Mamiriro ekunze epasi ari kuchinja nekukurumidza zvisati zvamboitika munhoroondo ichangopfuura.Uye haisi mubvunzo chete we "iri kuwedzera kupisa." Tiri kutaura nezve shanduko dzinobata hutano, hupfumi, zvipenyu, uye mararamiro atinoita mumaguta nekumaruwa. Humbowo hwesainzi hwakawandisa: avhareji tembiricha yepasi rose yatove inenge 1,1 ° C yakakwirira kupfuura pakupera kwezana ramakore reXNUMX., uye makumi amakore mashoma apfuura anga ari anodziya zvikurusa akanyorwa.
Chikonzero chikuru chiitiko chevanhu, kunyanya kupiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa, kutemwa kwemasango, nemamwe maindasitiri nekurima. Maitiro aya anoburitsa magasi egreenhouse "anodziya" pasi uye kuchengetedza kupisa.Mhedzisiro yacho ihombe yezvinokanganisa: kazhinji uye kupisa kwakanyanya kwemafungu, kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, mafashama emvura, kukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, kukurumidza kunyungudika kunyungudika, uye kurasikirwa kunotyisa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Chii chinonzi shanduko yemamiriro ekunze?
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndiko kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu., seavhareji tembiricha, kunaya kana kuwanda kwezviitiko zvakanyanyisa, zvakanyanya kukonzerwa nemabasa evanhu kubva muzana remakore rechi19Kupiswa kwemarasha, oiri, uye gasi, pamwe chete nokushandurwa kwekushandiswa kwevhu, kwakachinja kuumbwa kwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi, kuchiwedzera mhepo yakasikwa yokupisa.
Zvakakosha kusiyanisa "mamiriro ekunze" uye "mamiriro ekunze": Mamiriro ekunze mamiriro ekunze pane imwe nzvimbo nenguva (anogona kuchinja zuva nezuva), nepo mamiriro ekunze ari avhareji yemaitiro emamiriro ekunze kwemakumi emakore. Izvo zvakakoshawo kusiyanisa pakati pe "global warming" uye "climate change": Yekutanga ndeyekuwedzera kweavhareji tembiricha yepasi, uye ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvinokonzeresa yechipiri, ine yakawanda yakabatana mhedzisiro.
The greenhouse effect, yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka
The greenhouse effect chiitiko chemusikirwo chinoita kuti Nyika igare.: mamwe magasi ari muchadenga anoita kuti mwaranzi yezuva ipfuure, asi inochengeta kumwe kupisa kunoburitswazve nepasi. Dambudziko riripo ndere kuwandisa kwemagasi aya nekuda kwemabasa evanhu., iyo inowedzera "kudziya" uye inodziya mamiriro ekunze pamusoro peyakaenzana.
Magasi anonyanya kukosha icarbon dioxide (CO2) uye methane (CH4), pamwe ne nitrous oxide (N2O) uye mamwe maindasitiri efluorinated magasi. Concentrations dzasvika kurekodha nhanho: CO2 yakatenderedza 428,55 zvikamu pamiriyoni zvichienderana neyakatevedzana yekutarisa seMauna Loa, zvichienzaniswa ne316,16 ppm yakanyorwa muna 1958Mumakore angangoita makumi manomwe, kuwedzera kwehama kunodarika 30%, kusvetuka kwakakurumidza kana kuchienzaniswa nemitengo yakasikwa munguva yakapfuura.
Emissions inobva kupi?
Simba, indasitiri, zvifambiso, zvekurima, zvivakwa uye mashandisirwo evhu account kune yakawanda yekubuda.Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine tsoka yaro uye nzvimbo yekuvandudza. Heino mhedziso yakajeka uye yakatwasuka.
Chizvarwa chemasimba
Kugadzira magetsi uye kupisa nemarasha uye gasi kunoramba kuchigadzira huwandu hukuru hwe CO2 neN2O. Kunyangwe nyika iri kufamba yakananga kumhepo nesolar, Inopfuura hafu yemagetsi epasi rose haasati avandudzwa, saka pane mukana mukuru wekudzikisa pano kana tikamhanyisa decarbonization.
Indasitiri uye kugadzira
Kugadzira simende, simbi, zvinhu zvemagetsi, machira kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira simba rakawanda uye nzira dzekuburitsa.. Pamusoro pekushandisa mafuta, Mamwe maitiro emakemikari anoburitsa CO2 kana fluorinated magasiKugadziridza ovheni, electrifying process, uye kumbundira zvinhu zvakatenderedzwa uye dhizaini chikamu chemhinduro.
Kutemwa kwemasango uye kuchinja kwekushandiswa kwevhu
Tinotema masango emafuro, zvirimwa kana matanda uye tinobudisa kabhoni yakachengetwa mumiti.. Kana yanyangarika, masango anomira kutora CO2, izvo zvinowedzera dambudziko racho. Iyi seti yezviitwa inomiririra chikamu chakakura chehutsi hwepasi rose.
Kutakura
Migwagwa, ngarava uye ndege zvinotsamira zvakanyanya pamafuta ezvicherwa.. Motokari dzinopisa dzinotonga uye Zvifambiso zvinotora chikamu chimwe muzvina chesimba repasi rose CO2Kuiswa kwemagetsi, mafuta anoramba aripo, uye modal shifts (zvimwe zvitima, mabhasikoro, uye kufamba) ndizvo zvakakosha.
Kugadzirwa kwezvokudya
Chikafu chekudya chinobuda nenzira dzakawanda: kubva pakucheneswa kwevhu uye kutemwa kwemasango kusvika kumethane kubva kuzvipfuwo, kuburikidza nefetereza, michina nemacheni anotonhora uye zvinhuKugadzirisazve kudya uye maitiro ekurima anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa uku.
Zvivakwa
Zvivakwa zvekugara uye zvekutengesa zvinopedza inopfuura hafu yemagetsi epasi rose.. Kana kupisa, mhepo inotonhorera kana mvura inopisa zvinoenderana negasi, marasha kana dhiziri, kubudiswa kunowedzeraInsulation, pombi dzekupisa, uye magetsi akachena anoita mutsauko.
Kushandiswa uye mararamiro
Zvatinotenga, kudya, kushandisa nekurasa zvine zvazvinoitaChikamu chakakosha zvikuru chezvinobuda zvakabatana nemhuri. Vapfumi 1% vepasi vanoburitsa, pamwe chete, kupfuura varombo 50%., asymmetry inotimanikidza kuti tifunge zvakare maitiro uye mabasa.
Uchapupu: zviratidzo izvo zvino zvisingabviri kufuratira
Kudziya kwakacherechedzwa hakuna kujeka uye kwakanyorwa zvakanyanya.Makore gumi apfuura anga ari anodziya zvakanyanya pane zvinyorwa, uye Imwe neimwe yechina yekupedzisira yaidziya kupfuura chero yapfuura kubvira 1850. Haisi nyore kutenderera kwechisikigo: anthropic zviratidzo "imba" munhevedzano yekushisa, chando, makungwa uye zviitiko zvakanyanyisa.
Arctic yakarasikirwa ne2,14 miriyoni km² yechando chegungwa rezhizha kubvira 1980., uye muAntarctica kukura kweaizi, mushure memakore ekugadzikana uye kunyange kuwedzera, yakatanga kuderera inofungidzirwa kutenderedza mamirioni 1,3 km². Pavhu rakaoma. Mazaya echando akarasikirwa nematani anopfuura matiriyoni mapfumbamwe echando kubvira 9 uye nhasi anonyungudutswa pamwero unosvika 500.000 mabhiriyoni ematani pagore.
Kurasika kweaizi yepanyika kunokwidza mwero wegungwaKunyungudika kweglacial chete kwakabatsira nezve 18 mm, uye chiyero chepasi rose chakakwira neanenge 19 cm pakati pa1901 na2010. Mafungiro anonongedza 24-30 cm ne2065 uye 40-63 cm ne2100. (kuenzaniswa na1986-2005). Kunyangwe tikamisa kuburitsa nhasi, Kumwe kwekuchinja uku kucharamba kuripo kwemazana emakore nekuda kwe inertia yemamiriro ekunze.
Ecosystems zvakare iri kuchinja nenzira dzinoyerwaPhenologies, nzira dzekutama uye kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwemarudzi kunochinjwa; tupukanana nezvirwere zvinowedzera yakabatana nematembiricha-sensitive vectors. Vakacherechedzwa Kutadza kubereka mu emperor penguin makoloni apo aizi inoputika nokukurumidza, uye mhuka huru dzomugungwa dzinotambura kusiyana kwekuwanikwa kwekrill nekuda kwekuchinja kwekukwira uye chimiro chegungwa.
Kukanganisa kwevanhu uye hupfumi
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokanganisa hutano, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, pekugara nemabasaMafungu ekupisa anowedzera kufa, anoderedza kubereka kwevashandi, uye anonetsa zvirongwa zvehutano; Kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu kunodzvinyirira zvirimwa nezvipfuwo; uye zviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvinokuvadza zvivakwa uye cheni dzekugovera.
Kusagadzikana hakusi kugovaniswa zvakaenzanaNzvimbo dzezvitsuwa dzakaderera uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzatotarisana nekupinda kwemvura yemunyu, kurasikirwa kwenyika uye kumanikidzwa kutamiswaNhamba ye "vapoteri vemamiriro ekunze" ingangowedzera. Ongororo dzakasiyana siyana pasi peiyo chiyero chekururamisira kwemamiriro ekunze: avo vakapa zvishoma kudambudziko vanowanzotambura zvakanyanya kubva pamhedzisiro yaro.
Chegumi chega chega zvine basa: zvikumbaridzo uye njodzi
Kudzikamisa kudziya kusvika ku1,5°C kunodzivirira kuipa kwakanyanya, maererano nekuongorora kwenyika dzakawanda kwakaongororwa nezviuru zvemasayendisiti. Zvisinei, nemitemo yazvino, Nyika iri kunanga kunoda kusvika 2,8°C pakupera kwezana ramakore.Isu takatopfuura apo neapo muganhu we1,5°C muzvikamu zvipfupi, zvichiratidza kuti tave pedyo zvakadii nemuganhu wekushandisa zvakachengeteka.
Mamiriro enjodzi haana mutsara: Diki yekuwedzera tembiricha inowedzera inogona kukonzeresa shanduko dzisina kuenzana mumamiriro ekunze ekunze, kuwanikwa kwemvura, kana kugadzikana kwezvipenyu zvipenyu (Amazon rainforest, permafrost tundras). Naizvozvo, chegumi chega chega chedhigirii chinonzvengwa.
Ndiani anoburitsa zvakawanda uye ndiani anofanira kutanga kuita?
Emissions inouya kubva kumativi ose enyika, asi yakanyanyisaManomwe makuru emitters — China, United States, India, European Union, Indonesia, Russia, neBrazil— yakaverengera ingangoita hafu yegreenhouse magasi muna 2020. Kunyangwe munhu wese achifanira kuita, Avo vanobudisa zvakanyanya vane basa guru uye rinowedzera pakarepo.
Mhinduro: kudzikisira, kugadzirisa uye mari
Iyo nzira yemugwagwa inosanganisa nzira nhatu huru: kuderedza kubudiswa (kuderedza), gadzirira zvinokanganisa zvisingadzivisiki (kugadzirisa) uye unganidza mari zvakakwana zvose. Kune maitiro akafanana - kubva kuParis Agreement kusvika kune Sustainable Development Goals - anotungamira kuedza kwepasi rose.
KudzikisiraKuchinja kubva kumafuta ezvicherwa kuenda kuzvinovandudzwa (mhepo, solar, nezvimwe), kuisa magetsi ekupedzisira-kushandisa, uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuderedza kuburitswa kwakawanda. Sainzi inoratidza kuti hafu yekuyedza kudzikisa inofanira kuzadzikiswa ne2030. kuchengetedza 1,5°C sarudzo. Kuti udzivise kukuvadzwa kwenjodzi, Zvichave zvakakosha kudzikisa kubviswa kwezvakasimbiswa zvisaririra zvakachengetwa neanopfuura maviri-matatu pamberi pe2050..
KugadziriswaZvinosanganisira kuchengetedza vanhu, zvipenyu, uye zvivakwa kubva kumamiriro ekunze ari kuchinja. Yekutanga yambiro masisitimu anoponesa hupenyu uye anogona kupa mabhenefiti anosvika gumi zvakapetwa kupfuura mutengo wavo.Kuisa pamberi pevakanyanya kutambudzika kunowedzera kusimba uye kuenzana.
MariKusaita kunodhura zvakanyanya pane kuita. Nyika dzakabudirira dzakavimbisa kuunganidza mabhiriyoni zana emadhora pagore kutsigira nyika dzichiri kusimukira. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pamusangano wemamiriro ekunze, Yakakurudzirwa kukwidza chishuvo kumadhora mazana matatu emadhora pagore kusvika 300.000. kuderedza utsi, kuchengetedza hupenyu nekuchengetedza raramo. Zvakadaro, Vatungamiriri vanoyambira kuti rimwe basa richadiwa kuvhara gap.
Europe neSpain: zvatiri kutoona
MuEurope, kutonhora kwakanyanya kunowanzova kushoma, asi kusiyana kunowedzera uye kunokanganisa mhinduro kune zviitiko zvakakomba. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunowedzera evaporation Uye kana kukashayikwa kwemvura, kusanaya kwemvura nengozi yemwoto zvinowedzera, nemigumisiro pakurima, masango, uye kuwanikwa kwemvura.
Spain inzvimbo inotyisa yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo dzayoZhizha dzarebesa nedzinenge vhiki shanu kubvira kuma1970; Dzimwe nzizi dzakaona kuyerera kwadzo kudonha neinodarika 20%.; iyo semi-yakanyanya mamiriro ekunze akawedzera neanenge 30.000 km²; uye Mafungu ekupisa uye kusanaya kwemvura kunowedzera uye kwakanyanyaKana hutsi hukaramba huchikwira, maitiro aya anozonyanya kujeka.
Chiito kubva kuhurumende, makambani uye vagari
Mhinduro dziripo uye, kana dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka, dzinounza zvikomborero mune zveupfumi nemagariro.. Iko kushanduka kwesimba, kushanda zvakanaka muzvivako uye indasitiri, kufamba kwakasimba uye kurima kwakaderera-kabhoni ndizvo levers ine positive return kana dzakagadzirwa nemaitiro ekururamisira nebudiriro.
Kudyara masango uye kudzoreredza ecosystem kunobatsira kubata CO2 uye kudzoreredza masevhisi akakosha.MuSpain, mapurojekiti ekudyara masango munzvimbo dzakasiyana akadyara makumi ezviuru emiti kubva pakati pemakore gumi apfuura. kuderedza kukukurwa kwevhu, kuvandudza ivhu nekusimbisa kunyura kwekabhoni. Rudzi urwu rwekutanga runokwana mune a denderedzwa hupfumi iyo inoderedza kuraswa uye inovhara kutenderera kwezvinhu.
Tsika dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinowedzerawo, kunyanya kana mamiriyoni akaatevedzera.. Sarudza zvigadzirwa zvemuno, deredza marara, shandisazve uye udzokorore, uye gadzirisa kupisa kana air conditioning inoita misiyano chaiyo mukudiwa kwesimba uye kuburitswa kwakabatana.
- Bvisa charger kana usiri kuishandisa uye dzivirira kushandiswa kwephantom; inoratidza pane yako bhiri uye mune yako CO2 mazinga gore rose.
- Famba zvine mwero: Kufamba, kuchovha bhasikoro kana kushandisa zvifambiso zveveruzhinji kunoderedza utsi uye kunovandudza hutano.
- Deredza kushandiswa uye kupambadza: Dzivisa mapurasitiki ekushandisa kamwe chete, shandisa mabhegi emachira, uye koshesa zvigadzirwa zvinogara kwenguva refu.
- Bet pakudya kwakasimba: Kugadziriswa kwekudya uye marara echikafu ane hukuru hwekuderedza kugona.
Kuchinja kwemararamiro kunoshanda zvakanyanya kana ichiperekedzwa nemitemo yeruzhinji yakabatana uye zviratidzo zvemitengo., uye kana makambani decarbonize kukosha maketani nekuita pachena uye nesainzi maitiro (semuenzaniso, zvakasimbiswa zvinotapurwa zvekudzikisa).
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Mamiriro ekunze ePasi agara achisiyana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvechisikigo (kutenderera kweorbital, chiitiko chezuva, kuputika kwemakomo), asi Aya maoscillations anoitika kwezviuru zvemakore uye anowanzo kudzikama.. Iye zvino zvasiyana: Mumakumi mashoma emakore takapfuura kugona kweiyo biosphere uye nyanza, uye siginicha yemunhu pakudziya uye mapatani ayo akajeka mumitsetse yakawanda yeuchapupu.
Kuwanda kwekudziya kwakanyorwa kwakaiswa mukati memakore makumi mana apfuura.. Nesimba rakawanda muhurongwa, Madutu ari kuwedzera, kunaya kwemvura kunoteverwa nekusanaya kwemvura, uye kusarongeka kunonetsa kuronga zviwanikwa zvekurima nemvura. Uku kumhanya, uye kushamisika kwainounza, ndiyo musimboti wedambudziko.
Hutano, zvisikwa uye maguta: mhedzisiro yatiri kutoona
Kupisa kwakanyanya kunowedzera kufa uye kushushikana kwekupisa, kunyanya mucheche, vana nevakwegura. Zvirwere zvinotakurwa neVector Vanhu vasinganzwe tembiricha vanowana mamiriro akanaka munzvimbo itsva.
Ecosystems inorasikirwa nekusimba: kudzoreredza manyoro, acidification yegungwa ne CO2 kuomesa hupenyu hwezvipenyu zvinoverengera, uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzakakamurwa nemoto nekusanaya kwemvura. Pasi pemvura, kuredza hove, kusvibiswa uye kudziya kwepasi kusundira marudzi mazhinji kumiganhu yawo.
Kutonga uye kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda
Multilateral zvibvumirano ndiwo hurongwa hwekukurumidza kuitaChibvumirano cheParis chinogadza kosi, uye nyika nguva nenguva dzinovandudza mipiro yadzo. Kuvhara mukaha wevavariro, pane gakava pamusoro pekuwedzera kwemari yemamiriro ekunze, kukurudzira kutengesa teknolojia uye kusimbisa kubatana kweNorth-South.
Kururamisa kwemamiriro ekunze kunoda kuti avo vanoburitsa hutsi hwakanyanya kutungamira kudzikiswa., uku uchitsigira vanonyanya kutambudzika kuti vagadzirise uye vagadzirise. Inyaya zvose zviri zviviri zvetsika uye pragmatic: Pasina kuenzana, shanduko haizove yakakurumidza kana kugadzikana.
Chinoshanda chinyorwa: makuki pane zviri pamutemo mamiriro ekunze portals
Paunenge uchibvunza mawebhusaiti emasangano (semuenzaniso, shumiro) Zvakajairika kuwana zviziviso zvecookie. Izvi Vanokutendera kuti urangarire zvaunofarira, kuongorora mashandisirwo esaiti, uye kuvandudza ruzivo rwako.Ivo vanowanzo kurongerwa seyekutanga-bato / yechitatu-bato, chikamu / inoenderera, uye nechinangwa (tekinoroji, personalization, analytics, kana kushambadzira kwemaitiro).
Zvishandiso zveAnalytics zvakaita seAdobe Analytics shandisa seti diki yemakuki. yezvisinga zivise manhamba. Kazhinji, Unogona kugamuchira kana kuramba zvisingakoshi uye tekinoroji cookie inoiswa kuti uyeuke sarudzo yako, pasina iyo mamwe maportal aisazoshanda nemazvo.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze harisi dambudziko risinganzwisisike kana riri kure.; inototapura upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye hwamamirioni avanhu. Deredzai zvakanyanya kuburitsa makore gumi ano, gadzirisa zvine hungwaru, uye mari yekuchinja Aya ndiwo mbiru nhatu dzinogona kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze anorarama, kuchengetedza hupenyu, uye kutora mikana chaiyo yehupfumi kana tikaita nekukurumidza uye nepfungwa yekururamisira.