Humambo hweZvisikwa hwakadzidzwa kubvira muzana remakore rechina; inyaya yakashanduka uye yakagadziriswa munhoroondo yese mumaoko emasayendisiti mazhinji, uye kunyangwe nhasi inyaya inokakavadzana uye icharamba yakadaro chero bedzi mhando itsva dzichiri kuoneka.
Chii chinonzi Humambo Hwezvakasikwa?
Kwemazana emakore, masayendisiti makuru anga akatsunga kuwana mhinduro dzezvinhu zvese. Kunyange nanhasi, kutsvaga ruzivo uku kuchiri kuenderera mberi uye kucharamba kuripo kusvika pakuguma kwenguva, nekuti vanhu vanoda kuziva zvakasikwa. Kune ongororo dzakapedzwa, dzimwe dzakasiyiwa dzisina kupedzwa, uye dzakawanda dzakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva, dzakadai sekudzidza hunhu hwezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Taxonomy ndiyo sainzi inoona nezvechidzidzo ichi uye Humambo 5 ndehwehurongwa hwakakura uye hwakasiyana huripo hwekuisa mhando dzese dziripo, dziripo uye dzeramangwana. Pakutanga, humambo huviri hwekutanga hwakagadzirwa, hunoenderana ne animalia uye plantae, uye gare gare taxa nhatu dzakabatanidzwa: fungi, protista, uye monera.
Inyaya yakadzidzwa kwemakore mazhinji, yakave yakakwaniswa nekufamba kwenguva uye ichiri kuvandudzwa nanhasi, sezvo sainzi inokwanisa kuwana nguva zhinji mhando itsva ine hunhu hunogona kunge hwakasiyana kana hwakafanana neaya atove. akadzidza.
Kufananidzira rudzi ruchangowanikwa, zvinodikanwa kuti udzidze zvakadzama, sezvo sezvingaite senge, zvakaoma kurongedza chinhu chisingaoneki chinofanirwa kuitiswa zvidzidzo zvakadzama.
Sisitimu iyi yakakura zvikuru uye ine migove yakawanda uye migove midiki, iyo, sezvatakambotaura, inochinjwa nekufamba kwenguva, uye mamwe mapoka matsva anogona kutobuda akakodzera zviri nani mhando dzichangowanikwa. Chikamu chechipiri chesisitimu yekupatsanura chinosanganisira humambo hwezvinhu zvipenyu , pasi penzvimbo yacho, iyo inosanganisira marudzi matatu.
Chii chinonzi Humambo Hwezvakasikwa?
Iyi kupatsanurwa kuri kuramba kuri gakava nhasi, sezvo kwenguva yakareba humwe humambo hwechisikigo hwave huchidikanwa kuti huitwe, zvisinei, kusvika nhasi uno anogamuchirwa ndeaya akambotaurwa: animalia, plantae uye matatu taxa, chero imwe. kupatsanurwa kunotarisirwa kuparadzaniswa, kunowanzo kutorwa sechikamu cheimwe yemutero.
Animalia Kingdom
Ndihwo humambo hune huwandu hwakawanda, sezvo hunounza pamwe anopfuura 2.000.000 marudzi emhuka, ese akagoverwa mumatavi makuru maviri anoenderana neaya ane chimiro chepfupa (vertebrates) uye asina (invertebrates). Tinofanira kusimbisa kuti munhu anowanikwawo muumambo uhu.
Mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, marudzi ose ane maitiro akasiyana uye anoparadzirwa pasi rose, zvisinei, ane maitiro akafanana, nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho anogovana umambo.
Vane miviri yakaoma kunzwisisa uye maumbirwo azvo mamorekuru akakura zvakanyanya, anoumbwa nezviuru zvemasero anoshanda pamwechete kupa chimiro kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana siyana. Muviri wavo haugone kuzvidyisa, saka kurarama kwavo kunoenderana nekudyidzana kwavanoita nezvimwe zvipenyu, mabhenefiti avanowana kubva kwavari uye nzira yavo ine chekuita nemhoteredzo.
Miviri yavo yakadzidziswa kujairana nemhoteredzo uye vane hutongi hwakakwana pamusoro pemiviri yavo nekufamba kwese kwavanoita vachitungamirwa nenjere dzavanadzo, vazhinji vanoberekana pabonde uye vangave vakakura kana diki, vane makumbo, zvimbi kana mapapiro, mhuka dzese dzavanadzo. vakadzidziswa kukudziridza uye kushanduka mumwe nemumwe kana sechikwata.
Umambo chirimwa
Inofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi anopfuura 300.000 XNUMX emiti munyika, zvinofungidzirwa kuti miti yakatanga kuva yose yemvura, kusvikira munguva yakareba uye yakaoma yakapararira pasi rose.
Kune huwandu hwakasiyana hwehunhu hunogona kuve hwezvirimwa, sezvo marudzi ese aya akasiyana zvakanyanya uye chinhu chikuru chinocherechedzwa kuti rudzi rwugoiswa sechirimwa ndechekuti inodyisa kuburikidza nemaitiro ephotosynthesis. chikonzero ndechekuti zvinomera zviri autotrophic, ndiko kuti, vanogona kuwana chikafu chavo kubva kune zvakatipoteredza uye zvisiri-organic zvinhu, kusiyana nemhuka.
Kuvapo kwaro kunokosha zvikuru pakuchengetedza upenyu pasi pano, sezvo zvinomera zviri izvo zvinorayira kutenderera kweokisijeni, uko kuri muitiro wazvinopinza nawo magasi anobudiswa nemhuka nevanhu, zvinorishandisa pakudya. uye kuishandura kuita oxygen inodiwa nezvimwe zvipenyu.
Vanogona kubereka pabonde kana sexually. Zvirimwa hazvigone kufamba kana kufamba, zvinogona chete kukura uye kukura asi zvichiramba zviri munzvimbo imwechete yehupenyu, kunze kwekunge chinhu chekunze chichikanganisa, chinogona kunge chiri chemusikirwo kana mumaoko emunhu.
Umambo Ndakashanda
Zvinoenderana nehowa dzakadai sehowa, mold, pakati pezvimwe, kune marudzi anopfuura 100.000 1.5 anozivikanwa efungi, zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti nhamba yemarudzi ose pasi rose imamiriyoni XNUMX.
Humambo uhwu hune huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwezvipenyu, hune hunhu hwakawanda uye hunoshamisa, kune fungi yemarudzi ese, saizi, maumbirwo uye kune kunyange bioluminescent. Tinogona kuawana mumvura, panyika, mumiti, ari maparasite kana mauto mune chimwe chipenyu uye tinogona kuzviona mukicheni kuburikidza nekuita kwekuora kwechikafu.
Dzinodya kuburikidza nekuora kwezvimwe zvipenyu uye nenzira iyi dzinobatsirawo mukuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo. Havana kufamba uye havakwanisi kutamira kune imwe nzvimbo yekugara. Kubereka kwayo kunogona kuve kwepabonde kana kusasununguka kuburikidza nespores.
Umambo monera
Humambo uhwu hunoumbwa nebhakitiriya, iyo inoumbwa ine sero rimwe chete uye haina kuvharwa ne membrane. Vanogona kugara chero kupi zvako munyika, kune kunyange mabhakitiriya ari chikamu chemuviri wemunhu uye anodiwa pakubata kwayo kwakaringana.
Izvo zvipenyu zvidiki uye hazvigoneke kuzviona kunze kwekunge pachishandiswa chishandiso chakasarudzika pakuona kwavo, uye zvakare ndidzo dzechinyakare, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinoenderana nemunhu wekutanga mupenyu panyika. Zvichienderana nemhando yebhakitiriya, inogona kuva heterotrophic kana autotrophic.
Umambo protist
Chimiro icho zvipenyu zvose izvi zvinogoverana ndechokuti nucleus yavo yakakomberedzwa ne membrane, kureva kuti iwo eukaryotes, zvisinei, mamwe maitiro avo haabvumirani nehupi humwe humwe humambo hune chimiro ichi.
Vese vanhu vanoenderana nehumambo uhu vane zvishoma zvakafanana pakati pavo, nekuda kweichi chikonzero hapana chaiwo maitiro ekuronga aya marudzi.
Nhoroondo yeHumambo hweZvakasikwa
Chidzidzo chekutanga chakanyorwa chezvisikwa zvipenyu chakatangira muzana remakore rechina naAristotle, uyo akatipa ruzivo rwehupenyu hwemhuka. Izvi zvinotiratidza kuti zvidzidzo izvi zvekare sei uye kuti masayendisiti aya makuru akatanga kushanda chete nepfungwa yekuti chii chaizova hunhu uye kupatsanurwa kwemarudzi nhasi, vachifunga izvi sezvinangwa zvavo zvekutsvagisa.
1735
Makore mazhinji mushure mekunge Aristotle nemudzidzi wake vapa maonero akajeka ekuti mhuka nemiti zvaive chii, musayendisiti wekuSweden anonzi Carlos Linnaeus akapa hurongwa hwekutanga hwekuronga umo akabatanidza mamwe mapoka ekirasi, kurongeka, mhuri, genus uye zvipenyu (boka re phylum). yakawedzerwa gare gare), iyi gadziriro yokutanga yaingova bedzi youmambo huviri hwokutanga; Animalia uye plantae, iyo pakutanga yakanga ine mamwe mazita.
1858
Pakanga pari pamaoko enyanzvi yezvipenyu Richard Owen kuti humambo hwechitatu hwakazvarwa, hwakanzi Protozoa panguva iyoyo nemurume mumwe chete wechiRungu, asi maive muna 1866 payakasvika pakuzivikanwa seProtista, zita rakapihwa neGerman. nyanzvi yezvisikwa Ernst Heinrich Philip.
Humambo uhwu hune mabviro apo maChirungu akanzwisisa kuti hunhu hwemamwe maturu haana kubvumirana zvizere nehumambo huviri hwekutanga, saka akaronga zano rechikamu chechitatu, zvisinei, aive muGerman akanyura muumambo uhwu. uye akapiwa mbiri yakawanda pakudzidza kwake. Aka kaive kekutanga kuti zvipenyu zveunicellular zvakakamurwa kubva kune zvipenyu zvakawanda.
1925
Munhu wekutanga kupa chirevo cheumambo hwechina aive nyanzvi yezvipenyu yekuFrance Edouard Chatton, pfungwa yakazotsigirwa neAmerican Herbert Copeland, kuti igamuchirwe munyika yesainzi.
Izvi zvakaitika mushure mekunge chidzidzo chezvikamu zveprokaryotic ne eukaryotic cell chapedzwa , uye zvakaonekwa kuti zvaidikanwa kupatsanura zvipenyu zvine masero akakomberedzwa ne membrane (eukaryotes) neizvo zvisina membrane iyi (prokaryotes). Zvipenyu zveboka rechipiri iri (zvinonyanya kuva mabhakitiriya) ndizvo zvinoumba humambo hweMonera.
1959
Nyanzvi yezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza yekuAmerica Robert Whittaker ndiye akatanga humambo uhwu ndokupa hurongwa hwezvisikwa hwehumambo hushanu muna 1969. Hwakava hurongwa hunogamuchirwa zvakanyanya pakati pevanyanzvi vesainzi uye huchiri kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya kusvika nanhasi. Izvi zvakazadzikiswa mushure mekunge Whittaker ataura kuti howa hadzisi dzehumambo hwePlantae uye hadzina kukodzera mune chero humwe humambo hunozivikanwa.
Humwe Humambo Hwezvakasikwa
Kubva pakataurwa nezvechirongwa chekuisa maProtist muumambo, masayendisiti mazhinji aida kuwedzera mamwe. Zvichibva pane izvi, gakava risingaverengeki rakarongwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda, uye kunyangwe akawanda emazano aya akatorwa pfungwa uye akatounzwa mumabhuku nezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa, hapana imwe nzira inogamuchirwa kupfuura umambo hwaWhittaker hushanu.