Maizviziva here kuti Zuva rinoonekwa pese pakuvira kwezuva inyeredzi? Hongu, kunyange zvazvo ichiita seyakakura zvichienzaniswa nenyeredzi dzatinoona usiku, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuva pedyo kwayo neNyika. Kuziva chimiro chezuva, uchaziva zvakawanda nezvake.
Zuva ndiro nyenyedzi huru uye iri pedyo nepasi rinogarwa nevanhu. Iyo ine simba rekugadzira simba uye kuivhenekera kune yakatenderedza nzvimbo, saka iri chikamu uye iri pakati peiyo solar system, iyo mapuraneti system mairi. Zuva riri pakati peSolar System uye ihombe ine spheroidal shape. Mamwe mapuraneti ose anoitenderera. Nyeredzi iyi yanga ichipenya kwemakore 4.6 bhiriyoni.
Zuva rinodzidzwa sei?
Kuburikidza neteresikopu yakasiyana-siyana yezuva nemasatellite, chimiro chezuva chinozivikanwa; imwe yacho iSOHO, inova Solar uye Heliospheric Observatory. NASA, kune chikamu chayo, muna 2018, yakatanga chirongwa cheParker kuona zvimwe zvinhu.
Masayendisiti kubva kuzvidzidzo zvakadai se nyeredzi, kusanganisira geology pakati pevamwe, vave vachitarisa denga kwemazana emakore uye vachidzidza zviitiko zvaro kuti vagadzire dzidziso pamusoro payo. Nekusvika kwezera remuchadenga, zvidzidzo izvi zvakaona chiedza chezuva, zvichinatsa ruzivo nerutsigiro rwefizikisi yenyukireya.
I "nebular theory" inotaura kuti gore guru re molecular rakaputsika. Ichi chiitiko chaiva mavambo ekuberekwa kwenyeredzi dzakawanda dzakanga dziri pedyo nekusangana nemamwe ma supernova. Izvi zvakagadzira kuvhunduka kwakakonzera kuumbwa kweZuva rinopenya nhasi uye rinofungidzirwa kuti richaramba richidaro kwemamwe makore 5 bhiriyoni.
Ngatidzidzei zvimwe nezve Mamiriro eZuva
Heano zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zveZuva zvakaonekwa kubva kuPasi:
chimiro chezuva
Mitumbi mizhinji iri muchadenga, iyo inocherechedzwa kubva pasi kuburikidza neteresikopu, inogara ichionekwa muchimiro chedenderedzwa, izvi imhaka yesimba regiravhiti rinoumba nekuzvibvumira pazviri. Zuva ibhora risina kukwana regasi, rakabatanidzwa pamwe chete negiravhiti uye kubhembera zvishoma kuequator.
Zvinhu zvinoumba zuva
Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwekutarisa, zvaive zvichigoneka kuziva nekuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinoumba iyi nharaunda yegasi rinopisa, iro richave rakafanana nePasi uye mamwe mapuraneti anoumba solar system. Nekuti ese akasikwa panguva imwe chete, chimwe nechimwe chine zvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvinhu uye zvikamu zvezuva Ndizvo:
- 72% Hydrogen
- 26% Helium
- 2% zvimwe zvinhu
Kupenya kwaro kunoitika nekuti hydrogen iri kupiswa kuita helium, munzvimbo inopisa zvakanyanya.
Size
Kutenda kune nyeredzi, hukuru hwenzvimbo dzekudenga hunogona kuzivikanwa nekumisikidza kubva kuNyika iyo «angular dhayamita» sechidimbu chechidimbu. Mambo wenyeredzi muhombe pedyo nemapuraneti; Iine radius yakakura zvakapetwa ka109 kudarika Nyika.
Distance kwairi
Zvidzidzo pamusoro pechinhambwe chiri pakati peNyika neZuva zvakaitwa kuburikidza ne "Astronomical Unit" uye izvi zvakaratidza kuti chinhambwe makiromita mamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu.
Movement
Iyo solar surface ine nguva yekutenderera uye kuburikidza ne Kufamba kwepasi inofungidzirwa kuti inotora mazuva 25 paequator, kusvika kumazuva 36 pedyo nematanda, uye mukati inotenderera mazuva 27 oga oga.
Masa
Kuburikidza neformula inoshandiswa mukuongorora nyeredzi, panofananidzwa huremu huri pakati pemapuraneti nemapoka enyeredzi, inopa masayendisiti fungidziro inovabvumira kuti vataure kuti zuva rine 332.946 pehukuru hwePasi uye rinoumba 99.86% yehuremu hwese solar system.
basa
Zuva rinosangana nenguva dzemhirizhonga yakakura, iyo inoitika cyclically; moto unobva kunzvimbo dzezuva unoonekwa kuburikidza nemagineti ayo, uchigadzira iyo yese electromagnetic spectrum. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve ekupedzisira, unogona kuverenga nezve Sunspots.
zuva density
Kuburikidza ne "Theory of Gravitation" zvaive zvichikwanisika kufungidzira kuwanda. Kunyangwe iri diki pane Earth nekuti ine gasi, density yaro iri kutenderera 1.4 g/cm3, yakakwira kupfuura yemvura.
Chiedza
Ichi chimiro chinochipa hukuru hwayo hukuru uye kushanda kwemwaranzi yezuva. Muawa imwe chete inokwanisa kupenya panyika zvainoda magetsi mugore rimwechete: kureva 4 x 10 33 ergs/s kana kupfuura 10 23 kilowatts.
tembiricha yezuva
Inosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nezvikamu zvayo uye imwe neimwe ine tembiricha yakasiyana, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yacho iri 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, pakati payo i27,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Kushanda kwezuva nguva dzose kunoita kuti maatomu ehydrogen ashande zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekufamba kwenyukireya, kushanduka kuita helium uye kuburitsa simba rakawanda. Ese aya maitiro emuviri anoita kuti simba rinoburitswa neZuva rigone kushandiswa kugadzira kupisa nemagetsi.
Kudzidza kweZuva kwakatanga rini?
Muna 1869, musayendisiti wekuAmerica Jonathan Lane akaita nharo kekutanga nezve gasious conformation yeZuva, nezve simba rinokwevera rinoita kuti rirambe riri mudenga uye kuti rakagadzirwa nepakati pesimba resimba.
Muna 1874 J. Norman Lockyer akabudisa tsvakiridzo yake pamusoro pezuva, murugwaro rukuru, rwakazonzi “Solar Physics” nokuda kwemipiro yake munharaunda iyi. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, muSwitzerland akaberekwa ari nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi Jacob Robert Emden akanyora yekutanga dzidziso modhi nezveZuva.
Musayendisiti uyu akasimbisa kuti mambo wenyeredzi ndeye nhevedzano yekuumbwa kweiyo concentric gaseous layers, imwe neimwe layer ine kudzvanywa kwakasimba zvakakwana mukati kuti kumirire huremu hwegasi, nokudaro zvichibvumira kukwezva kwegiravhiti.
Zvidzidzo zvakabvumira "The theory of gravitation", yakabvuma kuita fungidziro yehuwandu hwezuva uye yakaziva kuti yakanga yakakwirira kudarika iyo yemvura. Anopfuura makore zana apfuura, nekuvandudzwa kweiyo spectroscopy, iyo inodzidza hukama hwemiviri yemuviri nemagetsi emagetsi, zvakakwanisika kuburitsa tembiricha yeZuva kubva mukupenya kwaro pamusoro. Izvi zvakadyidzana nokudaro zvichibvumira fungidziro kuti iitwe pamusoro pemuumbi wemakemikari uye kudzvanywa kwayo.
Muzana ramakore rechi20, nemidziyo yakaomarara uye yakanyatsojeka yekucherechedza Zuva, dzidziso dzakadzokororwa, uye zvakabva zvagoneka kudzidza zvakawanda uye zvirinani nezveZuva nehunhu hwaro, uye kugadzira mamwe akadzama uye anogutsa mamodheru, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweatomic fizikisi uye electromagnetic theory, pakati pevamwe.
Kuumbwa kweZuva
Zvinoenderana nechimiro chezuva, icho chinotsanangura hukuru hwaro, kuwanda, density uye tembiricha, pakati pevamwe, inopihwawo spectral hunhu.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1910, muna XNUMX, Ejnar Hertzsprung naHenry Norris Russell vakagadzira dhiyagiramu yeHertzsprung-Russell, inozivikanwa seHR diagram, igirafu renyeredzi rinoratidza kupararira kuripo pakati penyeredzi maererano:
- Ukama huri pakati pehukuru hwakakwana
- luminosities
- Spectral Classifications
- tembiricha inoshanda
- Pima kupenya kwayo zvichienzaniswa nekupisa kwayo
Panguva imwecheteyo, vaida kuziva uye kuburitsa kuti:
"Nzira iyo nyeredzi dzinopfuura nemukutevedzana kwekuchinja kukuru uye kwakakura kuburikidza nenguva".
Girafu rinoratidza nzvimbo inotaridzwa senhevedzano huru. Ikoko nyeredzi idzi dzinowanzogara uye vaongorori vakazviona nechimiro chadzo chechimiro nebhii guru. G2 ikirasi yeZuva yenyeredzi.
Nekuda kwekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvayo, ndiyo imwe yezvikamu zvenyeredzi dzinoshandiswa mugirafu iyi, nokudaro zvichitarisa huwandu hwenyeredzi: I, II uye III. Parizvino, chirongwa cheMorgan-Keenan chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, nekuda kweiyo coding yenyeredzi, mabhii uye manhamba zvakasimbiswa kuti zvisiyanise tembiricha yavo uye ukuru.
The biologist TH Huxley anonzi akati:
“Chessboard inyika; zvidimbu ndizvo zviitiko zvepasirese; mitemo yemutambo ndiyo yatinoti mitemo yeNature. Mutambi ari kune rumwe rutivi akavanzwa. Isu tinoziva kuti mutambo wako unogara wakanaka uye nemoyo murefu. Asi isu tinoziva zvakare, kune mutengo wedu, kuti haambofuratira kukanganisa, kana kuita chero chibvumirano chekusaziva. "
kupatsanurwa kwemukati kwezuva
Zvinotozivikanwa kuti zuva ndiyo nyeredzi huru muSolar System uye kuti kuumbwa kwayo hakuna homogeneous. Chimiro chave kutsanangurwa kuti uzive zuva rine mataira mangani mukati. Izvi chimiro chezuva hazvibviri kuti zvionekwe zvakananga uye fungidziro dzakangoitwa zvichienderana nedzidziso, zvichienderana nehunhu hwayo hwekunze. Iyo yakakamurwa kuita 6 akaturikidzana, akagoverwa munzvimbo dzakanyatsosiyana, kutanga kubva mukati meZuva.
Core
Ndiyo pakati peZuva, tembiricha yaro ingangoita miriyoni gumi nemashanu °C uye chiyero chayo i15/1 yeradius yezuva. Kubva ipapo, simba rinofambiswa nezuva rinogadzirwa kuti rizadzise basa raro guru renyukireya pamwe chete nedzvinyiriro dziripo, izvo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo iyi ive vhezheni yekubatanidza. Simba regiravhiti rinoshanda semutsigiro weayakita iyi, umo maitikiro anoitika umo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari zvinogadzirwa.
Payakanyanya kukosha, hydrogen nuclei (protons) inoshandurwa kuita helium nuclei iri alpha particles, yakagadzikana pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aripo mukati memukati. Zvinhu zvinorema senge kabhoni neokisijeni zvinobva zvagadzirwa. Maitikiro ese aya anoburitsa simba rinofamba mukati meZuva kusvika rapararira muSolar System, kusanganisira nePasi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti sekondi yega yega, Zuva rinoshandura matani mamiriyoni mashanu ehuremu kuita simba rakachena.
Radioactive nzvimbo
Nzvimbo iyi ndipo panopenya simba rakanyura mukati memoyo. Iyi yakawanda yegasi inopisa zvakanyanya yakaumbwa mairi uye inoda kutamiswa, kuisunungura nekuitonhodza. Iro simba raunganidzirwa riri kuzofamba kuburikidza nemwaranzi michina yakananga kunze. Chinhu ichocho iplasma, ine tembiricha yakaderera pane iyo nucleus, iyo ine avhareji ye5 miriyoni kelvins.
Kuburikidza nemaitiro anononoka anotora mwedzi, simba iri muchimiro chephotons rinobva kunucleus rinokwanisa kusvika pamusoro. Zvidzidzo zvinoti kunonoka uku murwendo rwekuenda kunzvimbo dzekunze, kuti ruve chiedza, dzimwe nguva kunotora zviuru nemamiriyoni emakore.
Inotenderera nzvimbo
Nekunonotsa kusvika kwemafotoni kubva kunzvimbo yeradioactive, gasi rinosvika panzvimbo inopisa zvakanyanya uye ipapo, nekupisa kweiyo layer, inodonha nekukurumidza kusvika 2 miriyoni kelvins, inosvika pamusoro, inokwanisa kutonhora pasi uye inodzokera pakati. zuva
Muchikamu ichi ndipo panoshandiswa simba kutenderedza zvinhu uye magasi anotsvaga kukurumidza kusunungurwa uye kutonhora kunobvira anowanikwa, kuti atangezve maitiro, kubva pasi penzvimbo iyi kusvika pamusoro peZuva.
Kana simba rasvika kunonoka, kutakurwa kwaro kunoitwa ne convection, kuburikidza nemhirizhonga yemagasi patembiricha dzakasiyana. Kushandisa simba iri, maatomu anopisa anokwira kusvika kuzvikamu zvekunze zveZuva.
Photosphere
Ndiro danga rinoonekwa kubva kuNyika uye harina kukora kudarika zuva, ukobvu hunosvika 300 km uye nekudziya kunodarika 5.000 °C. Inowanzonzi "sphere yechiedza" nekuti kunobva kwakawanda kwemwaranzi inosvika kwatiri kubva kuZuva inoburitswa.
Aya mamiriro eZuva mune gasi, inopisa uye ionized state, inoita kuti nzvimbo yaro isaitwe nechinhu chinobatika.
Inoumbwa nezvinhu, zvinofamba zvakazara nemagranules anopenya anogara achishanda pakati pemaminetsi mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu ivo vachikwanisa kupenya simba, kutonhora pasi uye kudzokera kunzvimbo yapfuura.
Iyo photosphere inoonekwa kubva Earth Dimensions kuvanhu, zvisinei, teresikopu yakakosha ine mafirita akakodzera inodiwa. Kune zvishandiso zveizvi, zvevatangi uye zvemasainzi akasarudzika. Kana ikacherechedzwa, iyo photosphere inoita seinopenya pakutanga, yozongozoonekwa sechinhu chakakora chisingabvumidze kupinzwa.
Chromosphere
Ichi chinhu chinoonekwa sechikamu chekunze chephotosphere, chizere nekupenya kutsvuku uye kupenya kwemhepo kwakaiswa pamusoro payo, itete mupendero nekuremekedza kune zvimwe zvikamu.
Kuumbwa kweiyi gasi magasi eionized anoratidza simba remagineti uye anodarika makiromita 10.000 5.000 mukobvu. Magasi anobva muzvikamu zvakasiyana achaungana pamucheto uyu kuti asunungurwe zvachose, achisvika patembiricha iri pakati pe15.000 neXNUMX ºC.
Kana kunyura kwezuva kukaitika, zvinogoneka kuona chikamu ichi chechimiro cheZuva, iro chromospheric gasi harina kunyura uye nekusabuda zvakanaka, rinonyanya kujeka kune mazhinji anoonekwa mafungu.
Corona
Iyi yakakosha yezuva inzvimbo yemagineti panogadzirwa tembiricha yepamusoro uye ine density yakaderera zvakanyanya.Ichi chiitiko chinokwezva mitumbi kubva mugwara renyeredzi, senge asteroids, meteorites kana mamwe anotenderera pedyo.
Izvo zvakafanana zvinopedzwa uye zvinotakurwa kuti zviendese pakati pekati, nokudaro chiri chikafu chavo uye chekurarama kuvashandura kuva simba uye pakupedzisira vanova madota. Nekugara ichidya zuva, inonyatso kuburitsa kupisa kunodiwa paNyika kuti urarame.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti tembiricha yechikamu ichi chakakwira zvakanyanya, nekuda kwesimba remagineti rinogadzirwa neZuva.Zuva rega rega pakunyura kwezuva, bhendi rechiedza chisina kujeka rinoonekwa kumativi eecliptic. Nzvimbo iyi inounganidza guruva rakakura rinokwanisa kuparadzira mwenje unoburitswa kubva kuphotosphere uye inonzi zodiacal light. 
MuCorona ivo vachavewo vachionekwa, kana kuora kwezuva kukaitika, mukurumbira wezuva, kuburikidza nezvishwe zvinogadzirwa negasi uye zvakanyanya kutonhora.
Heliosphere
Iro idanho rinodzima, rinoumbwa nemaion anobva mumhepo yedenga remuchadenga pamwe chete nemagineti ayo. Iyi nzvimbo yechadenga inopindwa nemhepo yezuva uye magineti ayo, inosvika pakuvheneka kwayo ichipfuura nepakati pePluto. Iine mupendero wekunze unonzi heliopause.
Kuumbwa
Zvinhu zvinozivikanwa kubva muPeriodic Table zviri muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveZuva.Inoratidzwa pazasi. zuva rakagadzirwa nei, kusiyanisa kuti haidhirojeni nehelium ndizvo zvinhu zvakawandisa.
|
Kemikari zvikamu |
Symbol | % |
|
Hydrogen |
H |
92,1 |
| Hélio |
He |
7,8 |
| Okisijeni |
O |
0,061 |
| Carbon |
C |
0,03 |
| Nitrogen |
N |
0,0084 |
| Neon |
Ne |
0,0076 |
| Hierro |
Fe |
0,0037 |
| Nesilicon |
Si |
0,0031 |
| Magnesio |
Mg |
0,0024 |
| Sarufa |
S |
0,0015 |
| vamwe | X |
0,0015 |
Ongororo yemaitiro ezuva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, yakaratidza kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoumbwa sei:
Korona: iron, nickel, calcium uye argon zvakawanikwa mumhando yeion. Zuva harisisiri rakafanana, kuburikidza nemamiriyoni emakore ekuvapo, rinoshandura zvikamu zvaro maererano nekuumbwa, izvi zvicharamba zvichiita sezvo inoshandisa kugovera kwayo kwehydrogen nehelium.
Kutsvaga Chiitiko cheZuva
Kana nyeredzi ichishanda, izuva. Kunze sevanhu, inogona kuonekwa zuva rega rega, kusimuka kwayo uye kugadzika, asi mukati ine mhirizhonga yekusingaperi yesimba kubva pakadzika kwayo kusvika kumarara anonzwisiswa zuva nezuva mubasa rezuva. Magnetism inobata basa rakakosha muchiito ichi. Pakati pezvinhu zvikuru zvinoitika paZuva ndezvi:
mukurumbira wezuva
Izvo zvinozivikanwa nezvimiro zvegasi zvinoramba zviri patembiricha yakakwira uye saizi yavo iri kusimudzira, inoumbwa mukorona uye inodaidzwa semukurumbira, mabumps kana filaments. Iwo anosiyaniswa akatenderedza iyo inonzi solar ring, iyo Sun's magnetic field inoashandura uye inovaratidza seyakarebesa zvimiro zvinopindirana.
coronal mass ejection
Chiitiko chikuru chinoitika mukati muzvikamu zvezuva, chine nzira yekusiya chinhu chiri kumhanya zvakanyanya chinoburitswa.
Aya maejection, ayo anova coronal mass, anogara kwemaawa akawanda apo mitsara yemagineti ichiripo. Kana idzodzi dzanyangarika, dzinonyungudika uye dzinokurukura nesimba remagineti repasi uye ndipo apo vanhu vanogona kuona muchiono zvinhu zvinooneka zvokudenga zvakadai seaurora borealis uye aurora australis, izvo zvinoitika pedyo nematanda epasi.
Sunspots
Aya mavara anowanikwa muphotosphere; iwo matunhu anoonekwa pamusoro pesolar disk semavara matema uye tembiricha yadzo yakadzikira mukunyanya. Ivo vanoonekwa makore gumi nerimwe. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, unogona kubvunza nezve.
Nebetsero yeteresikopu yomuchadenga, masayendisiti akakwanisa kufanotaura nhamba yenzvimbo dzine zvishoma dzinobudirira mudenderedzwa rimwe nerimwe. Aya mavara anoshanda anotungamirirwa nekutenderera kweZuva uye anoratidzwa mberi nenzvimbo yakakura inoenda uye imwe inovhara boka.
Murazvo
Zuva rine simba remukati nekunze rarinogadzira, chimwe chezviitwa zvaro zvikuru kudzinga zvinhu kubva kuchromosphere uye corona. Kuburikidza neteresikopu nemasatellite, zvave zvichibvira kutora uku kupenya kwakamwe kamwe uye kukuru, uko kunobuda pamusoro pezuva, kunozivikanwa sokupisa.
Rufu
Chimwe chezvimiro zvenyeredzi ndechokuti dzinofa. Zuva richine hupenyu hurefu hwasara. Mafuta enyukireya ane zvikamu zvawo anopa mamiriyoni akawanda emakore zvakadaro. Galactically, maererano nevanoongorora nyeredzi, Zuva richaramba richitipa simba rayo risingamisiki.
Painofa uye zvinhu zvayo zvapera, hupenyu hwepaNyika hunoperawo. Kamwe kamwe hazvigone kuitika, masayendisiti anovimbisa kuti nzira yekufa ingave, kuti Zuva rinotanga kukura uye kuva muviri muhombe uye mutsvuku, chiito ichi chaizoburitsa kubuda kwemhepo. Makungwa nemakungwa kubva pasi.
Nzira chete yekuona kufa uku, kunofungidzirwa kuti kuchaitika mumakore 5 bhiriyoni, ndeyokuti vanhu vanofanira kutogara pane imwe nyika.
La chimiro chezuva kubva musimboti waro raizopararira, mufungu rinoparadza, richigumisa Pasi uye richigadzira neiro gasi rinopenya zvikuru, nebula huru. Mukati mayo, zvisaririra zvezuva rekare zvaizosara, zvichiva duku zvikuru "white dwarf", uye zvisaririra zvezuva rekare zvaizoramba zviri mukati, zviduku muhukuru kupfuura Nyika, asi zvakanyanya kuoma.
Mune mamwe makore bhiriyoni rimwe chete, inotonhora zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichitora zviuru zvemakore kuti ive mutema. Parizvino, zvakakosha kuenderera mberi nekudzidza chimiro chezuva uye kurega kunetseka nezvekudonha kwaro, sezvo Zuva rave riripo kweinopfuura hafu yehupenyu hwaro uye rine kugara kwenguva refu pamberi payo senyeredzi yePasi, kwemakore anopfuura bhiriyoni manomwe, isati yatanga kuderera.
