvika muzana remakore rechi18, mazino akakuvara ndiwo aiwanzoonekwa.Kunyanya kune avo vaigona kutenga mufananidzo, kuratidza mazino ako kwaionekwa sekusakosha zvachose. Munyori wenhoroondo Colin Jones anotaura kuti, nekuvandudzika zvishoma nezvishoma mukutarisira mazino, kuratidza mazino ako kwakatanga kuonekwa senzira itsva yekuratidza kunzwa uye kunatswa.
Muchiitiko ichi, mifananidzo yakaita se Mufananidzo wake nemwanasikana wake Mifananidzo yakaitwa naMarie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, yakapendwa muna 1786, inenge yakachinja zvinhu. Mupendi anoratidzwa achinyemwerera zvinyoro nyoro, mazino ake asinganyatsooneki, ari mumufananidzo wakapfava uye waamai. iyo inoparadzana nemazana emakore ezviito zvakadzivirirwa mumifananidzo yevanhu vepamusoro.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kana tikaongorora Neoclassicism yose, Rudo uye zvakawanda zveRealism yezana remakore rechi19, Tichiri kuwana ruzhinji rwevanhu vakakombaKurema kwekumiririra zvine rukudzo, hushingi, kana kuti kufunga zvakadzama kuri kuramba kuchitonga nzvimbo yacho, ukuwo kuseka kwechokwadi kuchingoramba kuripo pazviitiko zvemhando, mifananidzo inosetsa, kana mifananidzo inosetsa.
Rococo, Impressionism uye zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekureruka
Pane nguva mbiri dzinokosha apo kunyemwerera kunowanazve mukurumbira: Rococo neImpressionism. Munguva yeRococo, vanhu vane hunyanzvi vairatidzwa munzvimbo dzine hukama hwepedyo, dzakasimba, uye dzisina basa.Uye kunyemwerera kuri nyore kunozova chikamu chemutambo wekukwezva vanhu nemaziso. Hakusi kuseka kwakadzama, asi kutaura kunopenya, kunenge kunonakidza.
Kufungidzira zvinhu nenzira yekufungidzira, kunotarisa kuhupenyu hwemazuva ano, maresitorendi, kufamba-famba, kutamba uye nguva yekuzorora. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuseka uye kunyemwerera zvinoonekwa, zvichitorwa nekukurumidza.Zvisinei, mufaro unowanzova wechinguvana, wenguva pfupi, zvichienderana nenzanga iri kutanga kuona hupenyu hwemumaguta huchipfuura.
Muunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemuzana remakore rechi20, kunyemwerera kunowedzera matambudziko. Semuenzaniso, Picasso haamboshandisi kunyemwerera pachena, kunyangwe mumifananidzo yake ine simba.Manzwiro anopatsanuka, anokanganiswa, uye anoongororwa kubva pamaonero akasiyana-siyana, asi haawanzo shandurika kuita chiito chakajeka uye chinopenya sekunyemwerera kwechokwadi.
MuPop Art, kunyemwerera kunowedzera, asi kunoita izvozvo sechikamu chemutauro wekushambadzira. Zviso zvevakadzi zvine kunyemwerera kwakanaka zvinoita kunge zvakapendwa nepurasitiki.zvinodzokororwa sekunge zviri zvekurongedza musupamaketi. Mufaro unoshandurwa kuita chigadzirwa, kuita chimwe chinhu chakafanana zvinofungidzirika.
Vamwe vaimbi, vakaita saWillem de Kooning pamwe chete ne Mukadzi IniVanoshandisa kunyemwerera nechinangwa chakasiyana chaizvo: kuchichinja kuita ganda rakaipa, rinenge remadhimoniizvo zvinokanganisa pfungwa yekare yeVenus munyoro. Mumifananidzo yake, kunyemwerera hakusi chiratidzo chekunaka, asi chiratidzo chinovhiringidza chesimba rakasunungurwa.
Kutora mifananidzo: kubva pakutanga kusvika pakunyemwerera kuri kwese kwese
Kusvika kwemifananidzo kwakaunza shanduko huru munzira iyo zviso zvaimiririrwa nayo, asi Hukama nekunyemwerera hakuna kuchinja nekukasika.Mifananidzo yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 inowanzoratidza zviso zvakakomba, zvichiedza kuremekedzwa kwakafanana nemifananidzo yakapendwa.
Kazhinji zvinonzi mhosva yacho yaive yekuratidzwa kwenguva refu, izvo zvakaita kuti zviome kuramba uchinyemwerera zvakanaka pasina kukanganiswa. Kunyange zvazvo chinhu ichocho chehunyanzvi chakabatsira, chokwadi ndechekuti, kunyangwe makamera paakavandudzwa, vanhu vakaramba vachitora mifananidzo yavo zvine hunhu hwakadzama.Chiyero chakaramba chiri mufananidzo wemafuta: mufananidzo wakagadzirirwa zvizvarwa zvinotevera, kwete kuti ugare kwenguva yekunakidzwa.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vanhu vanonyemwerera vakaita semutambi mukuru wemufananidzo Kudya mupunga, ChinaMifananidzo iyi, yakatorwa muna 1904 panguva yerwendo rwaBerthold Laufer, inyaya dzisingawanzoitiki. Ikoko tinoona murume wekuChina achinyemwerera asingatyi, zvichida nekuti chinangwa chemutori wemifananidzo chaive chekutora mifananidzo yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. uye kwete kuzvivakira mufananidzo wakakosha.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kutora mifananidzo kwakava kwakachipa, kwakava kwakasununguka, uye kwakabatana nekushambadzira. Makambani ari kuwana simba rekunyemwerera rekutengesa mufaro, kuvimba, uye kugara zvakanakaUye mifananidzo yevanhu vanonyemwerera inova chiyero mukukurukurirana kwevanhu vazhinji.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, social media yakatowedzera dambudziko iri. Takagovana mifananidzo mumwe mushure memumwe, tichigara tichinyemwerera, sekunge kunyemwerera kwave mutemo wekuratidza kuti "zvese zvakanaka"Kunyemwerera hakusi kungoerekana kwaitika: zvakare chishandiso chekuzviratidza uye kushambadzira iwe pachako.
Kunyemwerera kwekumanikidzwa, kusvinura, uye kuoma kwekunyemwerera "zvechokwadi"
Zvinofadza kuti, kuwanda uku kwekunyemwerera kwedhijitari kunofanana nekuoma kukuru pakuratidza kunyemwerera kwechokwadi pamberi pekamera. Kana mumwe munhu akatiudza kuti "tinyemwerere" kana tichida kutora mufananidzo, hazvisi nyore nguva dzose.Manyepo akadai se "say potato" kana "look at the birdie" inozivikanwa kubva mumifananidzo yeanalog inoonekwa, yakagadzirirwa kuunza chiito chisina kuomarara.
Nhasi, vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza kuita zviso zvinosetsa, kuburitsa rurimi rwavo, kana kuita chiratidzo chekuisa minwe miviri padivi pemaziso avo. Izvi zvinodzivirira kushushikana kwekunyemwerera kwechokwadi., izvo zvinotiratidza zvakadzama kupfuura zvazvinoita.
Kare, chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika neunyanzvi. Kuratidza kunyemwerera kunogutsa kunoda hunyanzvi hwakakura uye tsitsi huru dzepfungwa.Kumbomira zvishoma mumakona emuromo, mutsandanyama dzakatenderedza maziso, kana mukumanikidzwa kwemutsipa kunogona kushandura chimiro chinodziya kuita kumeso kusinganzwisisike.
Ndosaka vaimbi vazhinji vachisarudza kuita zvinhu zvisina njodzi uye kusarudza zvinhu zvakakomba. Chiso chakakomba chinogona kutsanangurwa sechinyararire, chine rukudzo, chakatarisa; kunyemwerera kusina kunaka, kune rumwe rutivi, kunogona kuratidzika sekuseka, kuseka, kana kushungurudza zvachose.Uye, zvechokwadi, haisi mufananidzo wekuti munhu akapfuma angada kupa nhaka kuvana vake pajira remachira.
Muunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, vamwe vagadziri vakatora kusagadzikana uku ndokukutorera zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, muimbi wekuChina Yue Minjun, anogara achizviratidza achinyemwerera zvakanyanya, zvinoita sekunge akatsamwa.Vanhu vake, avo vanoita sevari kuseka zvinonzwika, vanotoviga kutsoropodzwa kukuru kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu munyika yake.
Zvakaonekwa mumazana emakore, Kunyemwerera muunyanzvi kwagara kuri nzvimbo isina kugadzikana, chinhu chine njodzi icho vashoma vakashinga kuongorora zvakadzama.Kubva pakunyemwerera kwekare kusvika kuna Mona Lisa, kupfuura nepakati pezviratidzo zveRococo kana kumeso kwePop Art neChinese Cynical Realism, chiito ichi chinoratidzika sechiri nyore chakashanda kuratidza hupenyu, zvakavanzika, simba, kuseka kana kutsoropodza.
Zvese zvinoratidza kuti kunyemwerera, muunyanzvi nemuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunoramba kuri imwe yenzira dzakaoma kwazvo dzekuratidza kuti tiri vanaani. Pamwe ndosaka kunyemwerera kushoma kwatinowana mumamiziyamu kuchiramba kuchitifadza zvikuru: nekuti kunopfupikisa, nekufamba kudiki kwemiromo, kuoma kwese kwekuva munyika nemufaro, nyore, uye hunhu..
