Hunhu hweWolf
Sezvatakambotaura, mhumhi dzine nhamba huru ye subspecies, iyo inozoitawo yakasiyana siyana; Mhuka dzakafanana idzi dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana pasi rose, nharaunda umo mapere aya ane chinzvimbo chepamusoro pane ese mucheni yechikafu.
Idzi imbwa dzakanaka dzave dzichigara pasi kwemakore anoda kusvika 800.000, mumakore adzo ekutanga ehupenyu dzakaparadzirwa munenge pasi rose, kunyanya muEurope, Asia neAmerica; Pasinei neizvi, nhasi izvi zvachinja zvishoma. Parizvino, mapere anowanzogara kupfuura chero chinhu munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeUnited States, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kweEurope, kunyanya muRussia, kuwedzera, mapere aya anogara achiwanikwa mumapakiti.
Pakati pese hunhu hwemhumhi, chinonyanya kucherechedzwa kufanana kwavo kwakakura nembwa dzepamba. Kunze kweizvi, mapere anowanzo kurema anenge 80 kusvika 40 kilogram, zvichienderana zvachose nerudzi. Pamusoro peizvi, mapere ane miviri yakasimba kwazvo, ine makumbo ane tsandanyama zvakanyanya, uye zvakare ane shaya yakasimba kwazvo ine mazino akapinza, chiri chombo chadzo chikuru kurwisa mhuka dzadzo dzese.
Ruzhinji rwerudzi rwemhumhi runogona kukurumidza kukurumidza, runosvika nhanho dzemakiromita ari pakati pegumi nemakumi matanhatu neawa, tisingaverenge kusvetuka kukuru kwavanogona kuita pakuvhima chikafu nekufamba munzvimbo yakaoma yavanogara. Kufanana nembwa dzinopfuyiwa, mapere ane pfungwa yakasimukira yokunhuwidza, uye maziso awo anogona kuona zvakanaka murima. Izvi zvinokonzerwa ne membrane mumaziso avo inonzi tapetum lucidum, iyo inosefa uye inoita kuti chiedza chiduku chionekwe murima.
Iye zvino, kana iri mvere dzayo, dzakati kuoma, dzakakora uye dzakanyanya kukora. Izvi zvinovadzivirira pamatambudziko ose avangasangana nawo munzvimbo yavanosikira—tsvina, tsvina, uye zvinovachengeta vachidziya zvakakwana mumwaka unotonhora zvikuru. Zvinovabatsira zvakare kuzvifukidzira zviri nyore.
Mhando dzeMapere
Sezvatakambotaura, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emhando uye subspecies yemhumhi, iyo yakagoverwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Mune genus Canis, marudzi gumi nematanhatu akanyoreswa, pakati pawo mapere, kana Canis lupus, panguva imwe chete, murudzi urwu mune 16 subspecies yakanyoreswa, iyo paine kunyange muchinjikwa pakati pegrey wolf uye yakajairika mudzimba. imbwa. Kuwedzera kune idzi subspecies kune Canis mesomelas elongae, inova subspecies yemarudzi anonzi Canis mesomelas, asiri mapere kana imbwa, asi makava, nenzira imwe cheteyo tine Canis simensis, iyo inenge iri coyote.
Tichifunga izvi, tinogona kuona kuti haasi ese marudzi erudzi rweCanis mapere, izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo wekuti ingani mhando dzemhumhi dziripo? Zvinoenderana neakasiyana zvidzidzo zvesainzi, masangano mazhinji epasi rese, uye zvakare kuenzanisa toxigenomics dhatabhesi, kune marudzi matanhatu emapere, mukati mawo mune akasiyana subspecies, aya marudzi matanhatu ndeaya:
- canis lycaon
- canis lupus
- canis himayalensis
- canis anthus
- canis indica
- canis rufus
Canis lupus (grey wolf)
Mhumhi yegrey, kana zita rayo resainzi, Canis lupus, imhando yemhuri yeCanidae, mhuka inodya nyama. Zvakare, nhamba yakanaka ye subspecies inoburuka kubva ku grey wolf, kana Canis lupus, iyo inoumba nhamba huru yemhando dzemhumhi. Nhasi, grey wolf inowanikwa kunyanya muUnited States of America, uko iri imwe yezvikara zvikuru uye zvakakura zvenyika dzose.
Humwe hunhu hwavo hukuru ndehwekuti dzinogara dziri mumapoka, ayo anotongwa nehutungamiriri hwemagariro. Zvisinei, sangano rimwe chete iri ravanaro mumapakiti avo rinovabvumira kudya nekuvhima pamwe chete pasina matambudziko. Zvisinei neizvi, hunhu uhu hwakadzikisira kugona kwavo kugara kune mamwe matunhu, sezvo vachimiririra njodzi yakavanzika kumapurazi ese neindasitiri yezvipfuyo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune anopfuura makumi maviri subspecies emhumhi iyi, mazhinji ayo aunogona kuona pazasi.
Canis lupus signatus (Iberian wolf)
Sezvatakambotaura, grey wolf ine 20 subspecies, uye canis lupus signatus, kana Iberian wolf, imwe yeiyi subspecies. Iyi ndiyo endemic subspecies yegrey wolf, sezvo ivo chete vanogara muIberian Peninsula yose. Chimwe chehunhu hwayo hukuru huremu hwayo, hunowanzosvika pakati pemakirogiramu makumi mashanu, mukuwedzera kune huremu hwayo, jasi rayo rakasiyana rinobudawo, iro rakanyanya brown kana beige munzvimbo yedumbu rayo, uyezve dema mukati. musana wayo une mavara akajeka akasiyana anotangira pakati kuenda kumuswe wayo.
Iyo Canis lupus signatus ndeimwe yemhando dzakawanda dzemhumhi muSpain. Kufanana nemhumhi yegrey, iyi subspecies inodyawo; kudya kwayo kunoumbwa nenguruve dzomusango, zvinokambaira, tsuro, makwai, uye mamwe marudzi eshiri, uye dzinotodya, muzvikamu zviduku zvikuru, zvokudya zvakasiana-siana zvamavambo emiti. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve akasiyana subspecies emhumhi, usazeza kushanyira chinyorwa pa marudzi emapere uye hukama hwayo neCanis lupus.
Canis lupus arctos (Arctic wolf)
Panyaya yearctic wolf, kana muchiLatin, Canis lupus arctos, iriwo imwe ye20 subspecies yegrey wolf. Mhando iyi inogara muGreenland chete, uye muCanada. Izvi zvine saizi diki kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi mazhinji emhumhi, pamusoro pekuti kazhinji anorema anenge pakati pe40 ne45 kilogiramu. Nekuda kwenzvimbo dzavanogara, dzine makushe machena kana kuti yero zvakanyanyisa, izvo zvinoita kuti dzikwanise kuvharika zviri nyore, tisingarevi ukobvu hwayo hukuru, hunodzibatsira kuzvidzivirira kubva pakupisa kwakanyanya kwadzinogara.
Vanowanzogara mumapako ematombo, uye kudya kwavo kwakavakirwa kunyanya pakuvhima dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo idzi dzeArctic, dzakadai secaribou, mombe, uye moose, tisingarevi kuti mapere aya anowanzo kuvhima zvisimbiso uye mapartridge. Pamusoro pezvo, iwe unogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo nezve pekugara uye maitiro emhumhi mune chinyorwa nezve shumba yegungwa.
Canis lupus arabs (Arabian wolf)
Kufanana nemhando dzakapfuura dzakataurwa, canis lupus arabs zvakare imwe yemakumi maviri emhando yeCanis lupus. Mhumhi yeArabia idiki diki rinogoverwa kutenderedza Sinai Peninsula, uyezve munyika dzakasiyana muMiddle East. Hugaro hwayo hwechisikigo irenje, uye ndiyo imwe yediki diki subspecies yemhumhi kunze uko, sezvo ichingoita kurema chete makirogiramu makumi maviri. Kudya kwayo kunobva pakudya zvakaora uye mhuka diki pane iyo, setsuro.
Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi ose emhumhi, mhumhi yeArabia haigari mumapaki, uye haichemi. Chimwe chezvimiro zvayo zvinonyanya kuoneka imvere dzayo, inova sepia-brown ruvara. Iyo ine zvakare mavara mamwe chete aya mune yakacheneruka ruvara, iyo inobatsira zvikuru kuti izvivhare munzvimbo yayo yechisikigo, uko kune jecha chete nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine matombo. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Mexico wolf, unogona kuverenga nezvayo nhoroondo, nzvimbo uye tariro.
mhumhi nhema
Mhumhi iyi inongova mutsauko mumvere dzemhumhi grey, kana Canis lupus, izvi zvinotiudza kuti haisi subspecies, inongova genetic mutation. Kufanana neCanis lupus, kana kuti grey wolf, inoparadzirwa muEurope yose, kunyanya kuchamhembe; muAsia, uyewo muNorth America. Sezvatareva, mvere dzayo nhema dzinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemajini kunokonzerwa nemuchinjikwa pakati pembwa yepamba nemhumhi yemusango. Pasinei nezvose izvi, munguva yakapfuura kwaiva nemhando yemhumhi, iyo yainzi Florida black wolf, kana Canis lupus floridanus; zvinosuruvarisa kuti yakanzi yakatsakatika zvachose muna 1908.
Canis lupus lupus (European wolf)
Mhumhi yeEurope, kana kuti Canis lupus lupus, imhando yegrey wolf iyo yakapararira mukondinendi yese yeEurope. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita ravo, vanogara zvikurukuru muEurope, zvisinei, vanowanikwawo munzvimbo huru dzeAsia, dzakadai seChina. Pakati pemarudzi ese eEuropean wolf, Canis lupus lupus imwe yehukuru huripo, huremu hwayo hunowanzo pakati pemakumi mana kusvika makumi manomwe makirogiramu.
Panyaya yehudzi hwayo, igrey ine mavara akasiyana-siyana akasviba, uye munzvimbo yedumbu rayo, inotora ruvara rwekrimu. Chikafu chemhumhi yekuEurope chakavakirwa zvachose pakuvhima mhembwe, tsuro, elk, moose, nguruve yemusango, uye mbudzi. Pamusoro pezvo, iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhumhi siyana mune chinyorwa pa ngano dzenhema pamusoro pemapere.
Canis lupus albus (wolf yeSiberia)
Pakati pemhando dzemhumhi dzinogara dzichigara munzvimbo dzinotonhora, tinogona kuwana mhumhi yeSiberia, kana muchiLatin, Canis lupus albus. Iri mhumhi huru inoparadzirwa kumativi ose eSiberia uye tundra yose yeRussia, kusvikira pakupedzisira yasvika kunyika dzeScandinavia. Mapere aya ane makushe akanyanya, akareba uye ane fluffy, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vararame zviri nyore munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya.
Uyewo, uremu hwavo kazhinji pakati 40 uye 50 makirogiramu. Rudzi urwu rwemhumhi runodya tsuro, makava arctic, uye kunyange reindeer. Mukuwedzera kune izvi zvose, mapere eSiberia imhuka dzinotama-tama, sezvo dzichitama pamwe chete nekufamba kwemhuka dzavanodya nadzo.
Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican grey wolf)
Iyo canis lupus baileyi, kana Mexican grey wolf, ndeimwe yemhando yegrey wolf inogara kuNorth America chete, ivo vanonyanya kufarira kugara mumasango anodziya, kana munzvimbo dzerenje. Mvere dzayo dzinowanzova dzemavara akasiyana-siyana, dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndedzitema, kirimu uyewo yero; uyewo, uremu hwavo kazhinji pakati 30 uye 45 makirogiramu.
Mexican grey wolf inodya zvakanyanya makwai, makonzo, mombe, uye tsuro. Nehurombo, nekuda kwekurwisa kwavo zvipfuyo, mapere aya anowanzo kuvhimwa uye akatambudzwa kuchengetedza zvipfuwo, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi nhasi, Mexican grey wolf yakatsakatika musango, kunyangwe paine zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinotarisisa kubereka izvi. mapere ari muutapwa.
Canis lupus manningi (Baffin's Wolf)
Mhumhi yeCanis lupus manningi, kana Baffin's wolf, imhando yeCanis lupus, sezvo, semhumhi yekuIberia, iri mhuka inongogara paBaffin Island, kuCanada. Saizi uye jasi reBaffin wolf rakafanana neArctic wolf uye ivo vanowanzo kanganisa. Pane ruzivo rushoma nezve iyi subspecies, asi kazhinji inodya zvakanyanya pamakava netsuro.
Canis lupus pambasileus (Yukon wolf)
Kufanana nemarudzi ose ataurwa pamusoro apa, iyi i-subspecies yegrey wolf. Iyo Canis lupus pambasileus inowanzonzi Yukon wolf, kana kunyange Alaskan black wolf. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo, mhumhi iyi inogara munharaunda yeYukon, inova purovhinzi yeAlaska. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti idzi dzinoonekwa seimwe yemhumhi huru panyika, nehuremu hwavo huri pakati pe55 ne70 kilograms.
Chimiro chayo chinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye chinooneka, kunze kwehukuru hwayo, imvere dzayo, iyo inobatanidza mithunzi yakawanda yegrey, beige, dema, chena uye tsvuku, mavara akafanana aya anowanzo kugoverwa kumativi ose emuviri wake pasina kurongeka kana maitiro chaiwo.
Canis lupus dingo (Dingo)
Iyo Canis lupus dingo, kana kungoti Dingo, imhando yegrey wolf iyo inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya muAustralia, kunyangwe ichionekwawo zviri nyore munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAsia. Ichi chifananidzo chidiki chaizvo kana chichienzaniswa nemamwe madiki, sezvo uremu hwayo hunogara huri pakati pe25 ne32 kilogram. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, munzvimbo dzakawanda inogamuchirwa semhuka yemhuka, uye inotonzi imbwa yemusha.
Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Wolf)
Iyi yakanaka yakasiyana-siyana yeCanis lupus ndeye endemic wolf subspecies, sezvo ichingogara paVancouver Island, kuCanada. Kufanana neCanis lupus arctos, kana kuti arctic wolf, mhumhi yeVancouver ine mvere chena yakaisvonaka, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti izvivhare munzvimbo yayo pachayo. Zvinosuruvarisa, hapana ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pemhumhi iyi, asi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti vanowanzogara mumapakiti anogona kuva nekuwedzera kusvika ku35 vanhu; ivowo, ivava vanokombamira kugara kure sezvavanogona nenzanga yavanhu.
Mhumhi yaMackenzie (Canis lupus occidentalis)
Canis lupus occidentalis, kana kuti inozivikanwa zviri nani seMackenzie wolf, ndeimwe yemhando dzeCanis lupus, uye inogara ichigara pakati pemazinga eiyo arctic glacial ocean, kusvika kuUnited States. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvipembenene zvine mapapiro makuru aripo, sezvo anogona kuyera kusvika masendimita 85, pasinei neizvi, haawanzo kurema, anotangira pakati pe40 ne45 kilogram. Kune rumwe rutivi, mvere dzayo dzinouya nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, pakati payo tine chiedza chakajeka chine chena, grey kana dema; Zvichakadaro, kudya kwavo kwakavakirwa pakudya mhembwe, zvinokambaira, mhembwe, hove, tsuro, uye kunyange mombe.
Canis rufus (Red Wolf)
Kusiyana nechero subspecies yataurwa pamusoro, iyo Canis rufus, kana mhumhi tsvuku, haisi subspecies yeCanis lupus, kana grey wolf. Mhumhi idzi dzinogara mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeCanada, United States neMexico chete, izvi imhaka yekuti mhumhi dzvuku iri munjodzi huru yekutsakatika, mugumisiro wekugara ichivhimwa kwemarudzi emhuka dzaanoshandisa kudya, kukura kwemaguta. yehugaro hwayo hwechisikigo, mukuwedzera pakuiswa kwezvienzaniso zvakasiyana kunzvimbo yayo.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemhumhi tsvuku uremu hwayo, hunowanzo pakati pe30 ne35 kilogram; Mukuwedzera, kune mvere dzayo, iyo, sezvinoratidza zita rayo, ine nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatsvuka, dzero uye dzakachenawo. Kudya kwavo kunobva pakudya makonzo akasiyana-siyana, raccoons, uye kunyange nondo.
Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)
Iyo Canis simensis, kana inowanzozivikanwa seItiopiya wolf, kana kunyange seAbyssinian, haisi mhando yemhumhi, sezvo imbwa idzi dzaigona kunge dziri hunguhwe, kana dzinozivikanwawo semhumhi. Mhuka idzi dzinongogara mumakomo marefu-refu eEthiopia, ari pakakwirira zvinosvika 3000 metres. Saizi yaro idiki chaizvo kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe imbwa, kutaura zvazviri inowanzovhiringidzika nembwa yemumba, nekuti coyotes idzi dzinorema pakati pegumi ne10 makirogiramu.
Pamusoro peizvi zvese, mvere dzayo dzakatsvuka, uye zvakare ine mavara machena akasiyana pasi pemutsipa wayo, tisingarevi kuti ine zvakare muswe mutema. Kufanana nemhando dzakawanda dzemhumhi, idzi coyotes dzinowanzogara mumapakiti, ayo akanyatso kurongeka pasi pehutongi hwemagariro. Nhasi, mhumhi yeEtiopiya iri munjodzi huru yekutsakatika, nekuda kwekuparadzwa kusingadzorwi kwenzvimbo yaro, pamwe nekurwiswa kunogara kuchigashira kubva kuvanhu kuti vaende kure nekure sezvinobvira kubva kuzvipfuwo zvese.
Canis anthus (African Golden Wolf)
Iyo Canis anthus, kana inogara ichizivikanwa seAfrican golden wolf, imhando yemhumhi inogoverwa mukondinendi yese yeAfrica. Izvi zvinonyanya kugadziriswa kuti zvigare munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze-mugwenga, zvisinei, ivo vanonyanya kuda kugara munzvimbo dzinogara uye dziri nyore kuwana mvura. Kudivi rehunhu hwavo hwemuviri, saizi yavo idiki chaizvo kana ichienzaniswa nemhando ipi neipi yemhumhi, nekuti inorema kusvika makirogiramu gumi nemashanu; Pamusoro peizvi, mvere dzayo dzakasvibira zvishoma kumusana nemuswe, uye pamakumbo ayo uye mudumbu ruvara rwejecha.
Canis indica (Indian wolf)
Iyi yakanaka mhando yemhumhi inowanikwa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMiddle East, dzakadai seIsrael neSaudi Arabia nePakistan, kunyangwe mapere aya anowanikwawo kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndia. Aya mapere akanaka anofarira kugara zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzerenje; Mukuwedzera, vane chitarisiko chakanaka, uye kazhinji vanorema pakati pe25 ne30 kilos. Panyaya yehudzi hwayo, yakatsvuka zvishoma kana kuti tawny, izvi zvinoibvumira kuzvifukidzira nekureruka kukuru kwakatenderedza nharaunda yayo yese, umo mune nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzematombo nejecha.
Mhumhi idzi dzinowanzodyisa zvipfuwo, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete ichi muIndia, mapere aya anowanzovhimwa nguva dzose kuti arambe ari kure nemhuka idzi sezvinobvira, sezvo muIndia dzinoonekwa sedzitsvene. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzefelines, unogona kubvunza chinyorwa chedu pamusoro mhando dzekatsi.
Canis lycaon (Canadian Red Wolf kana Eastern Wolf)
The Canis lycaon, kana kuti Canadian red wolf, imwe yakasiyana-siyana yemhumhi, inogara chete kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCanada. Iine mvere dzakaoma uye refu mumavara akasviba kwazvo, uye zvakare akareruka cream, ayo akagovaniswa zvakakwana kutenderedza muviri wayo wese.
Aya mapere akanaka anogara zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine masango kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCanada, nzvimbo dzavanodya zvakanyanya kune vertebrates madiki kwavari, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti Canada mapere matsvuku anogara mumapaketi. Nehurombo, semamwe marudzi emhumhi, iyo Canis lycaon zvakare iri munjodzi yekutsakatika, izvi zvachose semugumisiro wekuparadzwa kusingadzorwi kwenzvimbo yaro yechisikigo, mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chekuti mapaketi ayo akaparadzaniswa nekuda kwechikonzero ichi.
Canis himalayensis (Himalayan wolf)
Aya mapere akanaka uye anoyevedza anowanikwa kuNepal, uyewo kubva kumativi ose ekuchamhembe kweIndia. Ivava vanowanzogara munharaunda duku zvikuru, uye zvinosuruvarisa kuti nhasi kune makopi mashomanene zvikuru aiwaya. Kubva padivi pechitarisiko chavo, imhumhi madiki uye matete. Mvere dzayo dzakakora uye dzakaoma, dzinouya nemavara akareruka senge cream, brown kana grey.
Imbwa yemumba (Canis lupus familiaris)
Iyo Canis lupus familiaris ndiyo imwe yemhuka dzakawanda uye dzakapararira pasirese, tisingarevi kuti idzi ndidzo mhuka dzinodiwa munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Chitarisiko chavo chemuviri chinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pehuwandu hukuru hwemhando dzakasiyana dzembwa dzinozivikanwa, mhando dzine misiyano yakakura kwazvo muhukuru hwadzo, uremu, jasi, hunhu, tarisiro yehupenyu, pakati pemamwe akawanda maitiro.
Iyo imbwa yemumba sezvatinoiziva nhasi inonyanyo siyana. Mumabviro ayo, dzidziso dzekutanga dzinoratidza kuti dzakabva pamuchinjiko pakati pemapere dingo, basenji mapere, uyewo coyotes. Zvisinei neizvi, makore angangoita 14.900 apfuura, dzinza pakati pembwa nemhumhi rakasiyana zvachose, kunyangwe zvichizivikanwa kuti mhuka mbiri idzi dzinogovana madzitateguru mamwe. Sezvo kupatsanurwa uku mumutsara wavo, kushanduka kwavo kwakange kwakasiyana, uye kana iri imbwa, vakakwanisa kubatwa zvachose.
Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvakasiyana siyana uye mamwe marudzi emhuka pasi rese, usazeza kwechinguva kubva usina kutanga waverenga izvi zvinoshamisa zvinyorwa:
Mhuka
