Wakambozvibvunza here kuti chii chiri kunze kwemiganhu yegungwa uye ndeipi mitemo inotonga nzvimbo idzi dzakakura dzemvura? Mvura dzepasi rose inyaya inoburitsa kuda kuziva uye, kazhinji, kusanzwisisana. Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti chero chinhu chinoenda munzvimbo idzi dzemugungwa, asi chokwadi chakanyanya kuoma. Ichi chinyorwa chichakubatsira iwe kuziva chaizvo kuti mvura dzepasirese chii. kuti dzakaganhurwa sei, ndedzipi mitemo inodzitonga, ndeapi mabasa anobvumidzwa uye ndeapi matambudziko uye maburi emutemo avanosangana nawo.
Kana iwe unofarira nezvegungwa, kufamba nechikepe, zvematongerwo enyika Kana kana iwe uchingoda kunzwisisa zvinoitika mumakungwa asiri echero nyika, pano tinopa yakakwana, yakajeka, uye yemazuva ano gwara. Tichaongorora ikozvino mutemo wemitemo, kodzero uye zvisungo zveNyika nevanhu vari mumakungwa makuru, uye kutsanangura. nei mvura dzepasi rose dzakakosha kuhupfumi hwenyika, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Chii chinonzi mvura dzepasi rose?
Mvura dzepasi rose dzinotsanangurwa senzvimbo idzo dzemugungwa dzisiri pasi pehutongi hweNyika chero ipi zvayo. Ndiko kuti, ivo havasi chikamu chegungwa renharaunda, iyo contiguous zone, kana yakasarudzika yehupfumi zone (EEZ) yechero nyika, kana yemukati memvura kana zvitsuwa. Iwo anozivikanwawo se "makungwa makuru" uye anotariswa, maererano neUnited Nations, nhaka yevanhu vose.
Aya mazoni haasi echero nyika chaiyo, saka nhevedzano yerusununguko rwekutanga iripo kune nyika dzese. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufamba nechikepe, kubhururuka zvakapfuura, kuredza, kuita tsvakiridzo yesainzi kana zvimwe zviitiko zvehupfumi.
Delimitation: Mvura dzepasi rose dzinotangira kupi?
Kuti unzwisise kuti mvura dzepasi rose dzinotangira papi, zvakakosha kuti utange waona nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemugungwa dzinozivikanwa neUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Kuganhurwa kwemvura dzepasi rose kunotanga nechirongwa chinotevera:
- Territorial sea: Inokwira kusvika kumakiromita gumi nemaviri kubva kumahombekombe enyika. Mukati menzvimbo iyi, nyika inoshandisa hutongi hwakazara, sekunge inzvimbo yayo pachayo.
- Contiguous nzvimbo: Inovhara huwandu hwe12 kusvika ku24 nautical mamaira. Pano, Hurumende inogona kushandisa mamwe masimba kudzivirira kana kuranga tsika, mutero, kubuda kwevanhu munyika, kana kutyora hutano.
- Exclusive economic zone (EEZ): Inotambanukira kusvika ku200 nautical mamaira kubva kumahombekombe. Munzvimbo iyi, nyika ine kodzero dzakakwana dzekushandisa zviwanikwa (hove, mahydrocarboni, zvicherwa, nezvimwewo), kunyangwe isingashandisi hutongi hwakakwana.
- Continental sherufu: Inosanganisira pasi pegungwa uye pasi pevhu, kazhinji ichikwira kusvika ku200 nautical mamaira, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nguva inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kana geological mamiriro akabvumidza.
Kupfuura 200 nautical mamaira, uye kunze kwehutongi hwechero nyika, tinowana mvura dzepasirese. Ndiyo chikamu chikuru chegungwa repasi rose, inotora 60% yepasi payo.
Hurongwa hwemutemo: Mvura dzepasi rose dzinodzorwa sei?
Murau mukuru wepasirese unodzora mvura dzepasirese iChibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheMutemo weGungwa (UNCLOS), chakagamuchirwa muna 1982 uye chakashanda kubvira 1994. Chibvumirano ichi, chakasainwa nenyika dzinopfuura 160, chinogadza hwaro hwekutsanangura nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemugungwa uye kodzero nezvisungo zveNyika dziri mukati madzo.
MuChinyorwa chayo 87, UNCLOS inozivisa musimboti wakakosha werusununguko rwemakungwa makuru:
- Rusununguko rwekufamba: Zvikepe zvese zvinogona kufamba mumvura dzepasirese pasina zvirambidzo zvisina kurongeka.
- Rusununguko rwekubhururuka zvakanyanya: Chero ndege inogona kuyambuka airspace pamusoro pemakungwa makuru.
- Rusununguko rwekuisa tambo dzepasi pemvura uye mapaipi: Zvinokwanisika kuisa kutaurirana kana magetsi ekufambisa zvivakwa zvinobatanidza mapoinzi akasiyana papasi.
- Rusununguko rwekuvaka zvitsuwa zvekugadzira uye zvimwe zvivakwa: Chero bedzi vachibvumirwa nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda.
- Rusununguko rwekubata hove: Nyika ipi neipi ine maruramiro okushandisa zviwanikwa zvipenyu zvegungwa, kunyange zvazvo paine ganhuriro dzakati dzokudzivisa kubatwa hove kwakanyanyisa uye kudzivirira marudzi.
- Rusununguko rwekutsvaga kwesainzi: Nyika dzinogona kuita zvidzidzo zvesainzi uye mapurojekiti mumvura dzepasirese, nekuremekedza zvakatipoteredza uye zvinofarirwa nevechitatu mapato.
Rusununguko urwu runofanira kushandiswa maererano nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye nekuremekedza zvido zvedzimwe nyika. Uyezve, UNCLOS inogadza kuti makungwa makuru anofanirwa kushandiswa chete kune zvinangwa zverunyararo (Chinyorwa 88), zvichireva kuti hapana nyika inogona kuita zvehondo kana zvinogumbura munzvimbo idzi.
Ndezvipi zviitiko zvinotenderwa mumvura dzepasirese?
Zviitiko zvinotenderwa mumvura dzepasi rose zvinosanganisira: Kufamba, kubata hove, tsvakiridzo yesainzi, kubhururuka kwepamusoro, kuisirwa tambo dzepasi pemvura uye mapaipi, kuvakwa kwezvitsuwa zvekugadzira uye zvivakwa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye zvicherwa.
Kudzivirira kushungurudzwa, kuchengetedza kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye kudzivirira kurwisana kwenyika dzakawanda kana kuparwa kwemhosva, pane miganhu nemirau yezviitwa izvi. Nyika dzese dzinoshanda mumvura dzepasirese dzinofanirwa kushandirapamwe kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvipenyu, kudzivirira kusvibiswa, uye kuona kuchengetedzwa kwemugungwa.
Semuenzaniso, chimwe chezvakakosha ndechekuti zvikepe zvese zvinofanirwa kunyoresa mureza wazvo muHurumende uye zvinosungirwa kubhururuka mureza wenyika iyoyo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mitemo yenyika yemureza inoshanda kune vashandi nevafambi vengarava iyoyo, kunyangwe vakapara mhosva mumakungwa makuru.
Maburi emutemo uye mhosva mumvura dzepasirese
Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wepasi rose wemutemo uripo, mvura dzepasi rose dzinotarisana nemikana yepamutemo uye matambudziko mukutevedzwa kwayo. Kushaikwa kwekuongororwa uye kuva kure kwezviremera zvinoita kuti zviome kudzora zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo zvakaita sekuredza zvisiri pamutemo, kusvibisa, kutengeswa kwevanhu, kuparwa kwemhosva, kana mhosva dzakakomba dzakadai sekuponda mumakungwa.
Mukuita, kana mhosva yaparwa mungarava mugungwa, mureza wenyika ichava nemhosva yekupomera nekuranga mutadzi. Pamhosva dzakakomba kana dzepasirese, dzakaita sehumbavha, Hurumende chero ipi zvayo inogona kupindira pasi pemutemo wekutonga kwepasirese, kunyange hazvo kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese kuchiwanzodikanwa.
Muzviitiko zvekurwisana nezvombo, zvivharo zvehondo zvinogona kuiswa, asi nemitemo yakasimba. Semuenzaniso, rubatsiro rwakakosha rwekubatsira harugone kudziviswa, hupenyu hwevagari vemo huri mungozi, kana kodzero yekufambisa yedzimwe nyika inorambidzwa.
Kukosha kwepasi rose kwemvura dzepasirese
Mvura dzepasi rose dzinoita basa rakakosha mukutengeserana kwepasirese, kutaurirana, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye geopolitics. Vanobvumira ngarava dzinobva kune chero nyika kuti dzifambe pasina zvirambidzo uye kufambisa kutakurwa kwezvinhu, zviwanikwa, uye vanhu pakati pemakondinendi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuhupfumi hwenyika.
Kubva pakuona kwesainziMakungwa epamusoro anopa mukana wakakura wekudzidza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvipenyu zvemugungwa, uye geological maitiro anokanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye hupenyu hwePasi. Pamusoro pezvo, ivo kumusha kune zviwanikwa zvakaita sehove, zvicherwa, uye mahydrocarbons, ane manejimendi akasimba akakosha pakugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
Matambudziko, kutyisidzira uye matambudziko mukutonga kwemvura dzepasirese
Mvura dzepasi rose dzinotarisana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana anoda kushanda pamwe kwenyika dzese:
- Kusvibiswa uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze: Kushaikwa kwezvinodzora kunotungamirira mukuraswa kwemarara nemapurasitiki. Uyezve, zviitiko zvakaita segungwa acidification uye kukwira kwemazinga egungwa zvine kukanganisa kwepasirese.
- Kuredza zvakanyanya uye kupera kwezviwanikwa: Kuredza kusingadzorwi kwakaparira kuparara kwehove uye kunokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya pasi rose.
- Geopolitical kunetsana uye piracy: Kusavapo kwechiremera chepakati kunoita kuti zviome kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuchengetedza zvakakosha zvivakwa.
- Kudzivirirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana: Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye zviitiko zvitsva, senge mugodhi wakadzika-mugungwa, zvinogona kutyisidzira mhuka dzakasiyana nenzvimbo dzekugara.
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda: mhinduro uye zvibvumirano
Kuburikidza chete nekushandira pamwe pakati peNyika ndipo panogona kutariswa mvura dzepasi rose zvine mwero uye zvakachengeteka. Zvibvumirano zvepasi rose, zvinosanganisira UNCLOS uye zvibvumirano zvekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvegungwa, zvakakosha.
Parizvino, pane zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza nharaunda yegungwa, kuronga kununura, nekurwisa hutsotsi hwepasi rose. Kutarisisa kwakabatana, kutsvagisa, uye kugovana ruzivo kwakakosha kune izvi kuedza.
Semuenzaniso, rubatsiro rwekubatsira kune vapoteri vari mumakungwa makuru zvinoda kushanda pamwe chete kuvimbisa hupenyu nekodzero, maererano nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda.
Curiosities uye zviitiko chaizvo mumvura dzepasirese
Nekufamba kwenguva, mvura dzepasirese dzave nzvimbo yemamiriro akasiyana uye dzakashandiswa nevanhu vakazvimirira nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemutemo. Mitambo yemifananidzo, makasino anoyangarara, uye makiriniki anotakurwa nefoni zvakarongwa kuti vanzvenge kurambidzwa kwemutemo mune dzimwe nyika.
Zvakadaro, zviitwa zvakawanda zvinogara zvichitsamira pamureza wengarava uye nemutemo wepasirese unoshanda. Kunyange zvazvo rusununguko rwemakungwa rwakatangwa muzana remakore rechi17, kubatana uye kutevedzera mitemo yepasi rose kwakakosha kudzivirira kushungurudzwa uye kuchengetedza nhaka yakafanana yemakungwa.
Mvura dzepasi rose dzinomiririra imwe yemiganhu yekupedzisira yakagovaniswa papasi. Kunyange zvazvo vasiri pasi peHurumende ipi neipi, basa rekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvavo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kushandiswa kwavo murunyararo nderevanhu vose. Mitemo yenyika yose, inotungamirirwa neUNCLOS, inopa mazano akajeka, kunyange zvakadaro Inosanganawo nezvipingamupinyi mukushandiswa kwayo uye kuongorora. Nyika yedu inogara ichichinja inotsamira zvakanyanya pakutonga kwakakodzera kwenzvimbo idzi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderera, runyararo, uye kururamisira kupfuura miganhu yenyika.
