Kuti unzwisise kuti zvaigoneka sei kuti maGermany (pamwe naHitler), pakupera kwa1944, akaronga kupikisa kwakadaro uye akazviita, zvakakosha kuti titaure muchidimbu mamiriro ezvinhu mumusasa weAllied.
Vachimanikidzwa naJoseph Stalin, uyo akanga agara achida kuti pave nehondo yechipiri, mauto eAllies akasvika muNormandy, kuchamhembe kweFrance, muna Chikumi 1944. Kufambira mberi kwacho kwakakurumidza uye kwakasimba: musi wa25 Nyamavhuvhu, Paris yakasunungurwa, nepo muHondo yeFalaise Pocket , maGerman akanga achidzokera shure akasiya vanhu zviuru gumi vakafa uye vasungwa vanosvika zviuru makumi mashanu. Panguva iyi, mauto eAllies akanga asvikawo kumaodzanyemba.
I "Winner Syndrome": mamiriro eAllies kurwisa Hitler
Pakupera kwezhizha, France yakanga yasununguka. Vatorwa nemufaro wekukunda , munaGunyana, maAnglo-Americans (vakabatana nemauto akawanda eCanada, France, nePoland) vakatanga kurwisa nemauto ari mudenga muHolland, mhiri kwemuromo weRhine (Operation Market Garden) , asi kurwisa kwacho kwakakonzera kusagadzikana uye kurasikirwa kukuru.
MaGerman akadzokera shure zvakanaka ndokuramba akamira padyo neWestwall , mutsetse wakasimba waibva kuNetherlands uchienda kuSwitzerland . Hondo yekukurumidza yekufamba yakakurumidza kuchinja kuva hondo yekubviswa kwemauto , yakafanana neyakarwiwa, zvakare pakati pemaAmerican nemaGerman, pakati pa1917 na1918. Nzvimbo yekumberi nenzvimbo dzekurwira, zvinoshamisa, zvaive zvakafanana.
Sezvo mwaka wechando wasvika, kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kweAllied kuputsa kunokanganiswa nekuramba kweWehrmacht , uye migumisiro yekurasikirwa kukuru inotanga kunzwika: muHürtgen Forest , nzvimbo yehondo dzinotyisa, semuenzaniso, maAmerican acharasikirwa nevarume vanopfuura 30.000 . Pakazosvika Zvita, apo sinou yekutanga inotanga kunaya, zvave pachena kuti, kusiyana nezvaitarisirwa uye zvaifanotaurwa nevakuru veAllied vakawanda vaipikisa Hitler, hondo haizoperi paKisimusi.
Vanobatana naHitler vane chivimbo
Pasinei neizvi, vatsigiri vacho vane chokwadi chekuti vava nhanho imwe chete kuti vakunde uye vanosimbisa chivimbo ichi nekudada kwakanyanya uye kuzvikudza, zvichikonzerwa nehukuru hwavo huri pachena maererano nevarume, pfuma uye zviwanikwa.
Ndiyo chaiyo iyi pfungwa yekuchengetedzeka isina kujeka inoita kuti varwi veAllies vasaderedze zvinangwa zvemuvengi —kwete muvengi chero upi zvake: Adolf Hitler ari patambo, ichokwadi, asi murwi wetsiva ari mukona anotonyanya kutyisa, sezvo akagadzirira kuisa zvese panjodzi. Germany, zvakare, pasinei nematambudziko, yakanga ichiri nemasimba makuru ehondo muna 1944.
Mafambiro eGerman pakupera kwaMbudzi, kunyange zvazvo asina kuonekwa zvachose, akabviswa muchikwata nemukuru weAllied intelligence , Major General Kenneth Strong, senzira dzekudzivirira chete. Zvisinei, Strong haasi iye ega aive nemhosva. Ruzhinji rwevakuru veBritain neAmerica vaifunga kuti vaive vakabata zvakasimba muhondo iripo zvekuti havana kana kumbofunga nezvekuti Germany inogona kurwisa.
Nyaya dzeMauto: Zvekana Hitler?
Panyaya idzi dzehondo, tinofanira kuwedzera pfungwa dzehondo zvakanyanya. Chekutanga, tinofanira kufunga nezvekuomerwa kwemidziyo yeAllied logistical mukupa uto guru uye rakakosha , iro rinoda chikafu chakawanda, zvekushandisa, zvombo, mota dzine mota, uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Pasina zvombo zvakawanda zvehondo nerutsigiro rwezvombo, maAmerican haasi kurwisa, uye maBritish (avo vari muchikamu chekuchamhembe muNetherlands) vanoramba vasina simba uye havafambi mberi. Kutorwa kweAntwerp, nechiteshi chayo chikuru chengarava, zvechokwadi kwakabatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko racho zvishoma , asi kwakakundikana kumutsiridza kurwisa Germany. Saka, pane chikonzero chaicho chekumira, kunyanya munguva yechando, kuronga patsva nekuzadza mauto mukugadzirira kurwisa kwekupedzisira.
Zvadaro pane chikonzero chepfungwa dzevanhu: ruzhinji rwemauto eAllied rwagara rwuri pamberi pehondo kubvira muna Chikumi, uye madhipatimendi mazhinji ari mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka . Vanotsiva vanodiwa, asi mauto ekuAmerica ari kusvika kuEurope ane varwi vechidiki vasina ruzivo , nepo maBritish, avo vatove muhondo kwemakore mashanu, vari kukwesha pasi pegomba.
Mumamiriro okunze akaipa…chiso chakashata
Mamiriro ekunze akaipa anowedzera kukanganisa tsika. Kutanga mvura, tevere sinou nechando, zvinoita kuti migero nemakomba zvisagarike . Uyezve, mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka anodzivirira mota, dzakanyura mumatope , kufamba nekukurumidza, tisingatauri nezvemhute inomanikidza varwi veRAF neUSAF nendege dzinokanda mabhomba, dzine simba guru muhondo, kuti dzimhirire pasi.
Musi wa11 Mbudzi, General Eisenhower, Mukuru Mukuru weAllied Forces muEurope, akanyorera General Marshall ari pahofisi yake achiti: " Mudiwa General, ndava kunyanya kuneta nemvura iyi ."
Fungidzira, saka, kuti masoja anogona sei kurarama mumakomba azere nematope: akanyorova kusvika pamapfupa, asina mbatya dzakaoma kwemavhiki. Trench foot , chirwere chinoremadza chinowedzera kushaikwa kwehutsanana, ikozvino chapararira, pamwe chete nechirwere chemanyoka . Nechando, kufa (kana avo vacharasikirwa negumbo) nekuda kwechando kuchawanda. Mamiriro aya ari pachenawo pakati pemasoja eGerman, ayo, kutaura chokwadi, anonyanya kuipa kana tichitarisa chikafu, pekugara, uye zvipfeko.
Pakati paZvita, vasingazive nezvekurwiswa kweGermany kwaizouya, Bernard Montgomery , mukuru wemauto eBritain neCanada, naEisenhower vakatanga kuchinjana tsamba vachibvunza mukuru wavo wekuAmerica nezvekubheja kwaakanga aita kare nezvehondo yaizopera paKisimusi. Montgomery akaisa tsamba yepounds mashanu mutsamba yake, asi "Ike" akapindura nehasha achiti:
"Ndichiri nemazuva mapfumbamwe, uye kunyange zvichiita sechokwadi kuti iwe uchava nemamwe mapaundi mashanu paKisimusi, ndezvechokwadi kuti hauzove nawo zuva risati rasvika."
Eisenhower uye Monty
Hukama pakati paEisenhower na"Monty," uye pakati pemukuru wemauto eAmerica nevamwe vakuru vemauto eAmerica, hwakanga husina hukama hwakanaka. Kazhinji, maBritish nemaAmerican, kunyangwe vaive mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama, havana kudzivirirwa paruvengo nehasha.
Vabvuma pfungwa yekutangazve kurwisa mushure mezororo rezhizha ra1944, mauto eAllies akatanga kugadzirira mauto avo panzvimbo dzaiva nyore kupinda muGermany. MuArdennes, nzvimbo isingapindiki ine masango akakora uye asingapindike, US First Army chete, yaitungamirirwa naGeneral Courtney Hodges uye yakaumbwa nemauto akabviswa kana kuti matsva, ndiyo yakasara semauto. Uyezve, zvakanga zvisingabviri kufunga nezvekufambira mberi muchikamu ichi.
Kune vatungamiriri veAllied, zvaive nani kutarisa kuCologne, kuchamhembe, uye nharaunda yeRuhr, kumaodzanyemba, uye pamitsetse miviri iyi ndipo pavakaisa huwandu hwemauto avo . Uyezve, vakafunga kuti kana maGerman aizorwisa zvakare, vaizozviita pamutsara wataurwa pamusoro apa kwete munzvimbo yeArdennes: chekutanga, zvaizova zvisina maturo; chechipiri, zvaizoda kushanda nesimba kukuru zvekuti hazvizombofi zvakaonekwa.
usamborerutsa muvengi
Muchidimbu, varwi veAllies vachipesana naHitler vakadzokorora chikanganiso chimwe chete chavakarasikirwa nacho muna Chivabvu 1940: kusakoshesa maGerman uye kusakoshesa chikamu chavo cheArdennes, uko makore mana apfuura mapoka eWehrmacht ezvombo akanga apinda sebanga mubhota.
Mumatsutso ese, masangano ehungwaru eHodges' First Army haana kuteerera zviratidzo zvese zvekurwiswa kwaive pedyo . MaGerman mazhinji akatorwa mukati memavhiki iwayo, paakabvunzurudzwa, akataura nezvekurwiswa kukuru kwakarongwa Kisimusi isati yasvika, asi ruzivo urwu rwakarambwa serunyerekupe . Kuti zvinhu zviome zvakanyanya, Operation Griffin, yaiitwa nemasoja eGermany aipfeka semaAmerican, yakatangwa.
Kunyanya kubatikana kudzingirira masaboteurs, anonzi asipo ma commandos akatumirwa kuseri kwemitsara nemaGerman kuuraya Eisenhower, US njere nevakuru vakuru vanotadza kuona zviri kuitika chaizvo: njodzi yenjodzi chaiyo iri kuseri kwekona.
Hondo yeArdennes ”: mukaha mumubatanidzwa waHitler
Sezvo manheru achisvika musi wa15 Zvita 1944 , chikamu cheArdennes ndicho chikamu chakanyarara kupfuura zvese pamberi peguta. Husiku huri kutonhora. Miti nematenga emisha yeBelgium zvakafukidzwa nesinou yakakora . Masango akanyarara zvisingawanzoitiki. Kwakadzikama dutu risati rasvika.
Mangwanani-ngwanani emusi wa16 Zvita 1944, kubhomba kukuru kwezvombo kwakatangira kuswedera mberi kwemauto eGermany pamberi penzvimbo inosvika makiromita zana . Panguva iyi, vakuru veAmerica, Hodges naGeneral Bradley (mukuru wemauto), vakarara zvakanaka: vaifunga kuti kwaive kubhomba kwekuzvidzivirira, kwete kurwiswa kwakazara.
Chirongwa cheGerman chaifungidzira kufambira mberi munzira nhatu: kuchamhembe , 6th SS Panzer Army yaGeneral ' Sepp' Dietrich yakapihwa basa guru: kupwanya miganhu yeAmerica nekukasira kufambira mberi paRwizi rweMeuse, kuyambuka pedyo neLiège uye kubva ipapo kutendeukira kuchamhembe kuenda kuAntwerp . Nemapoka mana eWaffen-SS ane zvombo uye mapoka mashanu evanofamba netsoka, Dietrich akatarisana neUS 99th Infantry Division , yakarongwa pamakiromita makumi matatu epamberi - zvakanyanya kurema kuti pave nechikwata chimwe chete.
kana wabatwa nekushamisika
Vakabatwa nekushamisika, vasina vashandi vakakwana (vainge vafa vanhu vanosvika chiuru kubva muna Mbudzi), uye vaisanganisira vakuru nemauto, 99th Regiment, yakasimbiswa nevamwe vese veGeneral Gerow's V Corps, avo vakanga vasvika vachibva kuchamhembe, vasingatarisiri vakarwisa maGerman zvakasimba . Izvi zvakakwana kumisa kufambira mberi kwavo uye kudzivirira kubudirira kukuru muchikamu chakakosha. Kune maSS, aionekwa sevanhu vepamusoro muuto reGerman, izvi zvaive dambudziko guru. Pakazosvika Zvita 20, aodzwa mwoyo nemauto ake akanakisisa, Hitler akanga aendesa basa guru rekushanda kuuto raManteuffel, rakanga riri pakati.
Muchikamu ichi, chiri munharaunda yeSchnee Eifel (nzvimbo ine mipata yakafukidzwa nesinou, yakafukidzwa nesango guru), yakadzivirirwa ne106th Division neXVI Cavalry Group , 5th Armored Army yaGeneral Hasso von Manteuffel yakakundwa , ikakwanisa kupinda nepakati nepakati . Mauto eAmerica akakundwa ndokudzokera shure, asi akarwa zvakanyanya, nepo maGerman akarasikirwawo zvakanyanya.
"Kurasikirwa kweGermany kwaiva nenjodzi. Varwi veGermany vaifamba netsoka vakanga vachifambira mberi, vachifora pakati pemugwagwa vasina tsigiro yezvombo. Mauto eGermany aikwanisa kufora kana kupfura uye hapana chaaiziva nezvemaitiro evacheche. Mapoka eVolksgrenadier akanga asingakwanisi kuita zvinobudirira. Zvisinei, vakazviwana vachirwisa vakarovedzwa vane makore gumi nemasere vokuAmerica sezvavaigona napo."
Hondo Huru dzaHitler
Chinangwa chaManteuffel ndechekusangana kwemigwagwa mikuru yeSt. Vith neBastogne . Hondo yacho yave yakasimba pakarepo. Kurudyi, mapoka mana eGerman akakomberedza mapoka maviri eUS 106th Division , achibata varwi vanopfuura 8.000 mune izvo maAmerican pachavo vanobvuma sekukundwa kwavo kukuru muEurope theatre panguva yeHondo Yenyika II . Panguva iyi, kuruboshwe, LVII Armored Corps inoyambuka Rwizi rweOur yoenda kuHouffalize , ichienda kuMeuse, ukuwo kumaodzanyemba, XLVII Armored Corps ichienda kuBastogne.
Muchikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chekurwisa , kumaodzanyemba, Hondo yechinomwe yaGeneral Brandenberger yakatumirwa , iine basa rekufukidza divi rekuruboshwe raManteuffel. Mushure mekuyambuka Rwizi rwedu, mapoka evasori vetsoka veGerman akafambira mberi makiromita mashoma uye nekukurumidza akasangana nekupikiswa kwakasimba kubva kuUS 9th Armored Division ne4th Infantry Division. Pakazosvika Zvita 19, kurwiswa muchikamu ichi kwakakanganiswa zvisingadzivisike : kutaura zvazviri, Hondo yechitatu yaGeneral George Patton yakanga yasvika ichibva kumaodzanyemba, yakatumwa kuzovhara mukaha muArdennes.
Zvichakadaro, musi wa17 Zvita, mauto eAmerica achiri mukutya, 1st SS Panzer Division yakatanga kurwisa pakavhurika muvengi. Varume vanopfuura 20.000 nematangi makuru 250, kusanganisira matangi akawanda eTiger I neII , vakatungamira kupinda kwemauto kwaitungamirwa neboka raLieutenant Colonel Joachim Peiper . Peiper, iye pachake achitungamira matangi anoda kusvika 100, akaronga kusvika kuHuy asina anomupikisa uye kubva ipapo kuyambuka Rwizi rweMeuse, asi makiromita makumi manomwe kubva paari, pedyo neStavelot, mauto eAmerica akakwanisa kumuvhara ndokumuparadzanisa.
Mhosva dzaPeiper
Chikepe cheSS chaPeiper, pachafamba vakananga kuMeuse, chichava nemhosva dzakawanda dzakaitirwa vasungwa vekuAmerica nevanhuwo zvavo vekuBelgium, asi havazokwanisi kusvika kuMeuse: vasina mafuta, vakasiya mota dzehondo, uye musi wa26 Zvita Peiper nevarume vake vachamanikidzwa kudzokera shure netsoka.
Saka, mazuva ekutanga ekurwisa akaratidza kubudirira kwemauto eGerman : pamusoro pekufambira mberi kwaPeiper, kunyanya pakati, kufambira mberi kwakaramba kuripo uye maAmerican akadzokera shure nekuvhiringidzika kukuru . Zvisinei, kusiyana nezvakaitika muna 1940, apo maFrench akakanda mapfumo pasi vasina kuramba kuGerman Blitzkrieg, nhamba dzenguva nenguva iyi dzaive kudivi reAllies.
Pakazosvika musi wa17 Zvita, marori anopfuura zviuru gumi akanga achitakura varume vanopfuura zviuru makumi matanhatu kuenda kuArdennes, uye mukati mevhiki imwe chete Eisenhower akanga akwanisa kuunza mauto anopfuura zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kunzvimbo yemitambo . Uyezve, sezvakataurwa nevakawanda, vakuru vakuru, kunyanya von Rundstedt naModel, kuti maGerman akanga asina zviwanikwa zvakakwana zvekutsigira kurwisa kwavo, izvo zvakazokundikana. Zvisinei, Hitler haana kukanda mapfumo pasi, uye varwi vazhinji havana kukanda mapfumo pasi. Mutemo waFührer waingova "kufambira mberi, kufambira mberi, kufambira mberi."