Muchinyorwa chino tinokuunzira ruzivo rwakakosha nezve Chitendero cheEgipita, chimwe chezvitendero zvakaoma zvikuru zvakavapo munhau yose yenyika, sezvo yakanga iri imwe yenzanga dzine simba zvikurusa uye dzinotenda dzave dziriko, kuva rudzidziso rwavamwari vakawanda pfuma yarwo yakawanda yakarongedzerwa kupa mipiro kuna vamwari vakasiyana-siyana kunze kwezvose!
chitendero cheEgipita
Yaive budiriro yakaumbwa makore akapoteredza 4000 BC. Mushure mekunyora kwakabuda. Budiriro yeEgypt yaive imwe yemasangano ane simba uye ane mifananidzo yenguva dzese. Budiriro iyi yakavambwa pamahombekombe eRwizi rwaNile, rwuri kuchamhembe kwekondinendi yeAfrica. Rwizi urwu rwakakosha zvikuru kubudiriro yeEgipita nekuti parunokwira. VaEgipita vaigona kuzviwanira vamene mvura yakawanda ndokuishandisa mukurima nokudiridza muminda.
Nepo budiriro yeEgipita yakanga yakatsaurirwa kumabasa ayo ose ezuva nezuva, ivo vaivawo nehupenyu hukuru hwechitendero huzere nezvitendero zvakawanda. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti chitendero cheEgipita chakaitwa kwenguva yakareba, inofungidzirwa kuti yakatora makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu.
Neiyi nzira, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga yagamuchira chitendero chakaoma zvikuru, dzidziso dzorudzidziso dzakanga dzatobatanidzwa mubasa radzo rezuva nezuva, dzichipa rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakazara navamwari vakasiana-siana. Kwaitenda vaIjipita kuti zvisikwa zvitsvene izvi zvaigona kutonga zvisikwa kuburikidza nesimba ravo.
Ndicho chikonzero nei yaishandiswa zvakafara murudzidziso rweEgipita, sezvo ava vanhu vaigona kuwana nyasha dzavo kupfurikidza nokupa zvokudya nezvinopiwa kuna vamwari. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita vakanangidzira ngwariro pakushandisa rudzidziso rweEgipita naFarao, uyo akanga ari munhu ari pedyo zvikuru navamwari veEgipita. Uyu aive munhu aizivikanwa samambo weEgipita.
VaEgipita vazhinji vakasvika pakudavira, nemhaka yorudzidziso rweEgipita, kuti vanafarao vakanga vane simba roumwari nemhaka yenzvimbo yavakanga vanayo munzanga. Ndosaka ainamatwawo achipihwa mutero kune zvaaimiririra. Uyewo, Farao aikwanisa kupa zvibayiro uye kuita tsika kuna mwari mumwe nomumwe weEgipita kuitira kuti budiriro yeEgipita irege kuva nengwavaira ipi neipi kana kuti ngwavaira yaigona kuitika. Nekusapa mutero kune vakasiyana vamwari veEgipita, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzinogona kuitika.
Ndicho chikonzero nei gadziriro yehurumende yakashandiswa navaEgipita yakasvika pakudzora zvitsama zvikuru zvemitero nezviwanikwa zvokuvaka nokuvaka tembere nenzvimbo tsvene dzavamwari vakasiana-siana veEgipita avo vakanga varongerwa kuripa mutero kwavari, sezvo vaEgipita vakanga vakatendeka zvikuru kurudzidziso rweEgipita.
VaEgipita vakawanda vakaedza kukurukura navamwari vakasiana-siana kuti vagutse zvinodikanwa zvavo vamene. Vakazviita kupfurikidza nomunyengetero, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokushandisa mashiripiti, ayo akanga achitoshandiswa panguva iyoyo. Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune miitiro yakawanda yakasiana-siana yaishandiswa mukukwanisa kupinda mukurukurirano navamwari veEgipita, rutivi runokosha zvikuru murudzidziso rweEgipita.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chitendero cheEgipita chakakura nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya munguva yose yenhoroondo yeEgipita. Nepo chimiro chaFarao chakanga chichidzikira nekufamba kwenguva. Chimwe chinhu chakakodzera kutaurwa nezvechitendero chevaIjipiti maitirwo emariro avaiita.
Sezvo vaEgipita vakaita nhamburiko huru kuti vave nechokwadi chemweya wavo muupenyu hwapashure porufu, pashure pokunge vafa, vakagadzira makuva, fenicha uye mipiro yakasiyana-siyana kuchengetedza muviri usina upenyu. Kugona kurishandisa pamwe chete nemweya.
Zviri mukati me chitendero cheEgipita yakasiya chiratidzo chakakosha panhoroondo, uye zvinonakidza kuongorora maitiro ayo.
Nhoroondo yeChitendero cheEgipita
Mukati mechitendero cheEgypt icho chaizviratidza munguva yekare yeEgipita, budiriro yeEgipita yakazvipa imene mukunatsa zvinhu zvose zvomusikirwo zvakanga zvichiitika nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvakanga zvichivhiringidza vaEgipita uye zvaiita kuti vanhu vatye. . Nokuti havana kuwana chikonzero chokuti izvi zviitike.
Ndosaka budiriro yaigadzira chinamato chayo cheEjipita ichibatanidza vamwe vamwari nehunhu hwemhuka dzakasiyana uye ivo vaimiririra vanamwari veEjipita vane muviri weamorphous nekuti waive nemuviri wemunhu une musoro wemhuka yavaitenda kuti muIjipita. mwari..
Somuenzaniso, Mwari weEgipita uyo aipiwa zvipiriso zvakawanda nemiitiro akanga ari Mwari Horus, uyo akanga akaumbwa nomuviri womunhu une musoro worukodzi uye aizivikanwa murudzidziso rweEgipita saishe wedenga kana kuti mukuru.
Mumwe mwari weEgipita akasikwa muchitendero cheEgipita nebudiriro iyi akanga ari mwari Anubis, kana kuti anonzi Mwari Garwe, mwari anotyiwa zvikuru sezvo akanga ari nguva dzose ngozi iri pedyo nokuda kwomunhu ari wose aipinda mumvura dzoRwizi rwaNire pasina kungwarira. Asi panguva imwe chete uyu mwari Anubis airemekedzwa zvikuru nebudiriro yeEgipita. Saizvozvowo, vanamwari vatatu vakasikirwa uyu mwari, uyo akaumbwa nomudzimai wake nomwanakomana wake.
Vamwari vakawanda vakazadzwawo nezvishuvo zvavanhu, izvo zvakatungamirira kutsika dzakawanda nezvinopiwa kwavari munzvimbo tsvene dzakasiyana-siyana netembere dzavakavakirwa nokuda kwavo somuuyo wenyasha dzakagamuchirwa navaEgipita.
Kunyangwe zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti vanhu veIjipita vakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, izvo zvaizivikanwa seUpper uye Lower Egypt. Imwe neimwe yeidzi nharaunda yakachengeta rudzidziso rwayo rweEgipita kupfurikidza nokusika vamwari vayo, miitiro, uye zvitendero zvayo. Izvo zvakaguma nokunamatwa kwavamwari vazhinji veEgipita panguva imwe cheteyo.
Vanamwari ava vakanga vachiwana kukosha kunokosha maererano neguta ravainamatwa. Somuenzaniso, muguta reThebes mwari weEgipita ainamatwa zvikurusa akanga ari Amun. Paaiva muHeliopolis akanga ari mwari Ra. Asi muguta reMemfisi maiva nevamwari vaviri vaipisirwa zvibayiro, vaiva mwarikadzi Hathori naMwari Pta. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve mwarikadzi Hathor unogona kubvunza pano.
Kuti vagadzirise kurongeka pakati pavamwari veEgipita uye kuita kuti chitendero cheEgipita chinyanye kunzwisiswa kubudiriro, vaprista, avo vakanga vari misoro mikuru yetembere nenzvimbo tsvene, vakatanga kuronga nhamba huru yavamwari veEgipita ndokutsanangura chimwe nechimwe chezvimiro zvavo, pamwe chete noukama hwavaiva nahwo nomumwe nomumwe.
Hunhu huzhinji hwakarangarirwa musangano hwaive kusikwa kwenyika uye mafashamo eRwizi rwaNire Hunhu hwese hwechitendero cheEgipita hwakarongwa uye hwakarongwa nezvitendero zvakasiyana izvo maEgypt. Mumaguta akasiyana akadai seHeliopolis neThebes. Manyoro ose aya akaratidzirwa muPyramid Texts neBhuku Ravakafa rinosanozivikanwa, pamwe chete namanyoro akawanda akafanana aivapo.
Muchitendero cheEgipita, yakanga yakavakirwa pavaprista vaipa vanhu kuti Egipita yakanga iri nyika ine nyika yakawanda yakaorera sezvo yakanga iri pedyo neRwizi rwaNire uye yakanga yakakomberedzwa nerenje guru. Naizvozvo, muzvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso, vakakamura nyika mumativi matatu ayo akanga ari:
Kudenga: yaizivikanwa seNum uye ndiyo nzvimbo yaigara vanamwari kubvira kwainzi mwarikadzi weKudenga Nut. “Mwarikadzi mukuru uye akabereka vamwe vamwari veIjipiti” vaEgipita vaimumiririra nomuviri womukadzi uye izvi zvakafukidza Nyika yose.
Nyika: Ndiwo musha waiitirwa varume nevakadzi, waizivikanwa kunzi imba yaGebhi uyo aiva musiki Mwari uye aimiririrwa semurume aiva pasi peGoddess Nut.
Zvinopfuura: Yaizivikanwawo seDuat kana kuti umambo hwevakafa; Kutanga yaitongwa naMwari Osiris uye ipapo Mwari Horus akatora umambo uhwu. Asi uyo akaipoterera nechikepe chake chezuva usiku akanga ari Mwari Ra. Midzimu yevakafa yakadzungaira imomo, ichinzvenga ngozi dzose kuti idzokere kuupenyu hwapasi zvakare.
vamwari veEgipita
Muchitendero cheEgipita, vaEgipita vaidavira zvakasimba kuti zvinhu zvomusikirwo zvakaitika akanga ari masimba oumwari avamwari. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita nokufamba kwenguva vakagadzira boka ravamwari veEgipita vavaipa mwari mumwe nomumwe masimba oumwari uye masimba pamwe chete nokumubatanidza nemhuka.
Neiyi nzira, miitiro yorudzidziso yaiitwa navaEgipita yakanga ine chinangwa chokunyaradza zvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvaiunza nhamo kunzanga dzavo. Asi zvinopiwa nemitambo zvaiitwawo kuvamwari vakasiyana-siyana kuti vaonge nokuda kwenyasha dzaigamuchirwa.
Ndicho chikonzero nei rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakanga rwakavakirwa pamuitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa wokudavira vanamwari vakawanda, sezvo vaEgipita vaiva nechokwadi zvikuru chokuti vamwari vaigona kuzviratidza vamene mumiitiro yomusikirwo yakasiyana. Asi panguva imwecheteyo vaive nemabasa akati wandei engano. Somuenzaniso, muchitendero cheIjipiti zuva raiva nechokuita nevamwari vakawanda, sezvo rine masimba akawanda omusikirwo.
Ndokusaka vamwari veIjipiti vakanga vakarongeka zvikuru nokuti vanamwari veIjipiti vaiva nemabasa akasiyana-siyana muchitendero cheIjipiti. Sezvo vaisiyana kubva kuvamwari vaiita mabasa anokosha muchisiko chapose pose kusvika kune vanonzi vamwari vaduku vaisanozivikanwa mumaguta nedzimwe nharaunda dzakazadzika zvimwe zvinangwa zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi cheEgipita.
VaEgipita vakagamuchirawo vamwari vokumwe uye dzimwe nguva vakawedzera kurudzidziso rweEgipita vanhu vakanga vari vanafarao vakafa uye vairangarirwa kuva vanhu vamwari nebudiriro yeEgipita. Asi kwaiva nevamwe vanhuwo zvavo vainamatwa nechitendero cheEgipita, sezvakangoitawo Imhotep, uyo muhupenyu akashanda senyanzvi, muvambi, chiremba, nyanzvi yenyeredzi, uye muvaki wekutanga uye injiniya anozivikanwa munhoroondo yeEgipita.
Muchitendero cheEgipita, vamwari vakasiana-siana vaiumba vamwari veEgipita vakanga vasingamirirwa chaizvoizvo muchitarisiko, sezvo kwaidavirwa kuti kwakanga kusina mumiriri mumwe wavamwari veEgipita, sezvo hunhu hwavo hwakanga husinganzwisiswi. Ndiko kusaka vaIjipita vakagadzira mafomu akati wandei kuti vakwanise kuziva vamwari veEgipita vakasiyana. Mukuwedzera kunhamba dzisingaoneki kuratidza basa iro mwari mumwe nomumwe akanga anaro murudzidziso rweEgipita.
Tinogona kuratidzira muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru weizvo vaEgipita vakaita namwari Anubis, uyo akamumirira ane muviri womunhu nomusoro wehunguhwe. Sezvo mhuka iyi ine maitiro ekutsvaira uye inoparadza muviri usina hupenyu. Asi kuti vadzivirire kutyisidzira uku vakaishandisa kuchengetedza mutumbi wemushakabvu.
Zvinocherechedzwawo kuti ganda dema remhuka iyi raienderana neruvara rwenyama yevakafa kana ichinge yachekwa. Saizvozvowo, vaIjipiti vakabvuma kuti ivhu dema raimiririra rumuko. Ndokusaka pakugadzira mifananidzo yevamwari vaimiririrwa nenzira dzakasiyana.
VaEgipita vaibatanidza vanamwari namaguta akati nenharaunda ndokuvanamata, asi nokufamba kwenguva vakatamira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye Mwari weEgipita ainamatwa muguta aisafanira kubva panzvimbo iyoyo kana kuti kunamatwa kwake kwakabva muguta iroro. Muenzaniso weizvi waiva Mwari weEgipita Monthu, uyo aizivikanwa saMwari mukuru weguta reThebes.
Asi ikoko kwakanga kuri mukati menhambo yoUmambo Hwekare hweEgipita, asi sezvo makore akapfuura, uyu Mwari weEgipita akatsiviwa naMwari Amun, uyo angave akabuda mune rimwe guta asi akava akakurumbira kwazvo pakati pavaEgipita zvokuti zvinopiwa nemitambo zvakavamba kuitirwa kwaari muguta reThebes. Kuoma kwezvitendero izvi kunoratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa kwavo tsika nechitendero.
Masangano eVamwari veEgipita
Mubudiriro yeEgipita, nokufamba kwenguva, vamwari vakasiana-siana vakanga vachibatanidzwa nezvavaimirira murudzidziso rweEgipita namasimba masimba avo vakanga vachiwana nenzira iyi, vaEgipita vakaisa vamwari vakasiana-siana mumapoka kuti varatidzire ukama.
Kwavari mamwe mapoka avamwari akanga ane ukuru husingaverengeki hwavamwari ndokuvasarudza kupfurikidza namabasa avaiita murudzidziso rweEgipita. Mazhinji aaya mapoka akanga akaumbwa navamwari vaduku veEgipita avo vakanga vane zviziviso zvishoma.
Nepo misanganiswa yevamwari vekuEgipita yakaitwa zvichienderana nengano dzavo uye chiratidzo chehuwandu hwavo. Naizvozvo vakabatanidza vaviri vevamwari veEgipita avo vanenge nguva dzose vaimiririra huviri hwezviitiko zvinopikisa. Mubatanidzwa wavamwari vanoshandiswa zvakafara murudzidziso rweEgipita ndivana vatatu vemhuri vanozivikanwa zvikuru.
Muutatu hwemhuri iyi, vamwari veEgipita vakanga vakabatana mumhuri yakaumbwa nababa, amai nomwanakomana. Uko budiriro yeEgipita yaibhadhara mutero nemhemberero kune vatatu vatatu mutembere dzakasiyana dzeEgipita nenzvimbo tsvene. Mapoka mazhinji avamwari aikosha kwazvo kubudiriro yeEgipita, pakati payo Ennead anozivikanwa zvikuru, iro rakanga riri boka ravamwari vapfumbamwe veEgipita.
Iri boka revanamwari veEgipita rakaumbwa nevamwari Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys naSeti. Mutero nezvipo zvakabhadharwa kwavari muguta reHeliopolis. Hurongwa uhwu hwevamwari vapfumbamwe hwakazozivikanwa sehurongwa hwezvidzidzo zvouMwari umo nzvimbo zhinji dzechitendero cheEgipita dzaibatanidzwa, uko kwaive kusikwa kwenyika, kunotonga panyika uye hupenyu mushure merufu.
Ukama huri pakati pevamwari vakasiyana-siyana veEgipita hwakaratidzirwawo mumuitiro unozivikanwa se<em>syncretism, apo vamwari vaviri kana kuti vanopfuura veEgipita vakanga vane ukama kuti vaumbe Mwari mutsva anoumbwa. Kuita uku kwakaitika kakati wandei muchitendero cheEgipita uye kwaive kwakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwaMwari weEgipita mukati memuviri wemumwe Mwari.
Kunyange zvazvo hukama huri pakati pevamwari vekuEgypt hwaizivikanwa semvura inosanganiswa, yakanga isingatarisirwi kuti igare, sezvo kusanganiswa kwevamwari vaviri veEgipita mune chimwe chete kwaigona kuumba akawanda syncretic connections.
Nokudaro, syncretism, yakashandiswa nenzira yakanakisisa, yakabatanidza vamwari vakawanda veEgipita vaiva nemaitiro akafanana. Nepo mune zvimwe zviitiko vamwari veEgipita vaiwirirana nehunhu hwavo hwakasiyana. Muenzaniso weukama uhwu ndeweMwari Amun, uyo anozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita saMwari wesimba rakavanzwa, uye akanga ane hukama naMwari weEgipita Ra. Ikoku kwakakonzera kuti simba rakanga riri shure kwezvinhu zvose rive simba guru rinooneka muchisiko.
Genesisi muChitendero cheEgipita
Sezvo mapoka avamwari akaumbwa navaEgipita, akanga achirasikirwa nepesvedzero mubudiriro, sezvo zvitendero izvo vanhu vakanga vanazvo pamusoro pavamwari zvakanga zvakadzora zvikuru uye mumapoka avamwari zvitendero izvozvo zvakashandurwa, kubatanidzwa ndokubatanidzwa. Semuenzaniso, boka revamwari rakaumbwa naMwari Ra pamwe chete naMwari Aten rakatumidzwa zita rekuti Aten-Ra, uye maitiro aMwari Ra aive akanyanya.
Zvino, nokufamba kwenguva, Mwari Ra akatorwa naMwari weEgipita Horus uye boka iri rakazozivikanwa saRa-Horajti. Chinhu chimwe chetecho chakaitika kuna Mwari weEgipita, Pta, uyo akazova Ptah-Sekeri, sezvo akanga aitwa naMwari Osiris. Iri boka ravamwari raizivikanwa sePtah-Seker-Osiris.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kuratidza kuti mumwe wevamwarikadzi vanonamatwa zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita ndimwarikadzi weEgipita Hathor. Uyu mwarikadzi, nekuda kwemukurumbira wake muchitendero cheEgipita uye budiriro nekufamba kwenguva, akapihwa masimba ehumwari kubva kune vamwe vamwari. Asi pakupedzisira akabatwa namwarikadzi wechiEgipita Isis.
Mubudiriro yeEgipita makanga mune vamwari vazhinji, vakanaka navakaipa, asi ava vamwari vaiva nomukurumbira wokuva vakashata vakabatanidzwa navamwe vamwari veEgipita vane mukurumbira wakafanana. Sezvakaitwa naMwari Seti, aizivikanwa saMwari wegamba. Izvi zvakamupa maitiro mazhinji evamwari vaive vakaipa.
Maererano nenhoroondo, akagamuchira kucherechedzwa uku kubva kubudiriro yeEgipita nekuti budiriro yeHisco yakatora Mwari uyu semudziviriri wayo uye vaIjipita vakashora Mwari Seti saMwari akaipa achipesana nebudiriro yeEgipita.
Apo pesvedzero yevaGiriki yakanga iri pabudiriro yeEgipita, pamusoro pokuva nokukosha kukuru murudzidziso rweEgipita, rakanga riri boka ravamwari raizivikanwa sevatatu, iro rakanga rakaumbwa naMwari Horus, Mwari Osiris nomudzimai wake Mwarikadzi Isis. Apo muvengi wake mukuru akanga ari Mwari weEgipita Seti.
Zvose izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgypt kuburikidza nenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzakataurwa munguva yose, dzakadai senhema ye "Legend yaOsiris naIsis." Iri boka ravamwari raizivikanwawo sevanamwari vatatu, sezvo vakagamuchira chinamato chikuru chevamwari uye miitiro yakawanda yavamwari pamberi pavo.
Kunyange zvazvo mwari mumwe nomumwe wevatatu vainamatwa mutemberi yake yeEgipita kana kuti nzvimbo tsvene, sezvo Mwari Horus ainamatwa muguta reEdfu, mwarikadzi Isis aipiwa mutero muguta reDendera uye pakupedzisira Mwari Osiris akapiwa zvipiriso muguta reAbydos. Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune nhano dzakawanda murudzidziso rweEgipita dzokunamata ava vamwari, sezvo pane imwe nguva Mwari Osiris akanga ane chitarisiko chakafanana zvikuru nechaMwari Horus.
Idzi nzira dzekuita kuti vamwari vaenzane dzaive dzakaitirwa kutungamira chitendero cheEgipita kune monotheism. Asi chimiro ichi chechitendero cheEgypt chaitove neakatangira, kunyangwe madiki, muzana ramakore rechi 14 BC. Izvi zvakaitika panguva yaFarao Akhenaten, uyo aida chete kunamata mwari weEgipita Aten.
Ndicho chikonzero Farao Akhenaten akashandura Mwari Aten kuita dhisiki yezuva, asi ichi chaiva chinhu chinofadza chechitendero cheEgipita, chakarambwa nechisimba nevapristi uye gare gare nevanhu vose veEgipita.
Asi kune magwaro enhau akadai seRoyal Canon yeTurin apo pakanyorwa nemavara ekunyora kuti vamwari vanoverengeka veEgipita pamatanho akasiyana-siyana vaiva magavhuna eEgypt, pakati pawo anotanhamara Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seti, Thot, Maat naHorus; Mwari mumwe nemumwe aive nenguva yakanaka semutongi.
Mushure mechikamu ichocho, vaive nevainzi Shemsu Hor, avo vaizivikanwa sevateveri vaMwari Horus. Nguva iyi yakatora makore anenge 13.420 36.620 dzinza rekutanga revafarao risati razvarwa. Zvino avo vaizviti vaMenesi vakatora chigaro cheushe cheEgipita, uye vakaramba vari musimba kwemakore angangoita XNUMX.
Chitendero cheEgipita uye Ma'at
Chitendero cheEgypt chaive chakanangana nepfungwa yeizwi rekuti Ma'at, iro rakaturikirwa muchiSpanish rinoreva kuti rine chekuita nekururamisira, kurongeka uye chokwadi. Sezvo iyi yakanga iri mitemo yechisiko chapose pose uye inofanira kudzorwa nenzanga yavanhu. Iri izwi riripo kubva pakusikwa kwedenga uye pasina mazwi aya nyika ingadai isina kurongeka kana kubatana.
Zvisinei, muchitendero cheEgypt zvaitendwa kuti Ma'at yaigara ichityisidzirwa, zvichiita kuti irege kurongeka. Naizvozvo, aida nzanga yeEgipita kuti ichengetedze iri muhurongwa hwayo uye kururamisira. Padanho revanhu, izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vese vari chikamu chenzanga vanofanirwa kubatsira nekugarisana.
Nekuita izvi, iyo cosmic level yakasimudzwa uye masimba ese echisikigo, ndiko kuti, simba revamwari veEgipita, vakabatana kuti vape kuenzanisa pasi. Ndicho chikonzero chaiva chinangwa chikuru muchitendero cheEgipita.
Ndicho chikonzero budiriro yeEgypt yaida kuchengetedza Ma'at mu cosmos uye nhevedzano yezvipiriso nemhemberero zvaifanira kuitwa kuna vamwari kubvisa nhema uye kusagadzikana muhuwandu hwevaIjipita uye kugara vachitevera nzira yechokwadi.
Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha muchitendero cheEgypt ndechekuti budiriro yakave nemukana wenguva yaive yakanangana nekuchengeta Ma'at ichishanda. Ichi ndicho chikonzero apo pese chitendero cheEgypt chikadzidzwa munguva, cyclical pattern inogara ichidzokorora, sezvo Ma'at yakavandudzwa panguva yezviitiko zvepanguva mukusikwa kwepakutanga, chimwe chezviitiko izvi zvichizivikanwa semafashamo eRwizi rwaNile, izvo zvakaitika gore negore.
Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chaive chekukwanisa kuvandudza Ma'at muchitendero cheEgipita, yaive apo Farao mutsva akasarudzwa. Asi chiitiko chaive chakakosha muchitendero cheEgipita chekuvandudza Ma'at yaive rwendo rwakaitwa naMwari Ra zuva nezuva nepaanonzi masuwo gumi nemaviri.
Vaine pfungwa pamusoro pechadenga, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga ine chiono chakati sandara chepasi. Kwavakafananidzira Mwari Geb uye mwarikadzi Nut akafukidza Mwari uyu. Asi vamwari vose veEgipita vakaparadzaniswa naMwari Shu, uyo aizivikanwa saMwari wemhepo uye pasi penyika yose pakanga pane pasi pedenga uye mudenga pakanga pane nzvimbo yepasi pedenga sokuwedzera kwakafanana uye kure kure kwakanga kuri kuwedzera kusingagumi kweNu, iyo yaizivikanwa senyongano yaivapo nyika isati yasikwa.
Kunyange zvazvo vaIjipita vakawanda vaitendawo kune imwe nzvimbo inozivikanwa seDuat, nzvimbo isinganzwisisike yaiva nechokuita nekufa uye kuzvarwa patsva kwevanhu. Mukuwirirana navaprista vazhinji veEgipita, yakanga iri murutivi rwedenga, nepo vamwe vaiti yakanga iri kumwewo mupasi.
Vazhinji vakatsigira dzidziso iyi sezvo Mwari Ra aifanira kufamba pasi rose zuva nezuva nekumashure kwedenga uye pakasvika husiku, Mwari Ra aifanira kufamba achiyambuka Duat yese kuti azvarwe patsva mambakwedza.
Nekuda kwekutenda kwaiitwa nebudiriro yeEgypt, cosmos yaitenda maEgypt yaigarwa nemhando nhatu dzevamwari vane hanya zvikuru. Vokutanga vaizivikanwa sevamwari veEgipita. Vamwe vacho vaiva mweya yevafi vaiva nenzvimbo murufu uye vazhinji vavo vaiva nehunhu hwevamwe vamwari. Vekupedzisira uye vainyanya kukosha vaive vanafarao vaive nechinangwa chekuve zambuko pakati penzvimbo yevamwari neyemunhu.
Kukosha kwaFarao muChitendero cheEgipita
Nyanzvi zhinji uye vaongorori vebudiriro yeEgipita vakaitirana nharo pamusoro pokuti farao airangarirwa saMwari weEgipita murudzidziso rweEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vakakakavadzana kuti kwakanga kusingabviri kuti vaEgipita vazive Farao sezvose zviri zviviri chiremera choumambo uye simba roumwari.
Naizvozvo vaEjipita vakaziva Farao semunhu aive pasi pehutera hwevanhu. Asi panguva imwe cheteyo vakamutarisa sokunge akanga ari mwari. Nokuti simba roumwari nohumambo rakanga riri pamapfudzi ake. Nenzira iyi Farao aifanira kuita somurevereri pakati pebudiriro yeEgipita navamwari vakasiyana vaimupa mutero muEgipita.
Ichi chaive chinhu chakakosha kuita kuti Ma'at atonge. Sezvo raishandiswa kusimbisa mitemo nekururamisira sekuwirirana pakati penharaunda yese yeEgipita yaivepo kuitira kuchengetedza kurongeka uye vagari vemo kuchengetedza zvipiriso zvavo netsika kune vakasiyana vamwari veEgipita.
Nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu aya, farao aive nechido uye chinangwa chekutarisira mabasa ese ane chekuita nechitendero cheEgipita. Asi hupenyu hwaFarao, hwakanga huri mukurumbira, hwaigona kupindira nezvakanyorwa mumitemo yepamutemo, uye muchikamu chekupedzisira cheHumambo Hutsva hweEgipita, chimiro chaFarao chakaderera zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita.
Naizvozvo, budiriro yeEgipita yainyatsobatanidzwa nezvakawanda zvezvimiro zvevamwari veEgipita uye vanhu vazhinji vakazivisa farao naMwari Horus, uyo aitarisira kumirira umambo hweEgipita. Vagari veIjipita vakaonawo Farao semwanakomana waMwari Ra, sezvo Mwari Ra aifanira kutonga uye kutonga masimba echisikigo, nepo Faro aifanira kutonga mitemo munharaunda.
Pakatanga Humambo Hutsva hweIjipita, budiriro yakatanga kubatanidza Farao naMwari Amun, sezvo Mwari Amun aive mumiriri wesimba guru remuchadenga. Naizvozvo, pakasvika nguva yokuti farao afe, muchitendero cheEgipita muviri wake wakacheneswa ndokushandurwa kuva rudzi rwoumwari hwapasi nokuda kwavaEgipita.
Paakangova mwari wapasi, akaenzaniswa namwari weEgipita Ra, nepo mune dzimwe nharaunda dzeEgipita akaenzaniswa namwari Osiris, uyo aimirira upenyu nokuberekwazve. Nepo vamwe vakaibatanidza nehunhu hwamwari mukuru weZuva Horus. Aya ndiwo mavakirwo akaitwa temberi dzinonzi dzemochari, ndosaka chitendero cheEgypt chaidzishandisa kupa mutero kune vafarao vakasiyana-siyana vakanga vatofa, sezvakaita Shafer.
hupenyu mushure mekufa
Chimwe chezvimiro zvakakosha zvechitendero cheEgipita ndechekuti budiriro yakange yagamuchira chitendero murufu uye mushure mekufa. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaiti munhu ari wose ane simba rinozivikanwa seKá, iro rairondedzerwa sesimba rinokosha kana kuti simba raizobuda mumuviri pashure porufu.
Munhu wacho achiri mupenyu, ka aidyiswa nechikafu nechinwiwa chaaidya zuva nezuva, kuti ararame muumambo hwevakafa. Ka yemunhu mumwe nemumwe aifanira kuramba achigamuchira chikafu chakasiyana, ndicho chikonzero muchitendero cheEgypt, zvipiriso netsika zvaiitwa kuti varambe vachipa Ka chikafu chakasiyana.
Nokuti kana izvi zvisina kuitwa Ka yaigona kupedzwa uye kubviswa, nepo paivewo neinozivikanwa seBa, iyo yakatsanangurwa seti yezvimiro izvo munhu wega wega mune zvemweya izvo zvaive zvakasiyana kumunhu wega.
Ndosaka paiva nemusiyano mukuru pakati paBa naKa, saka Ba yaigara yakanamatira pamuviri kunyange munhu akafa. Naizvozvo, miitiro yamariro yaichengetwa yakanga ine sebasa radzo guru rokukwanisa kusunungura mutumbi womushakabvu kubva kuna Ba kuti ugogona kufamba wakasununguka munzvimbo yavakafa.
Asi mativi ose ari maviri, Ka naBa, aifanira kubatanidzwa kuitira kuti mweya womushakabvu ugodzokera kuupenyu pashure porufu uye iyo yaizivikanwa seAKN. Asi kuti izvi zviitike, muviri wemunhu wacho waisagona kukuvadzwa uye waifanira kuchengetedzwa nenzira yakanakisisa, sezvo vaEgipita vaidavira kuti Ba rinogara richidzokera kumutumbi wemushakabvu.
VaBa vaidzokera kumutumbi manheru ega ega kuti vagamuchire hupenyu hutsva, kuti hugobuda mukutanga kwezuva seAKN. Asi zvakakosha kujekesa kuti muchitendero cheEgypt vanhu chete vaiva neBa vaiva vafarao nekuda kwekubatana kwavakaita nevamwari veEgipita uye ndicho chikonzero chaigona kubatanidzwa nevamwari.
Nepo budiriro yenguva dzose yeEgipita kana kuti vanonzi vanhuwo zvavo, panguva yorufu mweya wavo wakaenda kunzvimbo yakanga ine rima guru uye isina kugarwa chose chose uye ikoku kwakanga kwakapesana noupenyu. Vamwe vapfumi vaizivikanwa sevakuru vakuru ndivo vaive nekodzero yekupihwa makuva nemari yekuvachengeta sezvo ichi chaive chimwe chezvipo zvakabva kuna Faro.
Zvipo izvi zvakapihwa vakuru nekuti vaiitira faraoh uye zvaitendwa kuti kuitirwa favour kwakawanda ndiko kwaizonyanya kuzvipa humambo hwevakafa vozvarwa patsva.
Mumazuva okutanga echitendero cheEgipita, imwe yezvitendero zvakajairika yakanga iri yokuti pashure pokunge Farao afa, mweya wake wakaenda kudenga ndokuwana nzvimbo pakati penyeredzi zhinji dzomudenga. Asi munguva yeEgypt Empire yekare, iyo yakasimbiswa pakati pemakore (c. 2686-2181 BC), yakasimbiswa kuti mufananidzo wefaro akafa akaperekedza mwari Ra parwendo rwake rwezuva nezuva.
Chitendero cheEgipita uye Kutonga
Pakupera kweHumambo hwekare (2686-2181 BC) uye kutanga kweKutanga Kwepakati Period (c. 2181-2055 BC), vanhu mukubudirira kweEgipita zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kutenda kuti vanhu vose vaiva neBa, uye kuti vanhu vose vaigona kurarama mushure mekufa. Mushure mekunge vanhu vazhinji vatanga kupa kutenda uku muhumambo hutsva hweIjipita, mweya wemunhu wega wega waifanira kunzvenga njodzi yese yemashura yaibva kuDuat.
Sezvo panguva yerufu, mweya waizotongwa kwekupedzisira, mutongo uyu unozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita se "Kurema Kwemoyo"Maererano nezvinodavirwa nevaIjipiti zvakakurumbira, vamwari vose vevamwari veEgipita vaizosarudza kuti zviito zvakanga zvaitwa nomufi zvakanga zvakanaka kana kuti zvakaipa sei uye kuti akanga azvibata sei muupenyu hwake, maererano nezvakanyorwa muMa’at.
Zvaitendwawo kuti vakafa vose vakaguma munyika yevakafa, iyo yaitongwa naMwari Osiris Yakarondedzerwa senyika yakasvibirira uye inofadza yakanga iri pakati penyika nepasi. Vamwe vaEgipita vakafunda upenyu pashure porufu mumurangariro wamwari weEgipita Ra, uyo akafamba nzira yake yezuva nezuva nemweya yose yaavo vakanga vafa.
Kunyange zvazvo iyi nzira iyo vaEgipita vaidavira nayo pamusoro paMwari Ra yaishandiswa zvakafara navakuru vakuru vebudiriro yeEgipita, yakatambanukira kuvamwe vanhuwo zvavo vaigona kutenda zvakafanana navakuru. Munguva pakati peMiddle Kingdom neHumambo Hutsva hweEgypt, pfungwa yaiitwa nezve AKH, mweya wemufi waigona kufamba uye kuva munyika yevapenyu uye neimwe nzira inogona kukanganisa zviitiko zvakaitika munyika.
Izvo zvakanyorwa mu hieroglyphs
Kunyangwe pakanga pasina magwaro mazhinji echitendero akabatana mubudiriro yeEgipita, zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakawanda pamusoro pemisoro yakasiyana-siyana zvakaburitswa. Nekuva neruzivo rwemisoro yakasiyana-siyana yakaitwa muchitendero cheEgypt, munhu anogona kuve nekunzwisisa chitendero chavo, asi chidzidzo chinofanirawo kuitwa pane zvakasiyana siyana zvechitendero zvavaishandisa, izvo zvinowongororwa pamisoro yezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zveEgypt zvichibva pazvinhu zvinotevera:
Mythology yeEgipita: Ngano dzevaIjipita dzinobva panheyo dzengano uye ngano dzedimikira dzaiitirwa kutsanangura nekuenzanisira mabasa nezviito zvaiitwa naMwari wemuEgipita wega wega zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo. Zvichienderana nokuti nyaya yacho yakataurwa sei uye kuti mashoko echiitiko chimwe nechimwe aisimbiswa sei, vaigona kutaura maonero akasiyana-siyana pamamiriro ezvinhu aripo.
Sezvo nhoroondo yese yeEgipita yakanga izere nechiratidzo uye chakavanzika maererano nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvehumwari zvakaratidzwa munhoroondo. Naizvozvo, dzakawanda dzengano dzeEgipita nengano dzaive neshanduro dzisingaverengeki uye chokwadi.
Kunyange zvazvo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nhoroondo dzose dzeEgipita hadzina kumbonyorwa zvachose, sezvo dzakasiya zvakawanda kune zvisikwa zvemunyori kana accountant yebasa uye mabasa aya aiva nemabasa akawanda akapa ngano chiitiko chinonyanya kufadza.
Naizvozvo, pandakanga ndava neruzivo rwengano dzechiEgipita, ndakaendeswa kunhevedzano yenziyo dzaitsanangura hunhu uye hunhu hwevamwari veEgipita. Muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi, ruzivo rwakawanikwa patsika dzemariro uye zvipo zvinotsanangura mabasa anoitwa nevamwari veEgipita vakasiyana.
Nenzira yakafanana, mashoko akawanda pamusoro porudzidziso rweEgipita akawanwa mumabhuku orudzidziso enyika. Kusvikira vaRoma nevaGiriki varondedzera dzimwe dzengano dzakakosha munhoroondo yekupedzisira yeEgipita.
Pakati peidzo ngano dzinogarotaurwa paive dziya dzekusikwa kwenyika, sezvo dziri nhevedzano yenyaya dzinorondedzera kuti nyika yakabuda sei kubva pasina, pakanga paine nzvimbo yakaoma pakati pegungwa uye zvinhu zvese zvaive nyonganiso, uye kuti zuva chinhu chakakosha sei pakukwanisa kusika hupenyu paNyika.
Nokuda kwechikonzero icho kusimuka kwaMwari weEgipita Ra kunoudzwawo. Kukwanisa kugadzira kurongeka, kururamisira uye kuwirirana paPasi. Kubva pakukwira kwekutanga, zviuru zvenyaya dzeEgypt dzakaudzwa nezvekusikwa kwenyika, asi nguva dzose dzine chirevo chimwe chete uye tsika dzakafanana.
Nhoroondo yeEgipita yakavakirwa pakushandurwa kwamwari weEgipita Atum uye zvinhu zvose zvinowanikwa pasi pano Inoshandisawo kutaura kwekufungidzira zvikuru naMwari ane njere Ptah uye chiito chesimba reumwari anaMwari Amun, asi anozviita nenzira yakavanzwa.
Asi pasina kubhadhara zvakanyanya kune nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotaurirwa, chiito chekusika nyika chinotungamirirwa kuzadzisa zviga uye mitemo yeEgypt Ma'at uye zvinyorwa zviri mukufamba kwenguva.
Saizvozvowo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti imwe yenhema dzinokosha uye dzakapararira dzechitendero cheEgypt inhema yaMwari Osiris pamwe chete neyamwarikadzi Isis. Ngano iyi inobva pakuti Mwari weEgipita Osiris ndiye mutongi wedunhu rose reEgypt. Asi Jehovha Mwari akanyengedzwa akaurayiwa nomunun'una wake Seti, Mwari weIjipiti.
Mwari ava vanobatanidzwa nenyonganyonga nenhamo. Asi Mwarikadzi Isis, uyo akanga ari hanzvadzi nomudzimai waMwari Osiris, akakwanisa kumutsiridza kuti Mwari Osiris aizosiya vadyi venhaka munyika yeEgipita. Nenzira iyi akanga ari baba vaMwari Horus.
Ipapo Mwari Osiris akapinda mupasi uye akava Mwari mutsva uye mutongi wepasi. Mwanakomana wake, Mwari Horus, paakakura, akasarudza kurwa nababamunini vake, Mwari weChaos Seti, kuti ave mambo wenharaunda yese yeEgipita.
Izvi zvakapa chitendero cheEgipita kuzivikanwa, sezvo vaibatanidza Mwari Seti nenyonganyonga, nepo Mwari Horus naMwari Osiris sevatongi vechokwadi vepamutemo veEgipita yose.
Neizvi, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga ine hwaro hunonzwisisika hwekukwanisa kuita kutevedzana kwevafarao uye nenzira imwechete kuva nemafarao senheyo yekuchengetedza kurongeka uye kururamisira muEgypt.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, vanafarao vakabatanidza mwari Osiris nerufu uye kuberekwa patsva, uye nematenderera ekurima kweEgipita, sezvo zvirimwa zvaikura sezvo Rwizi rwaNire rwakafashamira Izvi zvaizivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita semuenzaniso wekupa hupenyu kumweya yevanhu mushure mokunge yaparara.
Chinhu chakakosha muchitendero cheEgipita chaive rwendo rwakaitwa naMwari Ra mazuva ese kuburikidza neDuat. Parwendo urwu rwengano, Mwari Ra anosvika pakuziva Mwari wepasi peOsiris. Pavakasangana, ichi chaizivikanwa sechiito chekuzvarwa patsva kweEgipita, uko hupenyu hwakavandudzwa. Saizvozvowo, Mwari Ra akanga ane hondo dzakawanda naMwari Apophis, uyo akanga ari Mwari wemasimba akaipa.
Uku kukundwa kwaMwari Apophis uye musangano uyo Mwari Ra akanga ane Mwari weUnderworld Osiris akapa Mwari Ra kukwira akananga kuZuva, kwaaifanira kutevera nzira imwe chete zuva nezuva. Ichi chaiva chiitiko chaiitika mangwanani oga oga, kuzvarwa patsva kwezvakanaka pane zvakaipa.
Zvinyorwa zvemashiripiti uye tsika: Murudzidziso rweEgipita, miitiro yorudzidziso yakanyorwa panhokwe inotanhamara. Tsanangudzo yese yakashandiswa semirayiridzo kune vamwe vanhu vaizoita tsika kana mutambo. Zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura tsika imwe neimwe zvaichengetwa mumaraibhurari mutemberi kana nzvimbo tsvene kwaiitwa tsika dzakasiyana.
Uyezve, mabhuku aya aiperekedzwa nemifananidzo yakawanda nemifananidzo yaitaura nezvemaitirwo ose emhemberero yacho kana kuti tsika yacho. Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuziva kuti, kusiyana nemamwe mabhuku, iyi mifananidzo yakanga yakarongedzerwa kupfuudzira miitiro yokufananidzira nenzira imwe cheteyo kuitira kuti budiriro yeEgipita isashandure chimiro chavo kana kuti kurega kuita.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvinyorwa zvaionekwa semashiripiti muchitendero cheEgipita zvakatsanangura nhanho dzetsika imwe neimwe. Kunyangwe zvitsinga zvaishandiswa kune chinangwa chaicho muhupenyu hwevaEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ari madonzo enyika, iwawawo akachengetwa akakotsekana mumaraibhurari akasiana-siana etembere nenzvimbo tsvene.
Minamato yeEgipita uye Nziyo: Muchitendero cheEgypt, budiriro yakatsaurirwa kunyora uye kubata chiverengero chisingaperi cheminamato nenziyo dzakanyorwa nenzira yenhetembo. Kunyange zvazvo nziyo zhinji neminamato yakanyorwa nechimiro chakafanana zvikuru, dzaisiyana mudonzo radzo.
Semuenzaniso, nziyo dzaiitirwa kurumbidza vamwari veEgipita uye dzakawanda dzenziyo idzi dzakawanikwa dzakanyorwa pamadziro etemberi nenzvimbo tsvene. Dzakawanda dzenziyo idzi dzakagadzirwa muzvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa kuburitsa pachena zvimwe zvechisikigo uye zvengano zvinhu nemabasa echitendero cheEgipita.
Nenzira yakafanana, vakarumbidza mano namabasa amwari weEgipita, kunyange zvazvo ivo vairatidzira zvikuru rudzidziso rweEgipita kupfuura rumwe rutivi rwupi norwupi rwebudiriro yeEgipita, ndokusaka vakava vanofadza zvikuru mukati meEgypt New Kingdom, nhambo umo hurukuro yorudzidziso inoshingaira zvikuru yakaitika.
Minyengetero yakanga iri chimwe chinhu chinokosha zvikuru murudzidziso rweEgipita, asi yakanyorwa nenzira imwe cheteyo nenziyo. Uye zvakanyorwa kuti zvigadzirise hunhu nemabasa emumwe mwari weEgipita, asi neimwe nzira yakafanira, sezvavaikumbira makomborero, ruregerero, kana rubatsiro nokuda kwokuva netsika yakaipa kana kuti chimwe chirwere.
Asi minyengetero yaishandiswa muUmambo Hutsva hweEgipita, sezvo isati yamboshandiswa zvikuru, sezvo kukwanisa kubatanidzwa namwari weEgipita kwakanga kusingadavirwi kuti kunobvira nokuda kwomukurumbira weEgipita kana kuti munhuwo zvake, vanafarao bedzi vakanga vane iyi fundo. Uye zvakanga zvisingatomboiti kuti vataure nevamwari veIjipiti kuburikidza nekunyora.
Munguva yekuferefeta kwakaitwa nenyanzvi neEgyptologists, minamato inowanikwa yakanyorwa pamifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yevamwari, pamwe chete nemutemberi umo mitero nemitambo yaibhadharwa kwavari.
Zvinyorwa zverufu: Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mukati mechitendero cheEgipita, magwaro anokosha uye anokosha aripo uye aitarisirwa nevaEgipita nokuda kwezvavaimiririra aiva magwaro emariro, ane chinangwa chikuru chaiva chokuva nechokwadi chokuti mweya yemushakabvu yasvika kuupenyu hwapashure porufu nenzira yakanakisisa inobvira.
Zvinyorwa zvakanyatsochengetedzwa zvaive izvo zvinonzi Pyramid Texts, iyo yaiva nemashoko akawanda pamusoro penhamba yakawanda yezviperengo zvakanyorwa mukati mepiramidhi yekare yehumambo inodzokera kuHumambo hwekare.
Aya magwaro akaitirwa zvemashiripiti kupa vanafarao vekuIjipita nzira yekuchengeta vamwari veIjipita kambani munyika yevakafa kana mushure mekufa. Asi zvinodikanwa kuratidza kuti zviperengo zvemariro zvinowanikwa zvakanyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye musanganiswa, uye mazhinji acho anowanikwa akanyorwa pamadziro emapiramidhi akasiyana.
Apo Humambo hweEgypt Yekare hwakasvika kumugumo, boka idzva rezvitsinga zvemariro rakatanga kuitwa, iro raiva nezvinhu zvaiwanwa mumadziro emapiramidhi. Gare gare, vaIjipita vakatanga kunyora zvitsinga zvekuvigwa pamakuva, asi zvaive zvakanyatsotsanangurwa nezve sarcophagi. Uyu muunganidzwa wezvitsinga wakanyorwa pasarcophagi nemakuva wakazozivikanwa seCoffin Texts.
Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa hazvina kuwanikwa pamambo sarcophagi, asi mumakuva akasiyana-siyana evakuru vakuru vakanga vasiri vehumambo. Ndicho chikonzero magwaro akawanda emariro akabuda muNew Egypt Kingdom, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa iyo inonzi Bhuku revakafa.
Iri bhuku rine nhevedzano yezvitsinga zvinoshandiswa kubatsira mweya wemushakabvu kukunda iyo inonzi Kutonga kwaOsiris uye kuibatsira murwendo rwayo kuburikidza neDuat, nyika yepasi, kusvika yakwanisa kusvika kuAaru uye kuwana hupenyu hwepashure perufu. Kusiyana nemamwe mabhuku emariro, Bhuku reVakafa ndiro rine mifananidzo yakawanda uye mavignettes, ndosaka bhuku racho rakakopwa panhokwe kuitira kuti vanokudzwa nevanhuwo zvavo vakwanise kuwana mariri uye inogona kuiswa mumakuva parufu.
Mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvemariro uye magwaro ebhokisi ane hupfumi hweruzivo uye tsananguro yakadzama pamusoro penyika yepasi nemirayiridzo yekuti mweya ikunde njodzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzakarara imomo. Asi apo Umambo Hutsva hwakatanga, mashoko namashoko zviri muBhuku Ravakafa zvakatungamirira kukugadziridzwa nokukopwa kwamabhuku anoverengeka pamusoro penyika yepasi.
Rimwe remabhuku anonyanya kukosha echitendero cheEgypt uye Humambo Hutsva iBhuku reGates, rinozivikanwawo seBhuku reMapako. Aya aiva mabhuku airatidza zvakaita nyika yepasi uye kuti mwari weEgipita Ra aifanira kupfuura sei parwendo rwake nomuDuat.
Naizvozvo, rwendo rwemweya wemunhu wese akafa uye anofanira kupfuura nemunzvimbo yevakafa. Kunyangwe mabhuku aya airambidzwa kushandiswa mumakuva epharaonic. Asi apo nhambo yechitatu yeEgipita yakaberekwa, kushandiswa kwaaya mabhuku kwakawedzerwa mukushandiswa kworudzidziso rweEgipita.
Sezvo Egypt yakavandudzwa, maitiro ekare echitendero cheEgipita akatsiviwa nemaitiro matsva uye nani, maitiro esainzi. Nekuti vaEgipita vakazvipira kuita zvidzidzo zvesainzi nekufambira mberi zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwemutumbi wemushakabvu.
Sezvavaifambira mberi mumuitiro wavo wokuroverera zvitunha, vakawana zivo huru ndokupfuurira kuenda kumwero wakakwirira wezivo nounyanzvi muupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Miitiro yechitendero cheEgipita
VaIjipita, vachitenda zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita, vakaita miitiro yechitendero kuti vakwanise kutevedzera vanamwari uye kugara vachitenda kwavari nekuita tsika dzakasiyana nemitambo, nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi tichakuudza zvishoma nezve miitiro yechitendero yakaitwa nevaIjipita munzvimbo dzinoyera dzakasiyana senge:
Tembere dzeEgipita: Mukubudirira kweEgyptian, kuva vechitendero zvikuru, temberi dzakavakwa kubva pakutanga kwekubudirira kweEgipita nechitendero. Asi pakanga patove nevanhu vazhinji vekuEgypt vane tsika nezvitendero zvavo, uye temberi dzemochari dzaishandiswa kupa mutero kumweya yakasiyana-siyana yevafarao vakanga vatofa.
Paivawo nedzimwe mhando dzetemberi dzakatsaurirwa kuita zvipiriso uye kuita tsika kune vamwari vakasiyana veEgipita, kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma zvikuru kusiyanisa, sezvo humambo hweEgipita uye vamwari vakanga vane hukama hwepedyo uye hwakabatana. Kunyange zvazvo temberi zhinji dzeEgipita dzakanga dzisina kuitirwa kunamatwa kwavamwari veEgipita navanafarao navanhuwo zvavo. Naizvozvo nzanga yavanhu vose yakanga ine miitiro yayo imene yorudzidziso.
Ndicho chikonzero nei temberi nenzvimbo tsvene dzaitsigirwa nehurumende kana magavhuna dzaishandiswa sedzimba dzavamwari veEgipita, uye mifananidzo yakasiana-siana inooneka yavamwari yaishandiswa semurevereri wezvipo zvakasiyana-siyana zvaipiwa kwavari nevatendi vechitendero cheEgipita.
Vanafarao vakawanda vaidavira kuti basa iri raidiwa kuti vamwari veEgipita varambe vachifara uye nokudaro kuchengeta runyararo muchisiko chapose pose nomuchadenga. Ndiko kusaka temberi nenzvimbo tsvene dzeEgipita dzaive musimboti wenzanga yeEgipita, uye hurumende yeEgipita, yaitungamirirwa naFarao, yakashandisa zviwanikwa zvakawanda kuchengeta tembere iri muchimiro chakanakisa.
Saizvozvowo, vanafarao vakapa nguva yakawanda sechikamu chemusengwa wavo wekukudza vamwari veEgipita. Kungofanana nevakuru vakapa mipiro kuchengetedza runyararo muhupenyu hwepashure perufu. Nenzira iyi kwaiva netemberi dzakakura zvikuru. Zvisinei, vamwari vazhinji veEgipita vakanga vasina tembere yavo vamene kana nzvimbo tsvene, vakangovaka tembere dzavamwari vanokosha zvikurusa veEgipita nokuda kworudzidziso rweEgipita.
Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti vamwari vazhinji maererano nechitendero cheEgipita vakanga vasina kunamatwa zvakanyanya naFarao nevanhu veEgipita. Kwaiva nevamwe vamwari veEgipita vainamatwa zvikuru nebudiriro yakakurumbira mudzimba dzakasiyana, asi vakanga vasina tembere yakati.
Temberi dzokutanga dzakavakwa nokuda kworudzidziso rweEgipita dzakanga dziri dzimba duku, uye zvivako zvakanga zviri nyore zvikuru uye zvisingagumi. Kunyangwe iwo akagadzirwa muOld Egypt Kingdom, senge muEgypt Middle Kingdom. Dzimwe temberi dzakagadzirwa nematombo, asi nekufamba kwenguva dzakazove dzakanyanya kunaka.
Asi matombo makuru aigara achishandiswa pakuvaka temberi dzeEgipita dzakasiyana-siyana. Munguva yeHumambo Hutsva hweIjipita nguva, dhizaini nyowani yematemberi yakatanga kuvakwa, asi nenzira yakakosha, iyo yakashandisa zvinhu zvakajairika izvo zvakange zvatoshandiswa mukuvakwa kwematemberi muHumambo hweEgypt yekare nepakati.
Asi muHumambo Hutsva hweEgypt maive nekusiyana kukuru, chirongwa chakashandiswa chakakwanisa kuvaka matembere mazhinji uye mazhinji matembere akararama nekufamba kwenguva nekuti akavakwa nehunyanzvi uhu.
Nzira kana chirongwa chakashandiswa kuvaka temberi dzeEgypt dzakasiyana dzakabva pakugadzira nzira yepakati mukati mezvivakwa izvo zvaizivikanwa senzira yekufora. Ipapo nhevedzano yamakamuri yakaitwa kuti isvike kunzvimbo tsvene yokupedzisira, uko chifananidzo chikuru chaMwari cheEgipita chaigona kuwanwa, kunamatwa nezvinopiwa kwaari.
Kunyange zvazvo kupinda muhoro yapakati yetembere kwakanga kuchiitirwa vanafarao bedzi nomukuru mukuru wehurumende, pamwe chete navaprista vaimirira rudzidziso rweEgipita, sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo cheEgipita chairambidzwa kusvika iri kamuri.
Rwendo rwaifanira kuitwa nevanhu kubva pamusuwo mukuru wetemberi kuenda kuhoro huru kana kuti nzvimbo tsvene yaizivikanwa sekuchinja kubva munyika yepasi kuenda kunzvimbo yevamwari veEgipita kana nzvimbo yehumwari. Izvi zvakaonekwa neiyo seti yezviratidzo zvengano zvakaitwa pamadziro akasiyana etemberi, pamwe chete nemavakirwo ayo. Pashure petemberi, rusvingo rwokunze rwaigona kuwanikwa. Munzvimbo iyoyo munhu aigona kuwana zvivako zvakawanda, pamwe chete nemashopu uye matura akawanda okugovera migove inodiwa nokuda kwetembere.
Kana temberi yakanga yakakura, munhu aigonawo kuwana raibhurari umo maiva nemabhuku akati kuti aiva nemashoko pamusoro pechitendero cheEgipita, pamwe chete nemamwe mabhuku akatsaurirwa kune zvechivanhu. Maraibhurari aya aishandiswa senzvimbo dzekuti vaIjipiti vadzidze nezvezvidzidzo zvese zvavaida kudzidza.
Mutoro wokuita miitiro yakasiyana-siyana wakawira pamufananidzo waFarao, sezvo akanga ari mumiriri wapamutemo weEgipita pamberi pavamwari vakasiana veEgipita. Asi miitiro yacho yaiitwa navaprista veEgipita panzvimbo pavanafarao, avo vaiva nomutoro wemimwe mitoro mikuru.
MuUmambo Hwekare nohwepakati, vaprista vakanga vasina boka rakaparadzana; panzvimbo pezvo, vazhinji vavakuru vakuru vaFarao vaiva nomutoro wokuita mitambo kwemwedzi inoverengeka, uye vamwe vakaita kudaro kwegore rose vachibatikana mumabasa enyika.
Asi apo Umambo Hutsva hweEgipita hwakatanga, basa rakaitwa navaprista rakava reunyanzvi uye rakapararira pakarepo. Kunyange zvazvo vaprista vakawanda vakabva kutaundi vaingoshanda nguva shomanene uye vazhinji vakanga vari vashandi vehurumende. Farao ndiye ega aigona kutarisira midziyo uye kupa mvumo yake patemberi.
Sezvo chitendero cheEgipita chakavamba pakati pavanhu, ivo vose zvikurukuru vakanga vari vashandi vaFarao. Asi mukurumbira wevapristi wakawedzera, hupfumi hwetemberi hwakawedzerawo, kusvika pakasvika nguva yavaida kukwikwidzana naFarao.
Pakave nekukamukana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaitika munguva yechitatu yepakati muEgypt, pakati pemakore c. 1070-664 BC C., vapristi vaMwari Amun, mune rinonzi guta reKarnak, vakatanga kuva vatongi vemamwe matunhu eUpper Egypt.
Mutemberi dzeIjipiti dzakasiyana-siyana maiva nevanhu vakawanda vaishanda kuti vagadzirise temberi yacho, sezvo yaiva nevaprista, vaimbi nevaimbi vemitambo yose netsika. Kunze kwetemberi yeEgipita kwaiva nevanhu vakanga vakazvipira kushanda, vakadai semhizha nevarimi vaishanda pamapurazi akasiyana.
Ava vanhu vose vaiita mabasa avo okugadzirisa temberi vaigamuchira muripo, waibva pazvipiriso zvakafanana zvaiuyiswa navanhu kuti vafadze vamwari veIjipiti. Naizvozvo, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti temberi dzaive nzvimbo dzakagadzira zviitiko zvehupfumi kuna Farao.
Nhasi, matembere mazhinji eEgypt anoramba ari zvivakwa uye mamwe atove matongo nekuda kwekufamba kwenguva. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakatoparadzwa nekukoromoka kwemasvingo nemadziro uye nekuparara kwavakaita. Farao aive mutsigiri mukuru wekudzoreredzwa kwetembere dzeEgipita aive Ramses II, asi aivewo mupambi wematembere akasiyana. Pakati pematemberi anokosha echitendero cheEgypt ndeaya anotevera:
- Deir el-Bahari: boka rematemberi eMentuhotep II (XNUMXth Dynasty), Hatshepsut uye Tutmosis III (XNUMXth Dynasty). Imba yemariro yeHatshepsut, ine zvivanze zvakafara uye yakakomberedzwa chimiro chekubatana kukuru (yakavakwa makore angangoita chiuru pamberi peParthenon yakakurumbira muAtene, rimwe remabasa ekuvaka anoyevedza)
- Karnak - yakaoma yetemberi, yakawedzera makore anopfuura mazana mashanu, muThebes, guta guru reEgypt yekare kubva kuMiddle Kingdom.
- Luxor: Yakatangwa naAmenhotep III uye yakawedzerwa naRamses II, yaive nzvimbo yemhemberero yemutambo weOpet.
- Abu Simbel: matemberi maviri makuru (speos) eRamses II, kumaodzanyemba kweEgypt, kumahombekombe ekumadokero kweRwizi rwaNire.
- Abydos: temberi dzaSethy I uye Ramses II. Nzvimbo yekunamatwa kwevafarao vekutanga, ine yakakura funerary complex.
- Ramesseum, temberi yechirangaridzo yaRamses II, pedyo neTheban necropolis; chivako chikuru chakatsaurirwa kuchitendero chamariro.
- Medinet Habu: Ramses III temberi yechirangaridzo. Temberi yekugara kubva kuNew Kingdom.
- Edfu: Ptolemaic temberi iri pakati peAswan neLuxor.
- Dendera: temberi yakaoma. Chivako chikuru itemberi yaHathor.
- Kom Ombo: temberi yedunhu raidzora nzira dzekutengesa kubva kuNubia kuenda kuUpper Egypt.
- File Island: temberi yeIsis (Ast), yakavakwa munguva yePtolemaic.
Tsika dzeEgypt uye Mhemberero: Mukubudirira kweEgypt, nekuda kwezvitendero zvayo zvechitendero cheEgypt, nyika inosungirwa kuita tsika dzakasiyana siyana dzepamutemo uye mhemberero dzinoitwa mutembere dzakasiyana dzechitendero cheIjipita, sezvo kunamata uye zvipiriso zvinofanirwa kupihwa kune vakasiyana vamwari veEgipita. Mhemberero dzinoitirwawo vanafarao vakafa, vanobatanidzwa nevamwari uye vanonzi umambo hweEgypt.
Pakati pemhemberero dzakanyanya kukosha uye tsika ndeye mhemberero yekugadzwa uye Sed Mutambo, mutambo wehurumende unoitwa nguva nenguva mukutonga kwake kuvandudza simba raFarao.
Tsika dzakasiana-siana dzaiitwa mukati megore rose, sezvo rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakaita kuti miitiro ishande munyika yose, uye miitiro yakati kuti yaiitwa mutembere imwe yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari mumwe weEgipita, nepo kwaiva nemiitiro yaiitwa zuva nezuva. Asi pane mhemberero dzaive dzakanyanya zvekuti dzaiitwa kamwe chete pagore kana pane chimwe chiitiko.
Muitiro waifanira kuitwa pakutanga kwezuva waiva mutambo unozivikanwa zvikuru wokupira nokuonga. Mhemberero iyi yaiitwa munharaunda yese yeEgipita. Apo muprista wepamusoro-soro kana kuti Farao aifanira kugeza chivezwa chemumwe mwari weEgipita ochizodza nekrimu, pamwe chete nokuisa rokwe remaoresa pamusoro pacho ozochipa seti yezvipiriso.
Apo tsika yezuva nezuva yakapera uye mwari weEgipita apedza chipiriso chake chemweya, zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvasara zvakatorwa kuti zvigoverwe pakati pavaprista vakasiyana-siyana vetemberi.
Muchitendero cheEgipita, miitiro yakanga iri shoma munhamba, nepo mitambo yakanga yakawanda, ine gumi namaviri yaiitwa gore rose. Mitambo yaiwanzoitwa uye nhevedzano yezviito zvaifanira kuitwa zvaipfuura kupa mipiro yakapfava yokuonga kuna mwari upi noupi weEgipita. Sezvo mitambo yakawanda yaifanira kudzokorora chiitiko chengano yeEgipita kana ngano.
Saizvozvovo, vaifanira kuita chimwe chinhu kubvisa masimba asina kunaka kana simba raikuchidzira kusagadzikana uye mhirizhonga munharaunda yeEgipita. Mizhinji yemitambo iyi yaitungamirirwa nevapristi vaiva nezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro uye yaiitirwa mutemberi chaimo. Asi mitambo youkoshi hukurusa yorudzidziso, yakadai sounonzi mutambo weOpet, waiitwa muguta reKarnak, waichengetwa nokufora nokutakurwa kwechifananidzo chaMwari weEgipita.
Vamwe vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vari vatendi vakasimba murudzidziso rweEgipita vakaperekedza mudungwe wokubvunza mwari umo ivo vaidavira kuti aizogadzirisa mugariro wavo wazvino uye nokudaro kugamuchira migove yakati yezvinopiwa zvikuru zvaipiwa kuvamwari veEgipita paidzi nhambo dzinokosha.
Mhuka dzaimunamata: Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeEgipita, mhuka dzakavamba kunamatwa, sokudavira kwavaEgipita kuti kwakanga kuri kuratidzirwa kwavamwari veEgipita, kudavira chaikoiko murudzidziso rweEgipita. Mhuka idzi dzaisarudzirwa zvinangwa chaizvo uye mavara anoyera airatidza kukosha kwebasa radzo munzanga yeEgipita.
Dzakawanda dzemhuka idzi dzakachengeta basa iri mubudiriro yese yeEgipita. Muenzaniso wakajeka waikoku wakanga uri nzombe inosanozivikanwa yeApis yainamatwa zvikuru muguta reMemfisi. Mhuka iyi yaive kuratidzwa kwaMwari Ptah.
Nepo dzimwe mhuka dzainamatwa kwenguva pfupi. Asi uku kudavira kunamata mhuka dzakasiyana kwakawedzera munguva dzapashure uye vaprista vazhinji vaitarisira tembere vakavamba kuwedzera kuvapo kwemhuka dzainamatwa somuitiro woumwari.
Muitiro wakatanga kukura wakanga uri muKutonga Kwechi26, apo vaEgipita vakatanga kunyudza mutezo upi noupi worudzi rwemhuka, kuti vape chibairo chikuru kuna mumwe mwari weEgipita. Ndicho chikonzero nei mamiriyoni ekatsi, shiri, uye dzimwe mhuka zvakakuvadzwa zvakawanwa zvakavigwa mutembere dzezvitendero dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEgipita kukudza vamwari.
The Oracles: Muchitendero cheEgypt, vanafarao uye dzimwe nhengo dzesangano reEgypt vakaenda kuOracles kunobvunza vamwari vakasiyana-siyana ruzivo rwakakura uye hutungamiri hwekuita sarudzo dzakanakisisa. Kunyangwe maOracles akatanga kuzivikanwa kubva kuEgypt New Kingdom, kunyangwe ivo vangadai vakaonekwa kare kare maererano nekumwe tsvagiridzo.
VaEgipita vazhinji, kubatanidza Farao, vaienda kusvikiro kundobvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo, uye idzi mhinduro dzaishandiswa kupedza nhau yepamutemo kana kuti gakava pamusoro peimwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Chiito chakajairika chekushandisa zvirevo zveIjipita kwaive kubvunza mubvunzo wakakosha kumufananidzo waMwari wemuIjipita uye nekududzira mhinduro.
Imwe nzira yekududzira mhinduro dzaOracle yaive yekududzira mafambiro emhuka dzainamatwa kana kubvunza chifananidzo chaMwari uye kumirira mhinduro kubva kumuprista aitaura achimiririra mwari weEgipita. Uyu muitiro wakapa pesvedzero huru kuvaprista murudzidziso rweEgipita, sezvo vaigona kududzira shoko ravamwari veEgipita.
Chitendero cheEgypt chakakurumbira: Zvizhinji zvezvitendero zveEgipita zvakanga zvakanangidzirwa pakuchengetedza kugadzikana kwebudiriro yeEgipita, naizvozvo vamwe vanhu vakanga vane miitiro yavo vamene yorudzidziso yakanga ine chokuita noupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Kunyange zvazvo iyi nzira yokushandisa nayo rudzidziso rweEgipita yakasiya ufakazi hushoma zvikuru kupfuura rudzidziso rwapamutemo rweEgipita, nemhaka yokuti rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakasiya ufakazi hukurusa rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rwakapfuma zvikurusa rweEgipita munharaunda yeEgipita.
Miitiro yavo yechitendero yezuva nezuva yaisanganisira mitambo yaisimbisa kuchinja kwoupenyu. Uku ndiko kuzvara kwacho, sezvo muitiro wokuberekwa wakanga une ngozi zvikuru. Uyewo kupiwa zita, sezvo zita richikosha pakuzivikanwa kwomunhu.
Imwe yemiitiro yorudzidziso inokosha zvikurusa murudzidziso rwavanhu rweEgipita yakanga iri iya yakapoteredza rufu, kana kuti inonzi miitiro yamariro, nokuti iyoyi yaikosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti yaizoita kuti mweya womushakabvu urambe uripo noupenyu hwavo pashure pokunge vayambuka upenyu hwapashure porufu.
Imwe tsika inoshandiswa nevanhu vanotambira mari shoma ndeyekutsvaga kuziva zvinodiwa nevamwari kuvanhu, kuti vazvizive. Mumuitiro uyu, zviroto zvaifanira kududzirwa, sezvo zvaionekwa semashoko aitumwa navamwari achibva kunzvimbo youmwari.
Vanhu vakawanda, vasina mukana wokupinda mutemberi dzakasiyana-siyana dzavamwari veIjipiti, vaiita minyengetero uye vaipa zvibayiro zvavo pachavo kuvamwari. Asi izvi zvakangoratidzwa semhando yehumwari iyo yaakaita muHumambo Hutsva hweEgipita.
Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita vakatanga kushandisa humwari, apo vaidavira kuti vamwari vaipindira zvakananga muminamato yavo uye muupenyu hwavo kuti vaite zvavanoda. Nenzira iyi, vamwari veIjipita vaifarira vanhu vaiita zvakanaka, asi vairanga vanhu vaiita zvakaipa uye vaiponesa vanhu vaitya vamwe.
Tembere zhinji dzeEgipita dzaikosha zvikuru paminamato yapachivande nemipiro, kunyange zvazvo mabasa ane chinangwa aibvisa vanhuwo zvavo. Miitiro yakawanda yaiitwa nevaIjipiti yaiva yokupa zvinhu zvavo kuna vamwari veEgipita kuti vazadzise minyengetero yakaitwa navaEgipita.
Apo vanhu vaisagona kupinda mumatemberi akasiyana-siyana kuti vazadzise zvisungo zvavo zvechitendero, vakatanga kuvaka makereke maduku kuti vanhu vagogona kunamata uye kupa kutenda nokuda kwenyasha dzavakapiwa.
Mashiripiti muchitendero cheEgipita: Mashiripiti muchitendero cheEgypt aizivikanwa neshoko rokuti Heka, iro raireva kuti "kukwanisa kuita kuti zvinhu zviitike nenzira dzisina kunanga." Zvaidavirwa kuti mashiripiti aiva chiitiko chepanyama chepasi, sezvo raiva simba rakafanana rakashandiswa pakusikwa kwenyika uye cosmos.
Mashiripiti ndiwo simba raishandiswa navamwari veEgipita kuita kuda kwavo uye vaEgipita vaidavira kuti vaigonawo kurishandisa, asi miitiro iyi yakanga yakabatana zvikuru nechitendero cheEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzenguva dzose dzaiitwa zuva nezuva dzaizivikanwa semashiripiti.
VaEgipita vazhinji vaishandisawo mashiripiti nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo, kunyange kana zvaikuvadza vamwe. Ndosaka mashiripiti aionekwa sechinhu chine hutsinye mukati mawo uye kushandiswa kwawo kune vamwe vanhu.
Asi kuvaEgipita vazhinji, mashiripiti