Izwi rekuti endemism (Endemism) ishoko rinoshandiswa mubiology kutsanangura taxon inogumira kunzvimbo yakatarwa uye isingawanikwe mune zvakasikwa chero kupi zvako pasi pano. Rinopindura mubvunzo wekuti, " Ndezvipi zvipenyu zvinogara zviripo ?", sezvo zvichingowanikwa panzvimbo imwe chete.
Chii chinonzi endemic species?
Kugara kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana (endemism) hunhu hunowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinoratidza kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye kudyidzana kwazvo . Saka, tinogona kuwana chipenyu chiri mudziva kana pamusoro pegomo, murwizi kana mugomo, pachiwi, munyika, kana kunyange mukondinendi. Tsanangudzo iyi inowanzo shanda kune rudzi rwechipenyu, asi inoshandiswawo kune mamwe marudzi ane chekuita nemarudzi, marudzi, madzinza, kana mhuri.
Chinhu chakajairika ndechekuti izwi rekuti endemism rinobatsirwa nerimwe izwi rinove iro richazivisa kubva kunzvimbo iyo mhuka yakasarudzika. Tora semuenzaniso, Teide blue finch, iyo inonzi inogara kuTenerife, nekuti inongori kuchitsuwa cheTenerife, muCanary Islands.
Mimwe mienzaniso yezvipenyu zvepasirese
Takatotaura nezve blue finch, iyo zvinosuruvarisa kuti iri munjodzi yekutsakatika, asi munzvimbo imwechete yenzvimbo pane dhiragoni, iyo iri muti unogara kuMacaronesia. Mumwe muenzaniso chaiwo wekugumisira ndeweiyo lynx yeIberia, inogara muIberian Peninsula, kana kuti hofori sequoia, inongowanikwa muCalifornian Sierra Nevada.
Zvitsuwa, nekuda kwekusiyana kwazvo, inzvimbo dzakanakira kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinopararira munzvimbo idzi. Muenzaniso mukuru iAustralia, iyo isina kusangana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika kwemakore anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mashanu. Izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura kuti mhuka dzinowanikwa munzvimbo idzi ndedzipi, pamwe nemiti yakasiyana inowanikwa ikoko, iyo yakasiyana zvikuru neyepasi rose.
Izvi ndizvo zvinoitikawo kuNew Guinea, uko hafu yeshiri dzacho dziripo uye hafu yemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemuPhilippines dzinongogara munzvimbo iyoyo chete. Asi ndiani ane nzvimbo yekutanga maererano neendemism chitsuwa cheMadagascar.
Ndeapi marudzi emhuka dziripo? Pachitsuwa ichocho, mhuka dzese dzinogara mumvura nepanyika dzinogara mumvura nepanyika, pamwe chete ne90% yemhuka dzinokambaira, kusanganisira hafu yemarudzi eshiri dzepasi rose, 55% yemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakadai sefossas nelemurs, uye 50% yeshiri dzayo. Uyezve, inenge 80% yemiti yayo haiwanikwe kune imwe nzvimbo pasi pano.
Kune rimwe divi, 95% yemhando dzehove dzeAfrica Great Lakes dziripo. Asi zvitsuwa zvinoputika, izvo zvisina kukwanisa kuonana nemakondinendi, zviri nyore kwazvo kuva nemarudzi anogara aripo; zvipenyu zvinogara imomo zvizvarwa zveavo vakasvika kare kare uye vakakwanisa kugadzirisa.
Humbowo hweizvi hunowanikwa mumarudzi ezvitsuwa zveHawaii neGalapagos Islands, izvo zvekupedzisira zvakafuridzira dzidziso inozivikanwa yaCharles Darwin yekushanduka-shanduka; uye Canary Islands, ine marudzi mazana mashanu emiti inowanikwa, uye kunyanya chitsuwa cheTenerife, icho chine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemaruva ekugara munzvimbo yeMacaronesia. Asi njodzi dzekupona kwemarudzi mazhinji emarudzi aya kune mamwe makondinendi dzakaita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa muLatin America.
Muenzaniso wakanyanyisa wekugumisira unowanikwa muhove Cyprinodon diabolis, inongogara mune imwechete inopisa chitubu chiri muDeath Valley National Park, iyo yekupedzisira kuverenga, yakaitwa muna 2014, yakakonzera kuvepo kwevanhu makumi matatu nevashanu chete. , saka hazvitauri kuti imhuka iri mungozi yekutsakatika.
