Iyo Puna ecoregion inzvimbo yakakura yakakura inofukidza nharaunda dzenyika ina dzeSouth America, ine mamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana uye zvinyoro zvinobvumira marudzi akasiyana ePuna kuti asiyaniswe, mune ino chinyorwa maitiro ayo achatsanangurwa zvishoma, zvakadai se zororo, mamiriro ekunze, the maruva ePuna nemhuka dzayo.
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Iyo Puna inzvimbo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzeLatin America nyika Argentina, Bolivia, Chile nePeru, inodaidzwa kudaro nekuti mumitauro yevagari vePeruvia Andes izwi rekuti "puna" rinogona kududzirwa se. "Nzvimbo yakakwirira". ». Iyo inzvimbo yeNeotropical iyo mune dzimwe nzvimbo ibani, kune dzimwe nzvimbo yakawanda yemafuro kana gomo uye inodaidzwa kunzi high Andes tundra sezvo iri mumakomo eAndes.
Iyi nzvimbo inosanganisira chaizvo:
- Kumaodzanyemba kweArgentine Republic, uko iri bani iro zvishoma nezvishoma rinoderedza kukwirira kwayo, mune ino chikamu cheiyo ecoregion huru Puna de Atacama inomira kunze.
- Kumadokero kwePlurinational State yeBolivia, uko puna ichiri danga uye inewo nzvimbo dzakadzika-dzika dzakadai senzvimbo inonyanya kukosha: Uyuni munyu flat.
- Kuchamhembe kweRepublic yeChile, uko kwambotaurwa Puna de Atacama zvakare inovhara nharaunda yeChilean. Nzvimbo iyi irenje kana uchienda kumaodzanyemba.
- Maodzanyemba uye pakati peRepublic yePeru, uko kune chikamu chakanaka chePuna yakazara, muchikamu ichi biome ichiri bani.
Zviratidzo
- Argentina: Muchikamu ichi chepuna kune mafurati akawanda emunyu akadai seSalar de Olaroz neSalinas Grandes, mvura yegore negore inogona kuva 1000 mm uye kazhinji vane mhepo inonaya inosvika kumakomo eAndean. Kune zvakare nzvimbo yakaoma inoonekwa seyakanyanya kuoma munyika yese, inova nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeArgentina.
Nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzePuna yeArgentina ndeidzi: Pozuelos Lagoon, Cardones Park neSan Guillermo Park, pamwe neWhite Lagoon.
- Bolivia: MuPuna yeBolivia iwe unogona kuona kumaodzanyemba kune yakaoma altiplanic bani ine mvura inonaya isingapfuuri 500 mm, unogona kuona dunes, makomo uye kunyange makomo anoputika, ane mhuka inozivikanwa nemarudzi emakwai, mombe nemakamelid uye a. flora nemakwenzi, sango rakasaririra rekeñua nouswa. Kuchamhembe, kunaya kwemvura kunogona kusvika 1600 mm, kune glacial mipata, mapani, materu uye nyanza.
Nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzePuna yeBolivia ndeidzi: Sajama Park, Tunari Park, Eduardo Abaroa Reserve uye Madidi Park, pakati pevamwe.
- Chile: Iyi nzvimbo inonzi "Chilean Andean Plateau", kune marudzi akati wandei epuna uye Chile yakanyanya kuoma, uko kunaya kwayo kunongoitika kubva Zvita kusvika Kurume uye inowanzoitika kuchamhembe. Mamiriro ekunze ayo anotonhora, akaoma, gwenga uye steppe, izvi zvinodaro nekuti kune nzvimbo idzo puna irenje rakazara uye nzvimbo dzinonyanya kukwesha gomo.
Nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeChile ndeidzi: Salar de Surire, Isluga volcano, Los Flamencos National Reserve, Alto Loa National Reserve, Nevado Tres Cruces National Park uye Lauca National Park, pakati pevamwe.
- Peru: Ichi chikamu chepuna chinoratidzwa nekusiyana-siyana maererano nekuyamura, kwaunogona kuona mapani kune chikamu chikuru, pamwe chete nemakungwa nemakungwa (anenge 12.000), makomo uye glaciers. Tembiricha munzvimbo iyi inosiyana kubva pa20 C° kusvika -25 C°, mvura yainonaya pagore inogona kuita 700 mm kubva muna Zvita kusvika munaKurume.
Nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzePeru dzinoti: Huascarán Park, Pampa Galeras National Reserve, Salinas neAguada Blanca National Reserve, Junin National Reserve, Calipuy National Sanctuary uye Huayllay National Sanctuary, pakati pevamwe.
Puna yePeru
Kunyanya muPuna yePeru kune chiitiko chidiki chekurima uye zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyamura, mbatatisi inorimwa ipapo uye kune zvakare nzvimbo dzakakura dzinodyarwa bhari, iyo puna ine hunyoro munzvimbo iyi kunyangwe iri mune inovhara. chikamu chendima yeBolivia. Saizvozvo, muPeruvian Pacific basin kune sub-humid puna, iyo yakaoma punas inowanikwa zvakanyanya muChile neArgentina. Mamwe maguta makuru ezvikomo zvePeru ndeaya:
- Chikomo chePasco
- Junín
- Caylloma Province
Relieve
Rusununguko rwechikamu ichi chePuna, kazhinji, ibheseni hombe rine nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakachinjika uye dzakati sandarara dzinogona kusvika pakakwirira kusvika 4.800 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Zvinokwanisika kuwana makomo akawanda echando-akavharwa nechando uyewo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dze ecoregion yose, mamwe acho akaparara uye mamwe achiri kushanda, anogona kusvika 6.000 m. Kune nzvimbo yakaderera iyo mvura inodonha nekuda kwekunaya kwegore negore inoungana, kubva mairi madhamu akawanda anobuda.
Climate
Mamiriro ekunze ePuna yese kazhinji anotonhora kunyangwe isina mvura yakawanda, tembiricha inochengetwa munzvimbo yese inosiyana pakati pe6 C ° uye -7 C °. Nekudaro, mhando dzepuna dzinogona kusiyaniswa nemamiriro ekunze dzavanadzo, semuenzaniso:
- Humid Puna (iri kuchamhembe): uko kunaya kwemvura kunoitika kakawanda kupfuura kumaodzanyemba kweiyo ecoregion, kune nzizi dzakawanda nemadhamu.
Kubva ipapo, kupatsanurwa kunogona kuitwa, kusiyanisa pakati pehunyoro uye pasi-humid puna, mune yekare mvura yegore negore inogona kuva 2500 mm, iyo inotanga munaOctober uye inopera kusvika munaEpril, mushure mokunge mamiriro okunze anoramba akaoma. Yechipiri ine mamiriro ekunze epakati pakati pemwaka wakaoma uye wemvura.
- Arid Puna (iri kumaodzanyemba): inoratidzirwa nekuvapo kwemunyu flats, uko kune imwe chete mvura inonaya inogona kuva 400 mm gore negore.
Kunewo mapuna maviri, puna yakaoma uye puna yerenje, mune yekutanga kune dzimwe nzizi nemakungwa (pasi pemvura inonaya) uye mvura inogona kuva 100 kana 400 mm. Mune yechipiri hakuna nzizi kana madhamu uye mvura inonaya inongova 100 mm kana kunyange zvishoma.
Flora nemhuka dzePuna
Iyo maruva epuna inoratidzirwa nekuvapo kwehuswa, shrubs seBuddleja coriacea uye genera Polylepis, Adesmia, Astragalus, nezvimwewo. Zvakare zvinomera zveiyo genus Stipa, Calamagrostis, Cempasúchil, Bouteloua uye Muhlenbergia.
Kune manyoro, chiliguares, makwenzi akakura apo Satureja inotonga chikamu chikuru, maruva emakwenzi uye pasina ivo, zvinomera zvakaputsika zvakaita seizvo zvegenera Carex, Gentina, Arenaria, Lachemilla, pakati pezvimwe. Munzvimbo dzakaoma kune huswa hwakadai seDistichlis humilis, Hordeum muticum, Frankenia uye kunyange patsangadzi ine zvirimwa zvakaita seSalicornia pulvinata uye genus yemiti inonzi Anthobryum mune yese puna flora.
Kana dziri mhuka dzinosanganisira mhuka dzenharaunda yepuna uswa mhuka zvakadai seSouth America makamera, vicuñas, guanacos, llamas, alpacas, poronccoy kana nguruve dzomusango, grey nondo, skunks, mapumas eAndean, makava eAndean, katsi dzeAndean, tarukas, pakati pevamwe. Kana zviri zve shiri, mhando dzakadai secondor, the mountain partridge, puna teal, tufted chola kana horned coot, puneño cuervillo, Andes flamingo, rhea, pakati pevamwe.
Vamwe reptiles izvo zviri chikamu che maruva nemhuka dzepuna kune marudzi akati wandei enyoka, matodhi, matatya nemadzvinyu, nepo kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipembenene zvakafanana nemamiriro ekunze ekoregion yose. Pakupedzisira, maererano ne marudzi emumvura tinogona kutaura zvakadai, hove iyo ndeyemhuri yeTrichomycteridae.
Izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa, kunze kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusununguka kweiyi ecoregion, zvakavimbisa kugoverwa kwemamwe marudzi emaruva ePuna, semhuka, zvinganzi hazvigoni kukura zvakaenzana kana zvikawanikwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo. yenyika, saka marudzi ataurwa anowanikwa chete kune ino ecoregion.