The Greenhouse Effect chiitiko chemusikirwo chinokonzerwa nekupisa kwemwaranzi yepasi iyo inotorwa nemagasi emuchadenga, izvo zvinoita kuti kuwedzera kwekushisa uye hunyoro. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura kusanganiswa kwekusvibiswa kwe<em>carbon dioxide nemagasi e<em>greenhouse kwakakonzera kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze panyika. Pazasi tinoratidza Zvinokonzeresa uye Migumisiro yeGreenhouse Effect.
The greenhouse effect
Ichi chiitiko chemusikirwo chinokonzerwa kana kupisa kwemwaranzi kunoitwa nepamusoro penyika kunotorwa nemaGreenhouse Gases (GHG) emumhepo uye kunopararira mativi ese. Mhedzisiro yemwaranzi iyi inodzokera pamusoro penyika uye pasi pasi kuwedzera kweavhareji yetembiricha yepasi. Zvikasadaro tembiricha yepasi yaizova yakaderera zvikuru.
Mizhinji yemwaranzi yezuva inovhenekerwa mumhepo inooneka inopfuura nepamhepo uye ichipisa pamusoro penyika, yobva yavheneka iyi simba rezuva mumhepo yakaderera ye infrared thermal mwaranzi. Iyi mwaranzi yekupisa inotorwa nemagasi egreenhouse, iwowo anoburitsa uye anoparadzira iri simba rekupisa nenzira dzakasiyana kusvika pamusoro penyika uye pasi pasi.
Mhedzisiro iyi yakafanana chaizvo nemhedzisiro inoitwa nemwaranzi yezuva kana ichipfuura nepagirazi uye kuwedzera tembiricha yekamuri kana yebindu greenhouse. Zvisinei, izvi zvakasiyana nenzira iyo mhepo inotora kupisa maererano nezvinoitika mubindu regreenhouse, mune iyi mhepo yemhepo inoderedzwa, ichiparadzanisa mhepo inopisa inoramba iri mukati me greenhouse uye nokudaro pane zvishoma kurasikirwa convective kupisa.
Kubatsira kukuru kwekuitika kweatmospheric greenhouse gases kuwedzera kwekushisa pamusoro penyika, nokuti dai zvisina kudaro kunenge kuine minus -18 ° C. Zvisinei, avhareji yetembiricha yepasi pano inenge 14°C, izvo zvinoratidza kukosha kwoupenyu kweichi chiitiko chomusikirwo cheGreenhouse Effect. Zvakadaro, nekuda kwemaitiro emaindasitiri uye kukurumidza kutemwa kwemasango nekupiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa, kupisa kwemwaranzi yepasi kwakawedzera, zvichikonzera kudziya kwepasi uye kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze epasi.
Zvinokonzera
Imwe yekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza mubudiriro yeindasitiri iyo yakavambwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwave kuri kuwedzera kwekuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide mumhepo uye kuderera kwezvinomera nekuda kwekuiswa kwemafekitori nemaguta. Kuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide gasi mumhepo kunoitika nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwefossil mafuta ekushandisa mumaindasitiri maitiro uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekutakura.
Pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ehupfumi, kutemwa kwemasango emasango makuru kwakaitika, zvichiita kuti shanduko yecarbon dioxide ideredze uye nokudaro irambe yakareba mumhepo. Izvi imhaka yokuti sezvo kuine masango mashoma, zvinomera zvishoma zvinoita gadziriro yephotosynthesis, iyo inoshandura carbon dioxide kuva oxygen inobuditswa mumhepo yakatenderedza pasi uye kuva shuga nokuda kwezvokudya zvezvirimwa.
Migumisiro
Kuderera kwenzvimbo dzemasango uye kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwakaunza semugumisiro wekuti tembiricha yakawedzera uye pamwe chete nemwaranzi yepasi inopisa, simba rakawanda rekupisa rakaburitswa mumhepo uye rakatorwa nemaGreenhouse Gases emuchadenga akazoaparadzira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Nechikonzero ichi tembiricha inowedzera pasi rose, ichikanganisa mamiriro ekunze ari munharaunda yepasi rose.
Uku kudziya kwepasi kunoguma nekunyunguduka kwemakomo echando ari pamatanda, izvo zvinosimudza mwero wemakungwa uye kuderedza matsime emvura yakachena pasi pano. Kuchinja kwetembiricha kunokanganisa zvipenyu nemaruva epasi, semakorari, ayo ane nguva yakaoma kujairana nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemvura yegungwa. Izvi zvinotungamira mukudzikira kwekusiyana kwezvipenyu uye kusaenzana kwechikafu chepasi. Uku kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune kukanganisa kwakashata, zvichizotevera zviitiko zvisingatarisirwi zvemuchadenga zvakaita sechamupupuri uye kunaya kwemvura zhinji kusingagumi.
Greenhouse Gasi
The Greenhouse Effect inoitika mumhepo nekuda kwekuvapo kwemagasi akasiyana siyana, kutanga nemhute yemvura, ichiteverwa necarbon dioxide, iyo kunyangwe iri gasi rinowanikwa muhushoma mumhepo, isingaite 0,035% Izvi zvinoratidza, seA diki. chikamu checarbon dioxide chinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mumhepo. Izvo zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei nekuwedzera chikamu ichi nekuda kwekusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nevanhu, zvine tapuro yakaipa paGreenhouse Effect yemhepo yepasi.
Shanduko yecarbon dioxide mumhepo inononoka, inenge 50% yegasi iri rinotora makore makumi matatu kuti ribviswe. Kune rimwe divi, iyo 30% yasara inotora mazana emakore kuti iparare uye imwe 30% yecarbon dioxide icharamba iri mumhepo kwezviuru zvemakore. Mukuwedzera kune mhute yemvura uye carbon dioxide, methane magasi, nitrous oxide, ozone uye, pamwe chete neizvi, chlorofluorocarbons, inobatanidzwa muGreenhouse Effect. Aya magasi echlorofluorocarbon magasi anogadzirwa nemabasa evanhu sezvo risiri gasi rinogadzirwa nemasikirwo.
Solar radiation
Mwaranzi yesimba rezuva inotambirwa pamusoro penyika muchimiro chesimba rechiedza uye simba rekupisa. Kubva kuna mambo nyeredzi "zuva" kusvika pamusoro penyika inosvika 341 Watts per square metre uye mune pfupi wave frequency. Simba iri rinogovaniswa pakati pemhepo yePasi kutenderera 157 Watts uye iro rinosvika paPasi rinosvika 184 Watts.
kupisa kwemwaranzi
Pamusoro penyika, kunze kwekugamuchira chiedza nekupisa kana simba rekupisa kubva kuzuva, rinobudisawo simba rekupisa. Kubuda kwesimba rekupisa uku kunoitika nekuti zvipenyu zvese zvine tembiricha iri pamusoro pe zero yakakwana (inova tembiricha yakaderera yakaenzana ne -273 ° C kana -459,67 ° F), inopenya kupisa kana kupisa kwesimba. Pagore, simba rinopisa rinobuda kubva pasi pano rinosvika 396 Watts paskweya mita uye infrared radiation. Iri simba rinopisa rinotorwa nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi rodzokera pamusoro penyika.
yakaratidza mwaranzi
Mhepo yakapoteredza pasi nepamusoro penyika zvinoratidza rimwe resimba rezuva. Nekuda kweizvi, simba rezuva riri mumhepo kwenguva pfupi uye rinobva raparadzirwa kunze kwaro. Zvadaro, huwandu hwesimba rinogamuchirwa uye simba rinobudiswa ndiro rose rekupisa iro mhepo inogamuchira uye kuti iwane kuenzana inofanira kubviswa, kuva simba rinoratidzwa. Huwandu hwesimba rinoratidzwa i120 Watts/m2, ichi chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu kana kupfuura chemwaranzi yezuva inogamuchirwa nenyika. Yakawanda yemwaranzi yekupisa inoburitswa nePasi (infrared radiation) inopfuura nemumhepo uye inopararira muchadenga.
Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Nenzira yechisikigo, kuchinjana kwesimba kunogadzirwa nekuda kwegreenhouse effect yemhepo, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuona kuti thermal radiation (infrared) iyo pasi pevhu inoburitsa sesimba rechiedza rinosvika neradiation yezuva. iyo isina kuparadzirwa, inotorwa nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi, pamusoro penyika, biotic factor, mamwe abiotic components, izvo zvinopindirana uye zvine nguva dzose kutenderera iyo ndiyo Greenhouse Effect yepasi.
Kuchinjana kwegasi uye simba kunoitika mumhepo ndiyo honzeri yekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze kazhinji. Sezvakaita shanduko yekushisa, kunaya kwemvura, mhepo inoonekwa mumwaka wakasiyana wegore. Nekuda kweizvi, nepo kuine kuyerera kwechiedza nesimba rekupisa nguva dzose, meteorological phenomena ichaitika mumwaka uye nenzira dzinofungidzirwa. Izvo zvakapesana zvinoitika apo Greenhouse Effect nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwekabhoni dhaidhiyodhi inogadzira tembiricha yepamusoro yemhepo uye inotungamira pakuumbwa kwechamupupuri, madutu, tsunami, monsoons, pakati pezvimwe.
Chibvumirano chepasi rose
Kuedza kudzikisa kubuda kwecarbon dioxide magasi mumhepo uye kudzivirira kuwedzera kwekushisa uye zvinokonzeresa kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa negreenhouse effect. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzepasi rose dzakasaina zvibvumirano uye Zvibvumirano mukati mehurongwa hweUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, ndeidzi:
- Kyoto Protocol: Chibvumirano chakasainwa muna 1997, chinosanganisa nhevedzano yezvinangwa zvine chekuita nemutemo nechinangwa chekuwana kudzikiswa kwekuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse. Kusvika gore rino ra2020, nguva yechipiri yeprotocol iyi iri kushanda.
- Chibvumirano cheParis: Chibvumirano ichi chakaitwa muna 2015 uye chichatanga kushanda segore rino 2020, kana Kyoto Protocol yapera. Chinangwa chayo ndechekusimudzira budiriro inoenderera pasi rose, kuwana kusimukira kwehupfumi pasina kuwedzera gasi rinobuda mumaindasitiri rinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze epasi.
Kuderedzwa kweGreenhouse Effect
Nechinangwa chekudzikisa kuburitswa kwemagasi egreenhouse, dzimwe nyika dziri kushanda muzvirongwa zvinobvumidza kutsiviwa kwemafuta efossil, kuburikidza nemagetsi akachena akadai se: solar, mhepo kana geothermal simba. Saizvozvo, mumaguta makuru epasi vari kuronga marongero nemitemo iyo, nekuuraya kwavo, inoderedza kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemaindasitiri makuru, zvifambiso zvega uye nezvimwe.
Greenhouse effect uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Sekureva kwenyanzvi dzezve ecologists, the atmospheric Greenhouse Effect iri kukanganiswa nekuburitswa kwemagasi akawanda nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri, senge carbon dioxide nemethane. Mumushumo kubva kuGlobal Climate Report-October 2018 gore iroro, kunze kwemwedzi mumwe chete, mimwe mwedzi yose yakasara yakanga ichipisa kupfuura yevhareji kubva 1977. Kana izvi zvichienderera mberi, migumisiro yacho haisi kukurudzira zvikuru.
iceberg kunyungudika. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwetembiricha uye nekudaro kudziya kwepasi kwepasi, kunyunguduka kwemahombe echando echando kuri kuitika pamwero unokurumidza uye izvi zvinotungamira kuwedzera kwemwero wemvura yemugungwa, kuderera kwemwaranzi yezuva iyo nyika. kumusoro kunobuditswa mumhepo uye kuburitswa kwemethane.
Mafashama. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwemafungu nemafungu aro, zvichiita kuti vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa vapinde mungozi. Mumushumo wakapihwa muFifth Assessment Report yeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, muna 2014, umo ongororo yakaitwa pakati pemakore 1901 na2010, zvichiratidza kuti mwero wegungwa wakakwira anenge 19 centimita. Kufanotaura ndekwekuti muna 2100 ichakwira imwe 15 kana 90 centimita uye vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri vachange vari pangozi.
Madutu Akasimba. Kunyange zvazvo Greenhouse Effect isiri iyo yakananga chikonzero chekuitika kwezvinhu izvi zvemeteorological, zvakananga, kunyange zvazvo zvinowedzera hukuru hwavo. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti madutu anoumbwa nekupisa kwakanyanya kwegungwa kunokwira kumhepo.
Kuwedzera kwekutama. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, kushandura mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo idzi, mhuka zhinji dzinoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo uko mamiriro ekunze anobvumira kuti vakwanise kuita hupenyu hwavo hwehupenyu. Maererano neruzivo rwakabva kuWorld Bank mugore ra2050, vanhu vangangosvika miriyoni zana nemakumi mana vakatofanira kubva munzvimbo dzavanogara nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura nemafashamu.
ivhu renje. Kuwedzera kwetembiricha kwakakonzera gwenga renyika yakakura, zvichigadzira kusaenzana kwemhoteredzo pamwe chete nemucheni wekudya. Kuva gwenga uku ndiko kushomeka kwevhu rakaorera muurombo uye risingabereki, Sekureva kweUnited Nations Organisation (UN), inosvika makumi matatu kubva muzana yevhu rekurima repasi rinoparadzwa.
Kurasika mukurima nezvipfuyo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakareva kuti nguva yemwaka yakasiyana yakasiyana uye naizvozvo nguva yekukura kwemarudzi emiti nemhuka yakashandurwa. Yakabatana nechitarisiko chezvipembenene nezvirwere nekuda kwekusaenzana mumaketani ekudya. Saizvozvo, mhuka dzepapurazi dzakave nemetabolism yadzo, hutano uye kubereka zvakashandurwa, pakati pezvimwe.
Nzara muvanhu. Kusandurwa kwemamiriro ekunze uye kurasikirwa kweivhu rekurima nekusanaya kwemvura kunokonzeresa kugadzirwa kwekurima, zvichikonzera kuderera kwechikafu chakarimwa uye kudiwa kwakawanda kuti zvizadziswe, zvichiwedzera kushomeka kwechikafu. Sangano reFood and Agriculture Organisation reUnited Nations (FAO) rotyamadzwa nekukanganisa kuri kuita mamiriro ekunze kuri kuita kugadzirwa kwechikafu.
zvirwere uye zvirwere. Kuwedzera kwekushisa kwepasi kunogona kukurumidza kuitika kwehutano hwemwoyo uye zvirwere zvekufema. Pamwe nekuonekwa kwezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa zvakapedzwa zvakaita semarariya, cholera kana kupararira kunzvimbo dziri panyika kwadzisina kuitika.
Kuti tigadzirise kukanganisa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji uye maindasitiri pamamiriro ekunze uye paGreenhouse Effect yemhepo, mumwe nemumwe wedu anofanirwa kuzvipira kushandura nzvimbo yedu kune zvakatipoteredza, uye kusvika pamwero wezvatingagona kuita, kuita shanduko. yemafungiro uye kuva vagari vane hanya, vachitora chikamu nemapoka ezvakatipoteredza mumishandirapamwe yekutevedzera zvibvumirano zvakasainwa nehurumende dzedu kuderedza Greenhouse Effect.
Ndinokukoka kuti urambe uchiziva hunhu hunoshamisa uye kuti ungadzidza sei kuzvichengeta. Verenga zvinyorwa zvinotevera:
- Matanho ekudzivirira Kusvibiswa kweAtmospheric
- Kukosha Kwemvura kune Zvipenyu
- Mishonga yemishonga uye izvo zvavanoshandiswa