Iyo Hubble Space Telescope Chaive chishandiso chaizonyatso shandura nzira iyo vanhu vanogona kutarisa nayo mudenga.
Nenguva yaro, yaionekwa seteresikopu hombe uye inocherekedza zvakanyanya yati yambovakwa, uye yaizokwanisa kufambira mberi mukuona zvinhu zviri mukati nekunze kwegwara renzou redu.
Teresikopu yeHubble yakatanga kutenderera musi wa24 Kubvumbi 1990, nekuda kwekubatana kusati kwamboitika pakati peNASA ne Iyo European Space Agency. Hubble ingave yekutanga yeteresikopu yakati wandei iri kutenderera pasirese yedu iyo yakakwanisa kutora mazana ezviuru zvemifananidzo yezvinhu zvemuchadenga zvine udzame hunoshamisa.
Nekuda kwekukosha kwayo kusingaverengeki muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvenyeredzi, teresikopu yeHubble yakapihwa zita rekukudza Edwin hubble, imwe yenyanzvi dzemuchadenga dzakanyanya kukosha dzemuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, inozivikanwa nekutsvaga zvinhu zvemuchadenga kunze kweGwara renzou, kusanganisira gwara renzou reAndromeda, mazana enyeredzi, nebulae nemaasteroids.
Kana iwe uri mutsigiri wekuongorora nyeredzi, haungade kupotsa chinyorwa ichi, apo isu tinotaura nezve zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Hubble telescope uye isu tinokuratidza zvakare yakanakisa mifananidzo yezvayakawana.
Hubble Telescope yakatibvumira kucherekedza ma<em>nebula anonakidza zvikuru ari pedyo, akadai sePistol Nebula, Eagle Nebula, uye Sombrero Nebula. Usapotsa chinyorwa chedu chehunyanzvi pa Nebulae uye hukama hwavo nekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi itsva.
Chii chinonzi telescope yeHubble?
Hubble teresikopu yakareba-refu, mudziyo wekuona muchadenga wakaiswa muEarth orbit, anenge makiromita mazana matanhatu pamusoro pegungwa.
Hubble yaive nhanho yekutanga muhurongwa hwekutarisa muchadenga Great Observatories, chirongwa cheNASA chaizopedzisira chaisa mana emateresikopu emuchadenga anhasi ane simba zvikuru kunze kwemhepo yePasi: Hubble, Gamma-Ray Space Observatory, Chandra X-Ray Telescope, uye Spitzer Space Telescope.
Hubble Telescope iri pasi pemumvuri wakaitwa nePasi, ichipa mamiriro akakodzera ekugamuchira chiedza kubva kumamiriyoni ezvinhu mukati nekunze kwegwara renzou zviri nyore (chimwe chinhu chisingawanikwe kubva kuPasi).
Nekune rumwe rutivi, kuva kunze kwemhepo yePasi, lenzi yeteresikopu haikanganisike nekushanduka-shanduka kwemhepo yedu yemhepo, inogadzirwa nemasaisai emagetsi anoburitswa nepasi redu uye ayo anogona kukanganisa kubatwa nekugadziriswa kweGamma Ray neX-ray mwaranzi inogadzirwa nenyeredzi dziri kure, kunyanya kana ichitarisa muinfrared spectrum.
Chekupedzisira, iyo space teresikopu lens inosunungurwawo kubva kumamiriro ekunze ane chekuita nemhepo yePasi senge kusvibiswa kwechiedza chemukati uye kuvakwa kwegore.
Hubble Telescope iripi?
Hubble parizvino iri mugeocentric orbit, paavhareji yakakwirira ye547 km pamusoro pegungwa.
Teresikopu yeHubble haina kumira panzvimbo inotenderera, pane kudaro, inofamba paavhareji yekumhanya inosvika 7km/s kuti igare ichizviwana munzvimbo dzekutenderera dzakafukidzwa nemumvuri wakakandwa nePasi, kubva kwainokwanisa. Wana mifananidzo isina kusvibiswa kwechiedza.
Unyanzvi humiro hweHubble telescope
Iyo Hubble Space Telescope ihofori yechokwadi yeteresikopu. Ine muviri 13.24 metres kureba uye dhayamita 4 metres pakukora kwayo. Nezvese zvekuwedzera zvekushandisa, Hubble ine huremu hwese hunokatyamadza 11.000 kilogiramu.
Iine lens yakakura kwazvo ine magirazi maviri, imwe 2 metres mudhayamita uye imwe 4. Teresikopu lens inokwanisa kutora, iine optical focus, mifananidzo iri kure nemamiriyoni emakiromita. Pamusoro pezvo, inokwanisa kutora mifananidzo ine resolution ye 0.04 seconds yearc.
Optical resolution (Optical resolution) zvinoreva simba reteresikopu yekuparadzanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana mukati memufananidzo mumwechete unogona kuvhiringika nekusiyana kwechiedza chafamba makore mashoma kubva kure.
Pamusoro peiyo lenzi ine simba, iyo Hubble Telescope yakashongedzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzezviridzwa zvinokwanisa kuongorora nzvimbo yemagetsi kana radioactive trace.
Teresikopu yeHubble inoshanda sei?
Zviridzwa zvikuru:
Multi-Object Infrared Kamera uye Spectrometer (NICMOS)
Yakaiswa pateresikopu panguva yebasa rekushandira kuHubble muna 1997 uye yakagadzirirwa kuwana mifananidzo yepedyo-infrared space spectrum (makore akawanda echiedza).
Mudziyo uyu unokwanisa kutora kuburitsa kwakasimba kweiyo ionized particles, kunyanya munyeredzi dzegasi uye mumasumbu ekubudisa nebula.
Chimwe chezvakatanga kuwanikwa zvakawanikwa nekuda kwe NICMOS yetelescope yeHubble, yaive iyo pfuti nebula, kuunganidzwa kukuru kwegasi remuchadenga rinotenderedza nyeredzi Pfuti, nyeredzi yebhuruu hypergiant, pasina mubvunzo imwe yeinopenya zvakanyanya mugwara redu renzou.
Gare gare, iyo spectrometer's data processor yakagadziridzwa kuti iwane mifananidzo yaibvumira kudzidza mhepo ye4 exoplanets yakawanikwa anopfuura makore zana nemakumi matatu echiedza kubva kuhurongwa hwedu, aine mamiriro akafanana neaya ePasi.
Yepamberi Kamera yeSpace Surveys (ACS)
ACS yakanga iri kuvandudzwa kwakaitwa teresikopu panguva yekushandira mishoni 3B muna Kurume 2002. Chokwadi, Advanced Camera yeSpace Survey ndiyo midziyo yakatsiva chiridzwa chekutanga kubva muna 1990: Faint Object Camera (FOC).
Kunyange zvazvo pari zvino isiri kushanda, ACS yakakurumidza kuva iyo Hubble chikuru chekutarisa timu nekuda kwekuita kwayo kunoshamisa.
Chekutanga, ine akati wandei akazvimirira ma detectors anovhara ese enzvimbo ye electromagnetic spectrum, saka inogona kutora mifananidzo ine ultraviolet uye infrared musiyano panguva imwe chete.
Iyo ine zvakare yakakura quantum kunyatsoita yekuona nzvimbo uye akasiyana mafirita anotendera iwe kutora akasiyana marudzi ezviro zviri kure zvakanyanya senge nebulae, comets, asteroids, mapuraneti uye nyeredzi dzemarudzi ese.
Iyo ACS ingangove yakanyanya kukosha yekutarisa nzvimbo munhoroondo kusvika zvino. Nekuda kwekunzwa kwayo kwakanyanya, takakwanisa kuwana mifananidzo yepasirese yaimbofungidzirwa kuti haigoneki, kusanganisira Hubble Ultra Yakadzika Munda.
Mufananidzo wakatorwa pa“kuzvarwa” kwechisiko chose, sezvo lenzi yakakwanisa kutora rucherechedzo rwechiedza chekare kupfuura chero chinyorwa, chakabudiswa makore mamiriyoni 13.000 apfuura. Nekuda kwemufananidzo uyu, takwanisa kuverenga nguva inofungidzirwa yekusikwa kwechadenga.
Wide Angle Kamera 3 (WFC3)
Iyo WFC3 kamera ndiyo yakatsiva WFC2, timu yakasvika hupenyu hwayo hunobatsira muHubble yegore ra2008.
Kamera yeWFC3 yaive shanduko huru mukugona kweTeresikopu yeHubble kutora mifananidzo yenzvimbo inooneka, nekuda kwema sensors ayo eUV, ayo anogona kupa mifananidzo yemavara ine resolution ye2048 x 4096 pixels.
Kubva pakugadzwa kweWide Angle 3 paHubble, kunaka kweruzivo mumifananidzo yakakosha, sekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi itsva muCarina Nebula muna 2012, yakavandudzwa zvakanyanya.
Mufananidzo wakatorwa unoratidza iyo chaiyo nguva ye hyper-condensation ye cosmic gasi zvimedu, kudzamara zvakora zvekusvika pakuumba nyeredzi.
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
Imwe yeazvino kusimudzira kuHubble yakaitika muna 2009, panguva yeB4 sevhisi mishoni, apo NASA yakaisa COS pateresikopu.
Iyo COS yakagadzirirwa spectrography mu ultraviolet renji yenzvimbo. Chiridzwa ichi chinokwanisa kuona maratidziro emwaranzi yemagetsi nenzira inotsikirira zvikuru, ndosaka chaburitsa ruzivo rwakawanda maererano nemagadzirirwo emagalaxi makuru makuru nemanebula.
COS yakabatsira kupindura mimwe yemibvunzo yakakosha mune zvenyeredzi zvemazuva ano senge:
- Kuumbwa kwemapoka enyeredzi kwakadii?
- Kucherekedza pamhando dzakasiyana dzehalos dzemagalaxi
- Nyeredzi dzinoumbwa sei kubva mukuungana kwemagasi emuchadenga?
- Kudzidza nezvemamiriro ekunze emapuraneti mukati nekunze kwesolar system yedu.
- Kudzidza kwemakemikari ekuumbwa kwezviitiko zve cosmic zvakadai se supernovae
5 Zvakawanikwa Zvakaitwa Kutenda kuHubble Telescope Photos
Vezvesainzi munharaunda ye90's vainyatsoziva kuti kutangwa kweHubble Space Telescope kwaizochinja zvachose uye nekusingaperi mitemo yekuongorora nyeredzi, asi chavasina kuziva yaive chiyero chezviwanikwa zvavaizowana nekuda kwesimba reiyo. lenzi..
Kutenda kune yakakwirira resolution ye hubble telescope mifananidzo, tave tichikwanisa kunzwisisa magadzirirwo epasi rose sezvisati zvamboitika uye kuona zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoshamisa kwazvo zvechisikigo muchadenga chedu; sokufa kwenyeredzi.
Pano une zvishanu zvakawanikwa zvesainzi zvakawanikwa nekuda kwemifananidzo yeTeresikopu yeHubble
Makomba matema uye kuuraya kwecosmic
Kunyange zvazvo kuvapo kwemaburi matema kwakanga kwakarakadzwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi1990, hatina kukwanisa kuzvibvumikisa kutozosvikira pashure paXNUMX, nokuda kwokutangwa kweHubble Space Telescope.
Nekuda kwekuti vanotora mwenje kubva kwavakatenderedza, maburi matema haakwanise kuona neteresikopu paPasi, saka yaive Hubble yakawona yekutanga mifananidzo yakajeka yegomba dema.
Izvi zvinoitika nekuti lenzi yeteresikopu inokwanisa kutora kuburitswa kwemwaranzi kunoratidzwa nekuunganidzwa kwemagasi eionized anoungana kutenderedza nzvimbo ine simba rinokweva remakomba matema.
Kutaura idi, kubva mumakore ake okucherechedza, takadzidza kuti makwara enzou mazhinjisa anodzorwa namakomba makuru matema ari pakati pawo. Kwatiri, iyo Milky Way inotenderera pagomba hombe dema rinodanwa Sagittarius a.
Pakupedzisira, mifananidzo yeteresikopu yeHubble yakakwanisa kutora zvakadzama chimwe chezviitiko zvinofadza zvemuchadenga zvine chekuita nemakanika emakomba matema: gomba dema rinomedza nyeredzi yenyutroni. Chiitiko icho vazivi venyeredzi vakadana cosmic kuuraya.
Kusimbiswa kweiyo cosmic inflation modhi
Kuongororwa kwezviitiko zvemuchadenga zvinogona kungoonekwa chete neteresikopu seHubble kwakabvumira nzanga yesainzi kuunganidza humbowo hwekuti kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika yaingove dzidziso: chadenga chedu chiri kuramba chichiwedzera.
Kucherekedzwa kunodzokororwa kwe<em>supernovae, sezvakarondedzerwa mumufananidzo, kwakaratidza kuti ari kuramba ari kure zvikuru nenyika yedu, izvo zvinoreva kuti chisiko chapose pose hachina kumira kukura chifo cheBig Bang makore ane bhirioni 13.000 apfuura.
Sezvineiwo, munhu wekutanga kutaura kuti dzidziso yekuti zvinhu zvese zvegalactic zviri kuramba zvichifamba kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yenguva-yemunda aive Edwin Hubble, mune inozivikanwa zvino se. Hubble theory.
Icho chiitiko chinoshamisa kuti izvo zvekutanga zvakawanikwa zvinokwanisa kuonesa iyo Hubble theory dzakaunganidzwa neteresikopu inewo zita rake.
kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakasviba
Kana tikataura nezvenyaya yakasviba zvakanyanya, tinenge tichipinda muvhu rine madhaka, sezvo ichi chiri chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kukurukurwa mune zvenyeredzi uye chokwadi ndechekuti pane data shoma pamusoro payo kuti tinzwisise hunhu hwayo kana chinangwa chayo muchadenga. nzvimbo.
Fungidziro yekuvepo kwechinhu chisinganzwisisike chakapukunyuka kucherechedzwa mukati memagetsi emagetsi haisi itsva. Chokwadi, izwi rokuti "nyaya yakasviba" Yakagadzirwa muna 1933 naSwiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky.
Nekudaro, zvaive zvekutenda kumifananidzo yeteresikopu yaHubble kuti kuvepo kwechinhu chisinganzwisisike cherima chakazosimbiswa, sezvo lenzi rayo rekupedzisira-sensitive rakakwanisa kuona kukanganiswa kusinganzwisisike kwekubuda kwechiedza munzvimbo inooneka yechadenga.
Chiratidzo chechimiro chakafanana nekutenderera kwechiedza kana ichidhumhana nezvidimbu zvezvinhu. Iyi cosmic effect inozivikanwa se giravhiti lenzi.
Chinhu chakasviba chinofungidzirwa kuti chinoshanda senyama "isingaoneki", inokwanisa kubata pamwechete zvikamu zvemuchadenga zvisingadzorwi nemasimba egiravhiti ezvimedu.
Somuenzaniso, inofungidzirwa kuti galactic mega cluster Abell 2029, iyo inounza pamwe zviuru zvemakwara enzou murwendo rwemamiriyoni anoverengeka emakore chiedza, "yakaputirwa" muvharo yechinhu chakasviba chinoibata pamwe chete. Iyi dzidziso inogona kusimbiswa nekutarisa kukanganisa muchiedza kunokonzerwa negiravhiti lensing kana uchitarisa Abell 2029.
Kutarisa mavambo echisiko chapose pose
Pamwe chakanyanya kukosha kuwanikwa kwakawanikwa neHubble telescope lens mufananidzo watinoziva nhasi se Hubble's Ultra-yakadzika nzvimbo.
Uyu mufananidzo une gakava wakatorwa nekutevera mwenje wekare unooneka wakanyorwa. Chiedza chechiedza chiri mumufananidzo chakabudiswa nemazana emamiriyoni enyeredzi makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni 13.000 apfuura, panguva yekuwedzera kwechadenga mushure meBig Bang.
Kuti uwane mufananidzo uyu, ese eHubble telescope's imaging instruments akashandiswa, nechinangwa chekuunganidza ruzivo rwekuona pane ese akasiyana e electromagnetic spectrum.
Iyo Ultra Deep Field yakafanana neHubble inotarisa kumashure munguva, ichinzwa kuburitswa kwechiedza kubva kumakwara enzou akaberekwa mukutanga kwekusika, pakati pemakore 600 ne800 mushure meBig Bang.
Mufananidzo uyu wakabatsira zvikuru kunzwisisa zviri nani nzira yekuumbwa kwemapoka enyeredzi nenyeredzi mushure mekutonhodzwa kwezvinhu.
Kuwanikwa kwembiru dzekusika
Hubble akawana mazana ezvinhu zvinonakidza zvemuchadenga, asi vashoma vacho vakakwevera kutarisisa se "mbiru dzekusika," chikamu cheemission nebula yakanyorwa seH II dunhu.
Mbiru dzeKusikwa chinhu chemuchadenga chakawanikwa mukati mechikamu cheGondo Nebula (chakawanikwawo naHubble), asi chinonakidza pamusoro penzvimbo iyi yeH II chiyero chinoshamisa chekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi itsva, iyo inoitika semugumisiro wehuwandu hukuru hwezvimedu zvehydrogen zviripo mumagasi emucosmic.
Pamakoramu matatu egasi gobvu anogona kuonekwa pamufananidzo, hombe yacho inosvika makore 9.5 echiedza-makore, zvichiita kuti ive yakakura chaizvo. Zvinotendwa kuti nzvimbo iyi inogarwa nenyeredzi dzinopfuura 8500, izvo zvaizoita kuti ive nzvimbo yemuchadenga ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwenyeredzi dzinozivikanwa muchadenga.
Izvo zvinogara zvichionekwa kune mbiru dzekusika Vakabvumira kunzwisiswa kuri nani kwemaitiro ekudzokorodza kwezvinhu anoitika muchadenga, apo supernovae inodzinga zvimedu, izvo zvinobva zvanyungudutswa mukati memakore egasi remuchadenga nekuda kwekuita kwenzvimbo dzadzo dzesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, kwadzinove chikamu chezvitsva zvedenga.
