Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos zvine mukurumbira nekuda kwehupenyu hwazvo hwebotanical hwakasiyana uye nehuwandu hwazvo hwemhando dzemhando dzekuzvarwa pasina kumwe kunhu pasirese. Ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi kuti udzidze zvese nezve zvinoshamisa galapagos flora, pamwe nemhando dzayo dzemhuka, maitiro uye nzvimbo dzechitsuwa ichi nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Zvitsuwa izvi musha kune yakaoma ecosystem ine inonakidza nhoroondo ye geological, pamwe nemienzaniso yakasarudzika yezvinomera nemhuka. The maruva nemhuka dzeecuador vakasunda musayendisiti ane mukurumbira uye nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu Charles Darwin kugadzira fungidziro yake yemhindumupindu uye zviuru zvavashanyi namasayendisiti anodirana kuzvitsuwa gore rimwe nerimwe kuzopfuurira kufunda mhuka dzomusango.
Zvitsuwa zvakabuda kubva pasi pegungwa muchimiro chekuputika kunoshamisa kwemakomo. Pakazara, chitsuwa ichi chine zvitsuwa gumi nepfumbamwe uye akawanda ezvitsuwa nematombo ane nzvimbo yakakura ye19 makiromita ekuwedzera kwegungwa. Kutenda nekushaikwa kwezvikara zvepanyama, mhuka dzesango mune izvi insular region kana galapagos haityi vanhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvitsuwa zvive chimwe chezvishamiso zvikuru zvenyika uye nzvimbo inoshamisa yemashiripiti yekushanyira.
Ndeapi maitiro ezvitsuwa zveGalapagos?
Iwo chikamu chenyika yeEcuador uye ari paPacific Ocean. Iri munzvimbo inodarika 1000 km kubva kuSouth America mainland (inodanwa zviri pamutemo Archipiélago de Colón) inzvimbo ine simba inogara ichichinja nekuputika kwemakomo, kuumbwa kweminda mitsva yemabota uye kukukurwa nekuwedzera kwezvitsuwa. Zvitsuwa izvi zviri makiromita 600 kubva kumahombekombe eEcuador, zvinoumbwa nezvitsuwa makumi matanhatu nechimwe nezvitsuwa zvine zvitsuwa zvikuru gumi nezvipfumbamwe.
Kutaridzika semumvuri pagungwa, zvitsuwa zvikuru ndezvi:
- Marchene.
- Pinta.
- Finch.
- Baltra.
- San Cristobal.
- Santa Cruz.
- Florean.
- Genoese.
- Isabella.
- Santa Fe.
- ChiSpanish.
- Fernandina.
- Santiago.
Munzvimbo yese yepasi, zvitsuwa zvinofukidza 7880 square kilometers uye munzvimbo yakazara yenzvimbo kubva kuDarwin Island kuenda kuSan Cristóbal neEspañola, 45,000 square kilometers.
Chitsuwa chikuru isabela, chine 4855 square kilometers uye kunyangwe ichimiririra inenge hafu yenzvimbo yezvitsuwa izvi, ichiri isingasviki hafu yehukuru hwechitsuwa cheHawaii. Gomo rayo guru rinoputika, Wolf Volcano, rine hurefu hunosvika 5600 tsoka, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro muzvitsuwa.
Kunyange zvazvo zviri munzvimbo dzinopisa, zvitsuwa izvi hazvina masango anonaya mvura yakawanda. Zvitsuwa zviri munzira yemakungwa matatu makuru anoyambuka: Peru Current inounza mvura inotonhora kubva kuAntarctica; Panama Current inodziya uye inobva kuchamhembe, uye Cromwell Current inounza mvura inotonhora, yakadzika pamusoro. Mvura inotonhorera inoita kuti mamiriro ekunze ave pakati nepakati uye akaoma.
Zvitsuwa zvinosangana nemwaka miviri gore rega rega. Mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura unobva muna Chikunguru kusvika Zvita, apo tembiricha inosvika 21 madhigirii celsius uye avhareji yemvura inonaya inopfuura zvishoma sendimita mwedzi wega wega.
Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, mhute inowanzowanikwa pakakwirira, asi kune mvura shoma. Mwaka wekupisa unobva muna Ndira kusvika Chikumi, apo tembiricha dzinobva pa25 kusvika pa35 degrees celsius uye mvura inonaya inosvika zvishoma kudarika 2,5 centimita pamwedzi. Kurume naKubvumbi ndiyo mwedzi yakanyanyisa kunaya mvura inonaya 4 kusvika ku5 cm, nemvura zhinji inoyerera nemumatombo nevhu.
Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos Nzvimbo
Kune nzvimbo nhatu huru dzezvinomera munzvimbo ino yezvitsuwa: nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemahombekombe, dzakaoma uye dzakanyorova.
nzvimbo yegungwa
Iyi nzvimbo inotevera mahombekombe ezvitsuwa uye miti yemimango inokura imomo inopa pekugara uye nzvimbo dzekuberekera shiri dzakawanda, iguana, shumba dzegungwa nekamba. Midzi yemiti inopa hugaro hwakachengetedzwa hwezvipenyu zvemugungwa zvakaita semabarnacles, mollusks nehove diki. Zvimwe zvinomera zvinokura munzvimbo iyi zvinosanganisira gwenzi romunyu uye bhero remahombekombe.
nzvimbo yakaoma
Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo hombe yezvitsuwa uye ine zvidyarwa zvakawanda zvinowanzowanikwa mugwenga, senge cacti, succulents, uye makwenzi asina mashizha. Iyi nzvimbo inotangira pedyo nemhenderekedzo kusvika kumamita angangoita 200 (60 m) mukukwirira.
nzvimbo yekuchinja
Iyi nzvimbo iri pakati penzvimbo yakapfuura nenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzine hunyoro. Iine hunhu hwenzvimbo dziri mbiri dzakaoma uye dzine mwando, ine miti yakakora yakaderedzwa neminda midiki yemichero nemakwenzi ane marudzi akasiyana-siyana emaferns.
Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos zvitsuwa zvine makomo anoputika ari paNazca Plate, inoyerera kumabvazuva-maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, yakananga kuSouth America nyika. Kusangana kwema plates maviri etectonic kwakonzera kuti oceanic plate iore mwoyo pasi peimwe ndiro. Sezvo ndiro yeNazca inotsvedza pasi peplate yeSouth America. Somugumisiro, Cordillera de los Andes yakagadzirwa.
Apo ndiro iyi yose yakapfuura pamusoro penzvimbo inopisa yezvitsuwa, nzvimbo iyo bota rinoputika nepakati, makomo anoputika uye, pakupedzisira, Zvitsuwa zveizvi zvitsuwa zvose zvakaumbwa.
Galapagos Flora
Kana vanhu vazhinji vachifunga nezveGalapagos Islands, vanonzwisisa zvinonzwisisika hupenyu hwayo hunoshamisa uye hunoshamisa hwemhuka; hombe huru dzinorema, iguana dzemugungwa dzinotaridzika sekare, mabhoobi ane makumbo eblue anoyevedza pakati pemamwe. Asi hupenyu hwechirimwa hweGalapagos hahusi hudiki hunokatyamadza uye zviri pachena chinhu chakanyanya kukosha mune yakasarudzika ecosystem yezvitsuwa.
Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos zvine mukurumbira pasi rose nekuda kwemhuka dzesango dzinoshamisa uye nhoroondo yejoloji. Zvisinei, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvemaruva enzvimbo iyi. Kunyangwe hupenyu hwechirimwa hwe insular region kana galapagos isingawanzowanikwi uye yakafara soupenyu hwemhuka, yakawana ratidzirwo shomanene zvikuru uye ngwariro. Miti yezvitsuwa inoshamisa munzira dzose.
endemic species
Zvinoda kusvika mazana manomwe zvinomera zvakazvarwa kuzvitsuwa izvi uye zvinosvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana zvawo zvinogara, zvichireva kuti hapana kumwe kunowanikwa pasirese. Kune akasiyana siyana emiti anogona kuoneka muzvitsuwa zvataurwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo inopindwa. Pazasi pane mamwe emhando dzakakurumbira uye nzvimbo dzaunonyanya kuzviwana.
- Pega pega
Muti muhombe unobva kuSanta Cruz Island unogona kukura kusvika 17 metres kureba. Zita rayo "Pega Pega" imhaka yekuti michero yayo inonamira, hunhu hunobatsira shiri kuparadzira mbeu dzadzo. Maruva ayo akaita semasumbu uye akaoma kuona.
- florana flax
Pakutanga inozivikanwa kubva kumakoronga maviri paFloreana Island. Huwandu hwevanhu huri pakati pe60 ne450 zvirimwa, zvichichinja gore negore. Zvinhu zvekutyisidzira hazvinzwisiswe zvakanaka asi zvinosanganisira kukuvadzwa nembudzi uye kupindirwa kamera kamera. Chikamu chenzvimbo yacho chinodzivirirwa nefenzi, asi nguva nenguva mbudzi dzinokwanisa kupinda.
- Darwin's Cotton
Gwenzi rakashata rine mashizha akaita semaoko pamadzinde matsvuku. Maruva makuru eyero ane mavara matsvuku eropa pakati akafanana nehibiscus uye aripo gore rose. Zvibereko zvakafukidzwa nekotoni fluff.
Inogona kuwanikwa pane akati wandei ezvitsuwa zvinoumba iyi archipelago. Boka iri rinokwanisa kusvika mamita mashanu pakureba. Maruva ayo ane ruvara rwepepuru uye yero. Donje rayo rinoshandiswa neshiri kuvaka matendere adzo, iwowo anobuda kana mhodzi dzawo dzavhurwa.
- Galapagos Tomato
Vane michero miduku yeorenji neyero yaungawana ichikura mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingagari zvakanaka, kusanganisira minda yemabota anotsvoda nezuva uye pedyo nemahombekombe ane munyu. Kuomarara kwavo kunoshamisa kwakavaita chirimwa chakakosha kuvarimi vemadomasi, avo vanoashandisa kuvandudza munyu nekusanaya kwemvura mumarudzi akarimwa.
Iine matavi ane akasiyana siyana mapfupi mabristles, ari nyore kuwana mumagadheni ari munzvimbo yakaoma, metamorphosis uye scalesia nzvimbo dzeSanta Cruz neSan Cristóbal zvitsuwa.
- prickly pear cactus
Icho chirimwa chikuru uye chakawanda kwazvo chinowanikwa muArchipelago uye muenzaniso wakanaka wekugadziriswa emission. Iine marudzi akawanda asingaenzaniswi muGalapagos. Galapagos cacti yakakamurwa kuita gumi nemana marudzi uye anowanikwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma pedyo nemahombekombe.
Rudzi urwu muenzaniso wekugara kwemhando yemiti, sezvo yakapa kune marudzi matanhatu ayo, zvakare, akakamurwa kuita 15 subspecies. Zvinhu zviviri zvinonyanya hunhu pachirimwa ichi dzinde rayo rizere neminzwa uye zvayakaita zvekuti maruva ayo anoshanduka kubva kuamber kuenda kutsvuku-orange semunzwa kudzivirira michero yawo.
- Lava Cacti
Izvi zvinoonekwa se "piyona" kana colonizer chirimwa. Inoratidzira yakapenya yero tipi mavara uye maikorofoni maumbirwo. Chirimwa ichi chine mizongoza yakapfava, ine mvere uye inokura muzvikamu zvekureba zvingangoita masendimita makumi matanhatu. Iyo yero, kushanduka shava, kusviba kuita grey nekukura. Maruva machena, asi anotora maawa mashomanana chete. Lava cacti inogona kuwanikwa paFernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Santiago, uye Bartholomew Islands.
- Scalesia Santiago
Inonyatsoenderana nemamiriro ekunze anopisa asi ane hutsinye; Ndiyo nzira yekudzivisa kumarudzi akawanda egungwa akadai seblue-footed boobies, frigatebirds uye kupona kwe mhuka dzegalapagos nyika dzakaita seshiri, dzimwe shiri, madzvinyu, tsikidzi, hofori dzekamba, pakati pezvimwe.
- Darwin's fine-leaved shrub
Iri gwenzi rinogona kuwanikwa muboka rezvitsuwa zvakaisvonaka, kubva kumakomo ane unyoro kusvika kuminda yemabota. Inogona kusvika kusvika mamita mana pakureba, mashizha ayo akaoma uye mamwe. Chimwe chinhu chakanyanya hunhu hwe shrub iyi kunhuhwirira kunofadza uko mashizha ayo nemaruva zvinopa kana zvapwanyika. Maruva ayo anowanikwa panoperera matavi.
- Guayabillo kana guava
Muti unogona kusvika mamita gumi nemaviri pakureba. Muchero wawo wakaita denderedzwa uye unochinja ruvara kana waibva (kubva kuyellow kuenda kutema). Maruva ayo machena, maduku uye elliptical mashizha. Inogona kuwanikwa pazvitsuwa zvakawanda zvinoumba boka rezvitsuwa.
- Nzwara yekatsi
Icho chirimwa chemishonga chinogona kuwanikwa mumasango ane hunyoro. Iine ruva reamber uye dzinde rine matinji anoibvumira kuzvinyudza mune mimwe miti.
marudzi akaunzwa
Kune inofungidzirwa 900 marudzi akaunzwa, mamwe acho akadzika midzi, zvichireva kuti anogona kukurumidza kupindira mumhoteredzo uye kukuvadza zvirimwa nemhuka dzeko. Izvi zvinosanganisira quinine, guava, uye blackberry. Zvimwe zvezvipenyu zvinoparadza, zvakadai se tropical kudzu, zvakabudirira kupedzwa.
Galapagos mhuka dzesango
Inonyatsoenderana nemamiriro ekunze anopisa asi ane hutsinye; ndiyo nzira yekudzivisa kumarudzi akawanda emugungwa akadai semabhuu ane makumbo ebhuruu, mwaranzi yegungwa uye kurarama kwe mhuka dzegalapagos zvepasi seshiri dzemusikirwo Darwin, dzimwe shiri, madzvinyu epasi, tsikidzi, hofori dzekamba, pakati pezvimwe.
Endemic zvinoyamwisa zveGalapagos Islands
Mashoma marudzi emhuka dzinoyamwisa anowanikwa kuGalapagos Islands, pakati pawo ndeaya:
- Shumba yegungwa (Zalophus wollebaeki)
- Shumba dzegungwa (Arctocephalus galapagoensis)
- Mhando ina dzembeva dzemupunga (Nesoryzomys narboroughii, Oryzomys bauri, Nesoryzomys moreno)
- Zviremwaremwa (Lasiurus cinereus uye Lasiurus brachyotis).
- Madolphin nemawhale anoshanyirawo zvitsuwa.
Sea Lion ndiyo mhuka hombe pazvitsuwa, hono dzinorema kusvika 260kg. Vanowanzowanikwa vachirembera pamadocks uye kumahombekombe. Shumba dzemugungwa dzinowanzoungana mudzimba dzinosanganisira hono huru nehadzi dzinoverengeka, kana mumakorokoni. Shumba dzegungwa dze insular region kana galapagos, izvo chaizvoizvo rudzi rweshumba yegungwa, inofarira rockier, mahombekombe ane mumvuri kana vasiri kushambira.
Pakazosvika makore ekuma1900, shumba dzemugungwa dzaivhimwa nekushungurudzwa zvekusvika pakutsakatika, zvese nekuda kwemvere dzadzo dzaifungidzirwa kuti dzinodzivirira. Mapoka anhasi akaita kudzoka kunoshamisa nenhamba dzakafanana nedzeshumba dzegungwa.
Shiri dzeGalapagos Islands
30 mienzaniso ye shiri dzisingabhururuka vanogara pazvitsuwa apo 25 vavo mapoka ezvitsuwa pachazvo uye vashanu vari endemic subspecies. 14 yezviyero zve endemic mhando dze Darwin's finches uye ina mapoka e nightingales. Zvisere pamakumi maviri neshanu endemic specimens anoonekwa ari panjodzi kana ari pamusoro. Vaviri, mangrove finch uye floreana nightingale, vari panjodzi huru. Darwin's finches inoumba boka guru revanhu pazvitsuwa.
Imwe neimwe yemhando yerudzi, sekucherekedzwa nesaenzi wesainzi, ine chimiro chemuromo uye saizi zvichienderana nekudya kwavo. Zvokudya zvinosiyana kubva kumbeu, maruva, uye mabukira kusvika kune zvipembenene, kusanganisira inda dzinobva kukamba nemaiguana, pamwe chete neropa reshiri dzegungwa. Chidzidzo chemusayendisiti uyu chekusiyana kweshiri dzakamubatsira kukudziridza dzidziso dzekusarura kwezvisikwa uye mhindumupindu. Kune marudzi matanhatu eshiri dzegungwa anogara aripo:
- Gull (Leucophaeus fuliginosus).
- Mboro yekumedza (Creagrus furcatus).
- Iyo isingabhururuka cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi).
- Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia).
- Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus).
- The wavy albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata), hombe pashiri.
Mamwe marudzi anodana zvitsuwa izvi zvakanaka kumusha anosanganisira marudzi matatu emabhurugwa, mafrigatebird makuru uye anoshamisa, uye shiri dzvuku, shiri dzinodziya.
Galapagos penguin ndiyo yega shiri yeboka iri inogara munzvimbo iyi yekondinendi yeAmerica. Ruzhinji rwezviuru zviviri zvemapenguin anogara akagoverwa pane akati wandei ezvitsuwa zvezvitsuwa. Shiri iyi inosanganisirwa muSpecimen Risk List yeWorld Alliance for Ecosystem Preservation, nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hushoma, hunochinja-chinja nekufamba kwemakore, pamwe nekuda kwechiitiko chinozivikanwa cheEl Niño.
Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa che2015 mumagazini Biological Conservation, nhamba dzacho dzinogona kuramba dzichiderera nokuda kwekuwedzera kwezviitiko zveEl Niño, izvo zvinokonzera kuderera kukuru kwezvokudya pakutanga kwemwaka wokuberekesa, apo mapenguin anounganidza zvokudya zvakawanda sezvaanogona.
Zvinokambaira zvinongogara muGalapagos Islands
ari mhuka dzegalapagos Marudzi epanyika ezvitsuwa izvi anodzorwa nezvinokambaira, nepo nyika zhinji dzichiwana mhuka dzinoyamwisa kuti ndidzo dzine marudzi akawanda. Kusiyana nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, zvinokambaira zvinokwanisa kurarama kwenguva yakareba zvisina mvura, zvichizvishongedza nekwaniso yekufamba rwendo rukuru rwemakiromita 700 kuenda kuzvitsuwa zvinoputika kubva kunyika. kana varivo galapagos kamba hofori, iguana, nyoka nemadzvinyu - vashanyi kuzvitsuwa vachave nemikana yakawanda yekuwana izvi zvisikwa zvakasiyana.
Kunyange zvitsuwa zvacho zvakatumidzwa zita reimwe yemarudzi azvo ezvinokambaira akakurumbira, kamba huru. Nhasi, kamba huru yave chimwe chinhu chemascot kune zvitsuwa. Rwendo rwekuenda kuZvitsuwa zvezvitsuwa izvi zvinopa mikana inoshamisa yekuona mhuka dzesango. Tafura inotevera inongopa sampling yezvinokambaira zvinowanikwa paZvitsuwa.
Galapagos hofori kamba
Huwandu hunofungidzirwa hunosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri. Kune gumi subspecies yezvikara izvi muzvisikwa. Mhuka dzegumi neimwe dzine mupukunyuki mumwe chete asara, Lonesome George, anogara panzvimbo yekutsvagisa yakagadzwa muzvitsuwa.
Galapagos Green Turtle
Kamba chete inobereka pazviwi. Nesting inoitika pakati pemwedzi waZvita naChikumi. Zvinonyanya kuonekwa mumadziva asina kudzika akatenderedza zvitsuwa.
Marine iguana
Ndiro chete maritime dzvinyu munyika. Vanogona kugara pasi pemvura kwemaminetsi anosvika gumi nemashanu, asi kazhinji kacho vari pamatombo emabota. 15 zvienzaniso zvemarine iguana, iyo inosiyana muhukuru uye ruvara.
land iguana
Idzo dzine ruvara rweyero. Huwandu hwayo hunotarisirwa hupenyu hwemakore makumi mashanu nemashanu, asi huwandu hwevanhu hwakatyisidzirwa nekuunzwa kwekatsi, imbwa nemakonzo.
Santa Fe nyika iguana
Zvakafanana nemuenzaniso wekare, asi varume vanonyanya kupenya yero. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo, inongowanikwa paSanta Fe Island.
lava dzvinyu
Zvitsuwa zvikuru zvose zvinogara mapoka manomwe emadzvinyu. Madiki pane iguana uye makuru pane geckos. Varume vakakura (kusvika kutsoka kureba) pane vakadzi uye vane maitiro akawanda uye ganda rakaoma.
Galapagos Leaf Toed Gecko
Iwo akacheneruka ane tema tema. Inoita usiku uye inodya zvakanyanya pazvipembenene.
Spanish nyoka
Haisi sampuli ine chepfu uye inyoka ye constrictor. Nyoka yoga yakawanikwa pachitsuwa chine zita rake.
Galapagos banded nyoka
Haina huturu, inyoka zvakare inomanikidza. Mabhandi avo anosiyaniswa nedzimwe nyoka pazvitsuwa. Muviri une ruvara rwekrimu, une mabhandi ebrown yakasviba.
Galapagos nyoka ine mitsetse
Yakadzidziswa uye saka haina chepfu uye senge zvienzaniso zvakapfuura inyoka inomanikidza. Shava yakasvibira ine mitsetse miviri yeyero kumativi, ichimhanya nemuviri wese wenyoka.
Hove dzinogara muGalapagos chete
Pakati pehuwandu hukuru hwehupenyu hwemugungwa hunogara mumvura yakatenderedza zvitsuwa, ingangoita 21% yemuenzaniso ndeyechigarire, maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa. Uye nezve 600 mapoka ehove akazivikanwa mumvura yakachengetedzwa yakapoteredza zvitsuwa kubva muna 2018, maererano nenheyo yekutsvakurudza; dzinenge 80 mhando dziripo uye mamwe 470 ndeechisikigo (anowanikwa kuzvitsuwa asi anowanikwa kumwewo).
Pakati pezvienzaniso izvi, dzinenge makumi matatu neshanu shark, kusanganisira whale shark, hove huru munyika yose, inosvika mamita gumi nemashanu uye inorema kusvika 35 kilogram. Kune zvakare marudzi akasiyana-siyana emwaranzi (sezvo mufananidzo wacho unosvika 15 metres pahupamhi) uye akawanda emhando dzehove dzinopisa, maererano nezvidzidzo zvemabhesi ekutsvagisa.
