Vazhinji vedu takanyengerwa chose nekunaka kwe nebula mifananidzo iyo teresikopu yemazuva ano yakakwanisa kutora kwemakore akati wandei.
Asi ma<em>nebulae haasi maumbirwo akanaka chete anofanira kucherechedzwa, anopawo ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pechimiro chemapoka enyeredzi.
Kunzwisisa chimiro chenebula inzvimbo huru yekutanga kudzidza nyeredzi, sezvo iine zvinhu uye kukurudzira maitiro emakemikari anodiwa pakuumbwa kwemitumbi yekudenga senyeredzi.
Nebulae yanga iri nzvimbo yakakurukurwa zvikuru yekutsvakurudza mune zvenyeredzi kwemazana emakore, inenge ichangopfuura mushure mekugadzirwa kweteresikopu yekutanga. Kunyange muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vazivi vemitumbi yomudenga vakaziva kuti aya mapoka makuru ezvinhu aizokwanisa kuzarura zvimwe zvezvakavanzika zvikurusa zvechisiko chapose pose; sekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi.
Mazuva ano, maturusi etekinoroji, akadai seHubble Space Telescope, akatipa data rakawanda rakaita kuti tiwedzere kunzwisisa kwedu nebulae: kuumbwa kwavo, maitiro emakemikari, kukosha kweiyo interstellar medium, nezvimwe.
Kana iwe uri mudiwa wezvenyeredzi, saka chinyorwa ichi nezve space nebulae hachisi chinhu chaunoda kupotsa. Zvisinei, tisati tapinda munyaya yacho, ngationgororei zvinhu zvinokosha panyaya yacho.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinodakadza zvirimo mukati menyika yedu.Usarase chinyorwa chedu pa kwakabva maburi matema
Chii chinonzi nebula?
Nebulae maitiro egasi mukati meinterstellar medium, ndiko kuti, anoumba mukati memiganhu yemapoka enyeredzi. Anogona kucherechedzwa zvakanyanya mukati memadhisiki emadhiri enyeredzi kana chero nguva mune isina kujairika galaxy (nekuti ivo havana yakatsanangurwa giravhiti system).
Hazvina kujairika kuwana ma<em>nebula emhando ipi neipi mumakwara enzou, nokuti aya anogarwa zvikuru nenyeredzi dzakasakara zvikuru, nepo ma<em>nebulae ane chokuita negadziriro yokuberekwa kwenyeredzi itsva.
Nebula igore remagasi einterstellar, ane chinhu chikuru zvidimbu zvehelium nehaidhirojeni zvinoungana munzvimbo dzechadenga nekuda kwekuita kwemasimba anokwevera pasi pezvikamu.
Nekudaro, mapuraneti nebulae zvakare maumbirwo akapfuma mune mamwe anorema emakemikari zvinhu senge nickel, iron, okisijeni, kabhoni uye silicon, mune zviitiko apo ivo vakaumba mushure mekufa kwenyeredzi huru dzinofa.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ma nebulae mazhinji anoumbwa kubva mukuputika kwe supernovae, asi iyi inyaya yatinozotsanangura gare gare.
Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwavo kana rudzi rwekubuda kwezvinhu uye simba, nebulae inogona kukamurwa kuita mhuri huru nhatu
Rima nebulae
Rima nebulae dzinozivikanwawo se absorption nebulae. Iyo inoumbwa nekuunganidzwa kukuru kweguruva reinterstellar uye magasi asina simba rinokwanisa kuita ionizing zvimedu.
Vanodanwa kudaro nemhaka yokuti havagoni chaizvoizvo kubudisa simba ripi neripi kana kuti chinyorwa chechiedza, zvisinei, vanokwanisa kutora chiedza chemamwe ma<em>nebula kana kuti nyeredzi dziri pedyo nawo.
Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwavo kwechiedza chavo, kunyura nebulae kwakaoma zvakanyanya kuona neteresikopu. Nzira chete yekuvawana ndeye kushandisa mwenje wakapararira wezvikamu zvenyeredzi zviri kumashure kwavo.
Zvichida muenzaniso wakanaka werima nebula iCoalsack Nebula, iyo iri kumabvazuva kweboka renyeredzi reSouthern Cross. Horsehead ndeimwe isina-emission nebula inogona kuonekwa kubva kuPasi nekuda kwekusiyana kunokonzerwa nenyeredzi muOrion's Belt.
Kuti uone rudzi urwu rwenebula kure kure, zvinodikanwa kushandisa teresikopu inokwanisa kudzidza mune infrared.
MuMilky Way yedu takawana maumbirwo akasiyana siyana anokwana muchikamu ichi. Kunyangwe zvisingakwanisi kuoneka zvakajeka, kuvepo kwadzo kunowanikwa nenzvimbo dzakapararira dzinogona kucherechedzwa pamucheto unopenya wegwara redu renzou painocherechedzwa.
Emission nebulae
Emission nebulae chiono chaicho kuona, icho chero mudikani wenyeredzi angada kunakidzwa. Iwo anonyanya kuumbwa neasingadaviriki kuunganidzwa kwehydrogen particles, pamwe ne stardust uye mamwe makemikari zvinhu zvakaita senitrogen, sarufa, helium, okisijeni, neon, iron uye kabhoni. Zvose zvinodiwa pakuumbwa kwenyeredzi.
Kupenya kwakanyanya kunobva kuemission nebulae ndicho chigadzirwa chekuyerera kukuru kwemwaranzi iyo inoburitsa semhedzisiro yechiitiko chemakemikari mukati mayo, inokonzerwa neionization process yezvimedu (kunyanya nekuda kwekuumbwa kwezvitsva. nyeredzi).
Emission nebula inogona kuenderana kune chimwe chezvikamu zviviri, zvichienderana nekwakabva kana hunhu.
Nebulae ine chekuita nekuumbwa kwenyeredzi itsva
Mamwe emission nebulae ndiwo matunhu ari intergalactic ayo akabatana nerepamusoro-soro yekuumbwa kwenyeredzi itsva. Mienzaniso yatinowana mukati mechikamu ichi ine kupenya kwakanyanya uye rekodhi yekusimba kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet.
Izvi zvinoitika nekuti vane huwandu hwakanyanya huzhinji hwevadiki uye nyeredzi dzinopisa kwazvo mukati memukati mavo.
Zvichida muenzaniso wakanakisa watinogona kupa wenebulae ane chekuita nekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi ndeye Orion Nebula, Iri panzvimbo ichangopfuura 1200 chiedza chemakore kubva pasi redu, pamwe nekuwedzera kwemakore makumi maviri nemana echiedza, ihofori iyo ine nyeredzi dzakakwana dzenyeredzi uye mamwe madiki nebulae mukati maro.
Nebulae ine chekuita nenyeredzi dziri kufa
Ichi chikamu chinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya se mapuraneti nebulae, zvisinei nekuti havana chero hukama hwehukama nemapuraneti anozivikanwa kusvika zvino.
A planetary nebula chigadzirwa chekuwedzera kweionized magasi uye yakawanda yeplasma inogadzirwa panguva yekudonha kwehofori tsvuku nyeredzi. Kureva, apo nyeredzi inova supernova.
Kupenya kweplasma uye ionized zvimedu zvinokwanisa kupa huwandu hukuru hwemwaranzi, saka inopenya zvakanyanya, zvisinei, simba rese iri rinowanikwa nehamvuropu yemagasi.
Mapuraneti nebulae angangove ndiwo anonyanya kucherechedzwa uye akadzidzwa rudzi rwenebula mune zvenyeredzi nekuti akatibatsira kunzwisisa nzira yekudzokororwa kwezvinhu zvinotonga zvakasikwa.
Munguva yekuparara kwesupernovae, vanodzokera kunharaunda yemhoteredzo yakawanda yemakemikari "akakweretwa" ayo akanga ashandiswa kuumba nyeredzi yakatopedza mararamiro ayo uye iyo ichashandiswa kugadzira nyeredzi itsva.
The Helix Nebula kana kuti "Ziso raMwari" muenzaniso wakakwana wenebula yakagadzirwa kubva pakudhumhana kwenyeredzi yero (kufanana nezuva redu). Izvi zvinopa kuwedzera kwakaringana kwemagasi ane ionized, anodzorwa nendima yegiravhiti yeasina kusimba. white dwarf star.
reflection nebulae
A reflection nebula iriwo interstellar dust cloud, zvisinei, munyaya iyi haikwanisi kuunza simba rakakwana kuti ionize zvimedu zviri mukati maro, saka haibudisi chiedza chayo. Pane kudaro, inoratidza simba rinogadzirwa nenyeredzi uye mamwe ari pedyo emission nebulae.
Kuwanda kwavo kwekabhoni particles (muchimiro cheguruva redhaimani) ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei reflection nebulae inokwanisa kuparadzira chiedza chiri pedyo kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzomudenga.
Kufanana ne emission nebulae, iyo inoumbwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hweinterstellar huruva uye zvimedu zvehydrogen, okisijeni, silicon, nickel, helium, uye iron.
Kunyangwe vasingakwanisi kugadzira mwenje wavo, kudzima kwe "kukwereta" kupenya kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuona nebulae ine materesikopu easingaite.
Zvichida muchikamu ichi, imwe yemanebula ane mukurumbira iPleiades Nebula, gore rinowanikwa makore angangoita 400 light-year kubva paNyika, rinotendwa kuti rakaumbwa nenyeredzi diki dzinopenya 500 kusvika 1000.
Mazita anozivikanwa nebulae
crab nebula
Crab Nebula yakatanga kuonekwa nemuongorori wenyeredzi wekuEngland John Bevis muna 1731. Nebula iyi muenzaniso unoshamisa we plerion-mhando yepuraneti nebula.
Yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvakasara zve supernova iyo yakanyorwa kubva kuPasi muna Chikunguru 4, 1054 neArab nyanzvi dzenyeredzi.
Crab Nebula iri kure kure, 6300 light-years kubva kupasi redu, uye inofungidzirwa kuti ichiri kuwedzera pamwero we1500 km/s, iyo icharamba ichiita kusvika yadzinga marara ese akasara kubva kune nyeredzi yakadonha. Parizvino, Crab Nebula ine dhayamita yemakore matanhatu echiedza.
Iyo Crab Nebula yakave nemukurumbira nekuti yaive yekutanga kubuda nebula yakadzidzwa kuratidza kuti supernova kuputika chinhu chinokwanisa kugadzira. pulses.
Orion Nebula
Orion Nebula inozivikanwawo seMessier 42 mumashoko ezvenyeredzi. Iri imhando yakapararira nebula inogona kuwanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweboka renyeredzi Orion's Belt, iro rakatumidzwa zita racho.
Boka renyeredzi reOrion ndererudzi rwakapararira nekuti, nekuda kwekuwedzera kukuru, mukati memutumbi mumwechete rinopa matunhu akasiyana ane hunhu hwekuwedzera nebula uye nebhura rinoratidzira.
Nekuda kwehukuru hukuru hwekupenya, sechigadzirwa cheyakanyanya radioactive chiitiko, kutarisa Orion Nebula kuri nyore kubva kuPasi. Izvi zvaita kuti ive imwe yeakanyanya kutorwa mifananidzo uye akadzidza galactic zvinhu munhoroondo yese.
Kudzidza kwaro kwakatibatsira kunzwisisa nzira yekuumbwa kwenyeredzi itsva mukati me galactic medium, semugumisiro wekudhumhana kwemasumbu ehuruva nemagasi akadai sehydrogen, okisijeni, uye kabhoni. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve mamwe maficha eiyo girazi, unogona kushanyira chinongedzo.
Orion Nebula yakakura zvokuti ine mamwe ma<em>nebula ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana akadai se: Horsehead Nebula, Mairan Nebula, M78 uye Flame Nebula, tisingaverenge makumi ezviuru zvenyeredzi duku.
Gondo Nebula
Iyo emission nebula inoumbwa neRegion H II ine inoyevedza nyeredzi yekuzvarwa chiitiko. Inowanikwa pachinhambwe chingangoita 7000 chiedza makore kubva kuhurongwa hwedu, kunyangwe ichigona kuoneka zvakadzama nekuda kwechiyero chayo chakanaka chekubuda kwesimba.
Iri sumbu rinofungidzirwa kuti parizvino rine nyeredzi diki dzinosvika mazana matanhatu, uye huwandu hwayo hwepamusoro hwemamolecular hydrogen huri kuramba huchikurudzira kugadzirwa kwenyeredzi dzakawanda.
The Eagle Nebula chinhu chinonakidza kudzidza kune vanoongorora nyeredzi uye chave nemukurumbira zvakanyanya kune vanoita basa nekuti mukati mayo mune "Mbiru dzeKusika", megacluster yemagasi einterstellar anopa kuberekwa kwenyeredzi itsva pamwero unokurumidza zvikuru. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve galaxy uye kuumbwa kwenyeredzi, shanyira chinongedzo.
Katsi Ziso Nebula
Ingotarisa mufananidzo wakatorwa neHubble Space Telescope kuti unyatsoshamiswa neKatsi's Eye Nebula.
Ziso reKatsi mumwe muenzaniso wepuraneti nebula. Izvi zvakaumbwa kubva pakudonha kwenyeredzi huru muboka renyeredzi reShato uye yakawanikwa muna 1786 naWilliam Herschel.
Ziso rekatsi nebula rave chinhu chakakosha chekudzidza kune nyeredzi nekuda kwekunyanya kuoma kwemukati maumbirwo ayo, chimwe chinhu chinogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama nekungotarisa pane imwe yemifananidzo yayo.
Mukati munogona kuona kuwanda kwesimba rinopenya zvakanyanya, jeti dzeplasma uye zvinhu zvenyeredzi, zvese zvichitenderera zvakatenderedza nyeredzi diki, diki yepakati yemhando yespectral type, inofungidzirwa kuti inopenya kakapetwa ka10.000 kupfuura zuva redu pachedu.
Ziso reKatsi idiki nebula, sezvo masayendisiti anotenda kuti nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hwazvino, zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwenyaya yayo, inogona kunge iine chiuru chemakore.
