Mashoko ekuti "mepu chaiyo" anobva pashoko rechiLatin rekuti mappa uye anoreva mufananidzo wenzvimbo. Mepu chaiyo inogona kuoneka papepa yakaita serectangle kana muchimiro chedenderedzwa chinotevedzera globe. Uyezve, izwi rekuti physical rinogona kureva chero chinhu chine chekuita nemuviri kana chimiro.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve mepu dzemuviri, pano tinokuudza.
Ndeapi maitiro emepu inooneka?
Mepu dzinokubatsira kutsvaga nzvimbo itsva nekupa nzira yekufamba munzvimbo yausingazive. Dzinokupawo ruzivo rwemakomo, nzizi, uye nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzenzvimbo yacho.
Mepu iyi inoshandisa mavara nemitsetse yakayerwa zvichienderana nehukuru kuratidza mutsauko pakati pekukwirira, makungwa, uye makondinendi . Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuona hurefu hwedaro riri pakati penzvimbo. Zvinhu zvinoonekwa zvisipo pamepu iyi zvinosanganisira maguta, migwagwa, nzvimbo dzekushanyira, nedzimwe ruzivo rusiri rwenzvimbo. Pane kudaro, mepu iyi inotarisa pane geology uye geography yenyika.
Mepu chaiyo inosanganisa zvinhu zvenzvimbo nekurongeka kwenzvimbo dzayo. Yakasiyana nemepu yezvematongerwo enyika, inoratidza nzvimbo dzevanhu vakasiyana vari munharaunda kana munyika. Kunewo mepu dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinoratidza zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri mumufananidzo mumwe chete. Mepu idzi dzakazara dzinobatsira pakudzidza misoro yakasiyana-siyana ine chekuita nekartography uye mashandisirwo ayo mukunzwisisa nzvimbo.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoumba mepu inooneka?
Mepu yega yega ine zvinhu zvakati. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo nenzvimbo, mativi maviri, kumira, kubvisa uye kuita zvinhu zvakanaka, chiyero, uye mareferensi. Mepu yega yega inosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvainosanganisira. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru musiyano pakati pemamepu ihukuru hwavo hwematatu. Chinhu ichi chakaunzwa sezvo nzanga dzakafambira mberi kusvika padanho repamusoro. Mepu dzakachinja apo tsika dzakabatanidza hunhu hwematatu nekuti dzaimiririra chokwadi kubva pamaonero akatwasuka, sekunge nzvimbo yaionekwa kubva kumusoro nguva dzose. Uyezve, mamepu aya aishandisa zviratidzo zvakanaka uye zvisingawanzoonekwi kuti zvimiririre zvinhu zvenzvimbo. Akashandisawo chiyero chakaderedzwa.
Mamepu anooneka anogona kuratidza nzvimbo diki setaundishipi kana nzvimbo yakakura sekondinendi. Vanogonawo kuva nemazinga akasiyana-siyana ehuwandu.
Kugadzira mamepu inzira inoda basa rakawanda. Parizvino, mamepu mazhinji anogadzirwa achishandisa mapikicha emuchadenga neesatellite , anozivikanwa se orthophotos . Izvi zvinoita kuti kugadzirwa kwawo kuve kwakarurama. Sezvo tekinoroji ichivandudzika, kugadzira mamepu kunova nyore. Uyezve, ruzivo nezvenzvimbo yevanhu rwunowanikwa runozadzisa zvidzidzo zvemamepu chaiwo uye runotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani nharaunda.
Mepu yemuviri inodudzirwa sei?
Kuti mududzire mavara nemazvo, gwara rinodiwa kuti rikubatsirei kunzwisisa mepu; saka, ngano inogadzirwa. Ngano itafura ine ruzivo nezvezvinoreva ruvara rumwe nerumwe. Pazasi, tichakupa gwara pfupi pamusoro pemavara anoshandiswa mumamepu chaiwo:
- Mavara kusviba ratidza nzvimbo dzakakwiriranepo mavara zvakanyanya kujeka ratidza nzvimbo dzakaderera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kunzwisisa mepu kunowanzoda kuziva kujeka kwemavara.
- Mavara girini, yero uye shava kumiririra ruyamuro. Aya mavara anomiririra mahombekombe, nzvimbo dzebrown pakati, uye nzvimbo dzeyero pakati.
- Mavara bhuruu zvakaitirwa mitumbi yemvura. Iyo yakadzika yemuviri wemvura inomiririrwa neyakasvibira bhuruu, senge mumadziva nemakungwa, kune nyanza, madhaka uye nzizi dzine kuyerera kudiki, yakareruka bhuruu inoshandiswa. Kuwedzera kujeka mumufananidzo kunoreva zvikamu zvakadzika zvemufananidzo.
Sei mavara achishandiswa?
Mepu dzepanyama dzinodhirowa kuti dzienderane nehukuru uye dzinoenderana nechimiro chemetric, izvo zvinobatsira vashandisi kuverenga nzvimbo nemadaro zviri nyore . Mugadziri wemamepu, nyanzvi mune zvemamepu, ndiye ane basa rekugadzira mepu. Mepu idzi dzinonyorawo mazita emaguta makuru, asi miganhu yawo haina kunyatsotsanangurwa (nekuda kweizvi, zvakakosha kutarisa mepu dzezvematongerwo enyika).
Kuti kusiyanisa hunhu hwenyika, mepu chaiyo inoshandisa mavara . Mavara akareruka anoratidza nzvimbo yakati sandara kana kuti isina kudzika, nepo mavara akasviba achimiririra nzvimbo dzakakwirira uye dzakadzika. Saka, nzizi nemadziva zvinoratidzwa nebhuruu, uye mvura yadzo yakadzika, mitsetse yadzo yakasviba zvikuru. Makomo nezvikomo zvinomiririrwa nebrown netsvuku, uye mapani negirinhi.
Mamepu akachinja sei munhoroondo yese?
Mepu yekutanga yakagadzirwa nevanhu yakagadzirwa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Anaximander muzana ramakore rechishanu BC. C., umo chairatidza nyika yakawanda yakakomberedzwa negungwa guru. Gare gare kudhirowa kwakakwenenzverwa uye huwandu uhu hwakava Gungwa reMedithera, Gungwa Dzvuku nenzizi dzeNire. Europe, Libya neAsia zvakaparadzaniswa nerwizi Phasis.
Mepu yekutanga yepasi rose yakazara yakabudiswa muna 1570 CE . Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kwakanyanya kwemasvomhu nefizikisi muzana remakore rechi16 kusvika rechi18 kwakabvumira kuyerwa kwakanyatsojeka. Izvi zvaisanganisira latitudes, longitudes, meridians, uye mamepu zvakazara.
Mepu dzenyama dzakaitwa kusashanda nekushandiswa kwesextants uye telescope muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Mepu dzine mifananidzo uye GPS coordinates dzakatorwa kubva muchadenga dzinopa maonero chaiwo enzvimbo yePasi. Dzakagadzirwa uchishandisa software ye georeferencing yakaita seQGIS neArcGIS. Mamepu aya anogara achigadziriswa anobvumira vanogadzira mepu kugadzira machati anonyora shanduko dzese dzakaoma mu geography yePasi.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti izwi rekuti "physical mep" haringoshandiswi mu cartography ne geography chete. Mu biology, kunyanya munyaya dze genetics, rinoshandiswawo kureva majini ne genetic markers zvinoumba ma chromosomes.
Tinovimba kuti ruzivo urwu rwakabatsira mukunzwisisa mamepu emuviri.