Nhanganyaya yeCommunist Manifesto
Pasinei nemafungiro avo kana mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika, chero munhu angabvuma kuti communist party manifesto Icho chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakakosha zvezvematongerwo enyika munhoroondo yese uye chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa chikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechi 19 nezana ramakore rechi20.
Kutenda kuna communist party manifesto, kukura kwose kwemifungo yakadai secommunism, socialism kana Marxism kwaizivikanwa. Ese, anoshandiswa kune akasiyana siyana ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi minda kana zvikamu zvekudzidza, zvakabatsira kutsanangura chokwadi kuburikidza nemafambiro avo.
Muna 1847, mumwe wevamiriri vaitungamirira vemasangano emakominisiti muEurope panguva iyoyo akapwisa vaviri vevazivi vane mukurumbira kuti vabatane, uye pavakangobvuma, vakapiwa basa rokunyora manifesto inotsanangura pfungwa huru dzecommunism.
Mhedzisiro yebasa racho raive pepa remapeji makumi maviri nematatu kubva kuChikwata cheCommunist. Gwaro iri rakabudiswa muna Kukadzi 21, 1848 muLondon, rakagadzirwa naKarl Marx naFriedrich Engels. Unogona kuwana zvakawanda nezve mupiro wevazivi vanokosha pane ino nyaya.
Communist Manifesto Content Summary
Kunyora uku, kunonziwo, gwaro-chirongwa chesainzi communism, the communist party manifesto, Lenin anofunga kuti rakanyorwa nekujeka kukuru uye nehuchenjeri, pfungwa itsva yenyika inotsanangurwa; kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvenyama, izvo zvinobatanidza nzvimbo yehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu.
Dialectics, sedzidziso yakadzama uye yakajairika yebudiriro; dzidziso yekurwisana kwemapoka uye basa reshanduko repasi rose revashandi, musiki wesosaiti itsva yemakomunisti. Kuna Stalin, iyi manifesto "rwiyo rwenziyo dzeMarxism".
Mukati ma1880 pesvedzero yemufungo waMarx yakawedzera pakati pemapato evashandi uye kuparadzirwa kweinonzi bhuku remakomunisti kwakapararira pasi rose.
Kufarira basa raMarx kwakasimbiswa uye kwakawedzera nebasa rake muInternational Workingmen's Association pakati pa1864 na1872, pamwe chete nokumuka kwemapato maviri eboka revashandi muGermany akavambwa nenhengo dzeChikwata cheCommunist. Marx aionekwa semutungamiri anopandukira, aityiwa nehurumende nekuda kwekudzivirira kwake Paris Commune.
Engels akanyora nhanganyaya itsva yekuvandudza zvinyorwa mushure mekuchinja kwekuchinja kwa1848, kunyangwe zvisina kugovaniswa zviri pamutemo. Anosvika zvinyorwa zvipfumbamwe mumitauro mitanhatu zvakaburitswa panguva iyi. Unogonawo kufarira nyaya inotevera pamusoro mabhuku emazuva ano.
Zvitsauko zveCommunist manifesto
El communist party manifesto Inoumbwa nezvitsauko zvina: 1) The bourgeoisie and the proletariat; 2) The proletarians uye maKomonisiti; 3) Zvinyorwa zveSocialist uye communist; 4) Hukama hwemacommunist nemapato anopikisa akasiyana.
Chitsauko I: The Bourgeoisie uye maProletarians
Pfungwa yaMarx naEngels, inopa nzira pfupi yekuchinja kwenhoroondo yeboka revaranda kune feudal, kurwira kwekirasi semutemo wakakosha wekusimudzira nzanga dzese dzinopikisa uye feudal ye capitalist.
Pamusoro pezvo, vanoongorora zvikonzero zvekupunzika kusingadzivisiki kwecapitalism, nekuda kwesimba rekusawirirana kwayo kwemukati kusingawirirane uye vanopa kukosha kuchinangwa chekupedzisira cheboka revashandi: Communism.
Kuputsika kwe bourgeoisie uye kukunda kweproletariat, nyora Marx naEngels, "hazvidzivisiki zvakaenzana." Vanopa rudzi rwekupokana: hutungamiriri hunofanira kubvisa mabhunu, izvo zvaunza hurongwa hwehupfumi hunovhiringidza nzanga.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti, pasina kupokana uye kusimbisa zvakare izvo zvakanyorwa kare, rimwe remasimba ecommunism ipfungwa yekurwira pakati pemabhunu nevakuru. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti mukurwisana uku, vashandi vehurumende vanofanira kugumisa bourgeoisie, iyo yakagadzira hurongwa hwehupfumi hunovhiringidza nzanga.
El communist party manifesto vanoisa hwaro uye vanokurudzira kuti nokuda kweizvi, vanofanira kuita chimurenga chinopera nehurongwa hwakagadzwa uye nokudaro vagokwanisa kuumba hurumende yemakomunisti inobata vashandi sezvavanofanira.
Chitsauko II: MaProletarians nemaKomonisiti
Ichi chitsauko chinotarisa pakutsanangura zvakakosha zvebasa reBato reCommunist, sekuumbwa kusinga patsanurwe kweboka revashandi nevatangi varo, pamwe nekutsanangurwa uye kuratidzwa kwechirongwa cheCommunist Party. Chinangwa chikuru chechirongwa chehondo chinoteverwa nemakomunisti ndeichi:
- Kunyangarika kwemidziyo yakazvimirira pamusoro penzira dzekugadzira uye kuisirwa pfuma yemagariro, painozovhurwa mikana yese yebudiriro yemahara yemunhu uye kubudirira kwetsika nesainzi.
- Hukama hwehupfumi nemagariro huchawanikwa chete kuburikidza neshanduko yemakominisiti, zvichikonzera shanduko huru mukurarama kwevanhu uye mukuziva kwevanhu.
Lenin akataurawo kuti manifesto ine chigadziro che "imwe yepfungwa dzinoshamisa uye dzakakosha dzeMarxism padambudziko rehurumende, kureva, hudzvanyiriri hwevamiriri. Danho rekutanga reshanduko yevashandi, nyora Marx naEngels, kushandurwa kwevamiriri kuita boka rinotonga.
Chitsauko III: Mabhuku eSocialist uye Communist
Muchitsauko chino mune kutsoropodza kwakadzama kweakasiyana siyana masocialist, asiri-proletarian, maratidziro uye mafambiro aivepo risati ranyorwa manifesto yemakomunisti uye panguva yekunyorwa kwayo nekugadzirira.
Chitsauko IV: Hukama hwema communist nemapato anopikisa akasiyana
Muchitsauko chino chekupedzisira chemanifesto tinogona kuwana hwaro hwezano nemaitiro eBato reCommunist. Zvinoratidza kuti maCommunist anotsigira pasina kupokana chero sangano rechimurenga rakanangana nehutongi huripo hwezvematongerwo enyika nedzemagariro evanhu, kunyangwe kurwisana kusingaverengeki pamusoro pemabhunu uye nechisimba.
Zvisinei, maKomonisiti haambokanganwi mubvunzo unokosha: kuumba, pakati pevashandi, hana yakachena pamusoro pekupikiswa kunodzvinyirira kwevashandi uye bourgeoisie.
Vachitsvaga, pese pazvinobvira, mubatanidzwa uye kubatana kwemasimba egutsaruzhinji enyika dzose, maKomonisiti anozivisa nenzwi guru kuti zvinangwa zvavo zvinogona kuzadzikiswa chete kupfurikidza nokupidigura nechisimba kwehurumende yose iripo kusvikira zvino.
Mumutsara kana kudana kunopera nekomunisiti manifesto: "Proletarians yenyika dzose: batana!", Unhu hwepasi rose hwebato reCommunist hunoziviswa.
Kukunda kwesocialism muUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics - USSR, inotungamirwa nebato reLenin-Stalin, yakaunza nekukunda kukuru kwemazano akaiswa naMarx naEngels mune ino manifesto, bhuku rekushandisa uye gwara reChimurenga cheCommunist.
Maitiro emakomunisti kune mamwe mapato anopikisa
Iri riri iro dingindira rechikamu chechitsauko, maonero kana maonero achapihwa pazasi: Kana hudzvinyiriri hwevamiriri hwakagadzwa, hazvigoneke kuwana chero bato kunze kweiyo communist, sezvo pasina kuvhurika kune imwe pfungwa yakasiyana neiyo yakatangwa nebato, ndiko kuti, kunyangwe iyo proletariat yakaita shanduko yekubvisa hurongwa hwayo, kana hurumende isati yagadzwa, kana hurumende isati yagadzwa.
Marx uye Engels
Pfungwa huru dzeCommunist Manifesto
Tichifunga kuti kudzokororwa kwezvitsauko zvechinyorwa chakadaro chinokosha chakaitwa, tinogona kujekesa nokupfupikisa kuti rimwe remapfundo anokosha zvikurusa ebhuku rino pasina panikiro pfungwa dziri mukati maro, nepfungwa dzaMarx amene dzichitorwa mariri. Mazano makuru ebasa uye, saka, ekufunga kweMarxist ndeaya:
- Sosaiti iripo munyika imwe neimwe inopiwa kana kurongwa nenzira yekugadzirwa kwenyika iyoyo, kureva kuti, hukama hwayo hwemagariro evanhu hunobva muhukama hwayo hwehupfumi.
- Makirasi emagariro evanhu anoonekwa mushure mekubatanidzwa kwemuenzaniso wehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu hunobva pakutengeserana haana kuenzana, achisiya simba mumaoko eboka duku, asi vanhu vakawanda vari kushandiswa, sezvo vekare vane nzira dzekugadzira, kunyange kana yechipiri. anoshanda navo.
- Zvivakwa zvepachivande zvichabviswa kana proletariat ikazvironga kuti itange kurwira kodzero dzayo, ichiita shanduko yechokwadi inopedza iyo yakamiswa socioeconomic system kuti isvike kumuenzaniso wemakomunisti, umo munhu wese anogamuchira zvakaenzana. Izvi zvichagumisa kuguma kwehutongi hwemabhunu.
Pakutanga, apo Marx akatsanangura dzidziso yake, aida bourgeoisie uye yaifanira kuva shamwari yakavimbika, nokuti semuridzi wenzira yekugadzira uye, naizvozvo, yesimba rehupfumi, aida rubatsiro rwayo kuita chimurenga chaizogumisa hurumende dzeEurope, umo monarchies nevakuru vakabata simba rose.
Izvi zvinoreva, ipapoka, kuti kunyange zvazvo pakutanga takawana mubatanidzwa wevamiriri vehurumende namabhunu kugumisa gadziriro yakagara yakagadzwa isina kubetsera, gare gare, zvakajekeswa kwavari kuti hukama huri pakati pavo hunofanira kuva hupi, vachivafuratira kuti pakupedzisira vaumbe hurumende yechokwadi yechikomunisti.
mabhuku emakomunisiti
Sezvakajairwa mukufunga kwese kwezvematongerwo enyika kana chero imwe nzira yekuravira uye zvaunofarira muhupenyu, iyo communist ideology ichawana nhamba huru yevateveri. Izvi zvichagadzira zvinyorwa zvavo zvine mazano kubva kuMarx uye gare gare Engels.
Kusiyana nezvimwe zviitiko, mabhuku aya akanga akawanda muEurope yose neUnited States kusvikira pakati peHondo Yenyika II, apo communism yakatanga kuonekwa sehuipi hukuru. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, tichawana muunganidzwa wakakura wemabhuku anoedza kutsanangura maitiro ehupfumi akasiyana akavepo kwemazana emakore uye kuti takasvika sei panguva iyi munhoroondo.
Vadzivisi vemanifesto yeCommunist
Panzvimbo pekukurukura kana magumo eMarxist achidiwa, isu tinongoratidza chete kuti mhedziso dzake hadzienderane sei nekwake uye nehuchokwadi hwesimba.
Hapana pachataurwa nezvekukundikana kwenhoroondo yemapurojekiti eMarxist, pasina kupa zvikonzero zvakaita sekuti "yakanga isiri yesocialism chaiyo". Ticharwisa mbiru dzinokosha kuti tifunge nezve dzidziso yezvehupfumi «Marxist»: pasina kuvatsigira, kuzvidaidza kuti Marxist hazvina musoro, kupfuura fungidziro yakachena (iyo isinganyatsonzwisiswi).
1. Dzidziso yemuhoro
Izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa kukosha kwekuti zvinotendwa kuti capitalism inoda kuparara, imhaka yedzidziso yayo yemuhoro. Ndiko kuti, Marxism sorondedzero yezvemari yakavakirwa pachikanganiso chinotevera: “Marx akafunga kuti vashandi vari mu<em>capitalism vaizogamuchira bedzi mihoro yakakwana yokufukidza zvinodikanwa zvikurusa zvokurarama.”
Marx akatsanangura chikonzero nei aifunga kuti kuita uku kusingadzivisiki. Capitalism ichaita kuti, pamwe nemubhadharo, iparadzwe pachayo maitiro ake anopokana nesainzi: panzvimbo yekusvika pamhedziso nekuongorora kwake, Marx akauya nemhedziso yakanyatsokodzera pfungwa yake uye gare gare akapedza makore makumi maviri achitsvaga chikonzero chayo.
Pfungwa iyi yakajeka: chero kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi kana dzidzo zvinogara zvichiunza kukosha kwakawanda, kusambowedzera muhoro. Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vachashandisa kuderedzwa kwemuhoro sechombo pakati pavo kuti vatore mumwe nemumwe, vachiisa mari (pahukama huri pakati peizvi nechiyero chepurofiti, positi yakaparadzana ingave yakakosha).
Nekufamba kwenguva, mihoro inodonha kudzamara kudonha kudiki kwaizofa nenzara mushandi: hushoma hwekurarama. Nokudaro, hurongwa pachahwo huchatungamirira vashandi kumamiriro ezvinhu anosuruvarisa zvokuti vachapandukira, vachipa nzira kune socialism.
Sezvo mushure memakumi manomwe emakore kubva mubhadharo weManifesto wakawedzera, Lenin akatonga kuti izvi hazvirevi kuti Marx akanga asina kururama (hapanazve), asi kuti yakanga iri kukanganisa kwakakonzerwa ne ' 'super-exploitation' emakoloni.
2. Muridzi wenzira dzekugadzira
Marxism iri kutarisisa maonero ako enyika pakuva muridzi wenzira dzekugadzira (MDP); zvimwe zvese zvinopesana neshanduko. The social democrat uyo anoratidza kuisa pfungwa pakusaenzana kwemari nehupfumi (kureva kuti mupfumi nevarombo panzvimbo ye bourgeois uye proletarian) anopomerwa revisionism.
Kana dambudziko risiri rekuumbwa, pahwaro, capitalism yaigona kugadziridzwa uye shanduko yaisazofanira. Panzvimbo pekushamwaridzana nzira dzekugadzira, zvaizokwana kugoverazve zvibereko zvavo.
3. Kufarira kwekirasi
Muchikamu chino zvichajekeswa kuti izvi zvinofungidzira kukanganisa katatu. Kubva pamagariro ehupfumi eGame Theory, varidzi nevasiri varidzi havana chinangwa, zvakajairika uye zvinopikisa. Ngationei kuti sei:
- Kana kufarira kweboka rebourgeois kuri kwevaridzi uye kufarira kweboka rekushanda ndekwevaya vasiri varidzi, chikamu chekare chinojekesa pano dambudziko riri pachena: chii chinosara chechinangwa chekufarira kwekirasi yeproletarian apo yose. nyika ndeye petty bourgeois?
- Kana chero mushandi webhomba aizorarama zvakatoipisisa pasi pesocialism, zvisinei nekuti aizviona sezvakanaka sei, ndezvipi zvinofarirwa nevamiriri vevashandi nevamiriri vevashandi?
- Zvinogoneka kuti vashandi vaizorarama zvakanyanya pasi pesocialism (uye zvakazoitika kune mamwe mabhunu madiki, akadai seasina kugadzikana ega ega), ndekupi kupokana kunoramba kuripo kana paine vashandi vane anti-revolutionary interests uye bourgeoisie vane anti-capitalist zvido?
Zvose izvi zvinosimbisa zviri pachena, zvichivakira kuongororwa kwe "varidzi" uye "vasiri varidzi" kuitira kuti vataure kuti kugadzirisa capitalism hakugoneki, zvinongokonzera matambudziko. Kusiyana nekutaura pamusoro pevapfumi nevarombo, sezvakakurudzirwa neSocial Democrats (avo vakaparadza mutsara wakaoma weMarxism-Leninism, pese pavaigona).
Sokunge izvo zvisina kukwana, sekutaura kunoita José Luis Ferreira, Marxism inokanganisa pfungwa yekurwa kwekirasi. Kutanga kubva papfungwa yake isina kururama ye'chido', anowira mukushanda (izvo Lenin pachake aizosimbisa makumi emakore gare gare), kuti zviri nyore kuti rimwe boka riite neimwe nzira hazvirevi kuti richaita saizvozvo.
4. Dzidziso Yekushandisa
Kusagadzikana kwemaitiro kwakafanana kwakatungamirira vaMarx kune zvikanganiso zvitatu zviri pamusoro zvinoratidzwawo murudo rwavo-ruvengo rweshoko rokuti "kushandiswa." Tichaona matambudziko anokonzerwa nekuinzwisisa se "chigadzirwa umo mushandi asingagamuchiri zvibereko zvakakwana zvebasa rake" (ukoshi hwekuwedzera huri chikamu chaasingagamuchiri).
Tisati tapinda mune izvi, zvakakodzera kujekesa kuti Marx aigara achitaura nezvekushandisa kumanikidzwa. Kureva kuti iyo imwe nzira yekushandiswa kwaive kufa nenzara.
Zvisineyi, iyi 'blackmail' ipfungwa isingakodzeri: dai paive nemari inowanisa mari yaivimbisa chouviri, avo vanosarudza kushanda vaizowana muchero wakazara wenhamburiko dzavo here? Zviri pachena kuti kwete. Macapitalist aizoramba achichengeta kukosha kwasara (maererano netsika yeMarxist). Saka paizova nekushandiswa, kunyange dai kusina kumanikidzwa.
Chimwe chirevo chisiri chechokwadi chinotenderera nepfungwa yebhizinesi manejimendi. Vazhinji veMarxists vanotenda kuti muzvinabhizimusi hapana chaanoita. Chikanganiso chikuru!, maSoviet economists makuru saNikolai Bukharin anganongedza. Zvinotora njodzi, kugovera capital, uye kuronga vashandi. Ndiwo mupiro wake pakugadzira.
Komiti yevashandi inogona kuzvitarisira (kunyangwe kuita kudaro kungaderedza kugadzirwa kwavo), asi zvakakosha kuti mumwe munhu aite semuzvinabhizimusi. Marx haamuti mushandiri wekugamuchira chimwe chinhu pasina kupa chero chinhu, asi nekuchengeta izvo vamwe vanopa (pamwe nezvaanopa). Musiyano wakajeka. Kana wakafarira chinyorwa ichi, ndinokukoka kuti ushanyire capitalism uye socialism, iyo inotaura zvakawanda zvekuongorora uku.
