Nyaya yaCalisto naMelibea inyaya yenyaya dzinosuwisa dzinozivikanwa seLa Celestina . Inyaya yakanyorwa naFernando de Rojas uye yakanyorwa pakupera kwezana remakore rechi15.
Kubudirira kwayo pakuburitsa mabhuku kwakasvika pakakwirira muzana remakore rakatevera, rechi16, asi yakazosangana nematambudziko kusvika yarambidzwa muna 1792. Yakabatana nemadhirama nemakomedhi ane dingindira rerudo uye kubatana nenyika yeyunivhesiti, yave tsika yemabhuku echiSpanish. Nhasi tichaongorora nhoroondo yayo, kuti sei yakarambidzwa, uye kushanduka kwayo mukati menyaya yemabhuku.
Celestine
Kunyorwa kwebasa iri, kwakaitwa naFernando de Rojas, kwakatanga kunopera kwezana remakore rechi15, panguva yekutonga kweMadzimambo eCatholic. Simba redhirama nebhuku iri rinoita kuti rive rakasanganiswa, kusvika pakuti munhu anogona kutaura zvakananga nezverudzi rwemafirimu akafanana neaCelestina. Zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa vatambi, mamiriro, uye dingindira rakafanana neaCelestina mune mamwe mabasa.
Mubhuku rinonzi «La Celestina» tinowana dingindira nhatu huru : huori, kudzivirira rudo rwechipengo, uye kurwa pakati pezvinhu zvinopesana zvinosanganisirwa muhupenyu.
Huori: Hune chekuita nekudzivirira vanhu vakaipa ne "varanda vanonyengera" vanodzikisira vatenzi vavanoshandira.
Rudo rwekupenga: runonyevera nezvekumhura rudo rwechikadzi apo vanodanana vanoshandura vadiwa vavo kuita mwari wavo.
Zvinopesana nehupenyu: iyi inyaya inonakidza uye yakadzama, kunyange yepfungwa, inoratidza kuti hupenyu hwakaita sei hondo yekurwisana pakati pevanopesana: vadiki nevakuru, kusava nemhosva neuori, varombo nevakapfuma, nezvimwewo. Zvinhu zvose zvinogadzira kana kuti zvine zvinopesana nazvo, uye zvose zvinorwisana. Zvese zvinoonekwa kubva pamaonero etsika.
Zita rinozivikanwa nebasa iri , "La Celestina," harisi zita raro rekutanga asi ndiro rakapararira muIberian Peninsula yese kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo yaro yekuburitsa. Basa iri parakasvika muItaly, rakazviita pasi pezita rekunyepedzera rekuti "La Celestina" muna 1519, pamwe chete nezita rekuti "Tragicomedia de Cesare Arrivabene." Simba reshanduro iyi yeVenetian rakapararira kuFrench neFlemish. Shanduro dzeSpanish dzakachengetedza zita rekuti "Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea" kwenguva yakati kusvika pakanyorwawo kuti "La Celestina" nemavara madiki, kusvika pakupedzisira mazwi maviri iwayo aonekwa pamakavha.
Nyaya yaCalisto naMelibea
Kuti tinzwisise nhoroondo, tinofanira kuzviisa pamugumo weMiddle Ages, sezvo zvisaririra zvekupedzisira zveMiddle Ages zvichiratidza nguva iyi, iyo inoratidzawo kutanga kweRenaissance. Hunhu hunotibvumira kuona shanduko iyi ndeidzi:
- muvaranda vanoshandira ishe wavo mukutsinhana nekuchengetedza nekudzivirira (feudalism) muMiddle Ages uye mumutambo vanokumbira Calisto kuti avabhadhare.
- Vanokudzwa MuMiddle Ages vaive vakagadzirira kudzivirira vanhu, zvisinei Callisto haana uto rake uye anogumira kuhupenyu husina basa. Kudzivirirwa kunowira kuna mambo nehondo.
- Commerce inomuka. Baba vaMelibea vanovakira pfuma pazvinhu zvenyama, kwete pasi.
Nhoroondo yeCalisto naMelibea
Tichitaura nezvenyaya yemutambo , tinogona kupatsanura nyaya iyi muzvikamu zviviri mushure mekutanga, apo Calisto naMelibea vanosangana. Chikamu chekutanga chaizova kupindira kwaCelestina nevashandi, uye kufa kwevatatu; husiku hwekutanga hwerudo. Chikamu chechipiri chakavakirwa pakutsiva; husiku hwechipiri hwerudo: rufu rwaCalisto, kuzviuraya kwaMelibea, uye Kuchema kwaPleberio.
Rondedzero yebasa
Nyaya yacho inotanga apo Calisto anoona Melibea mubindu remba yake ndokumuda zvikuru, asi iye akamuramba.
Achitevera zano remushandi wake Sempronio, Calisto anoenda kuhure uye mukadzi anoroora, Celestina, uyo anoita basa rekutsvaga vakaroorana uye anoronga nguva dzekudanana pakati pevanodanana, pamusoro pekutungamirira imba yepfambi nevana vaviri.
Mumwe wevashandi vaCalisto, Pármeno, anoedza kumudzivisa nekuti amai vake ndivo vaidzidza naCelestina uye anoziva kuti chikanganiso. Zvisinei, anozopedzisira ashorwa natenzi wake uye anobatana naSempronio naCelestina kushandisa rudo rwaCalisto kuti vawane pundutso.
Kuburikidza nechirongwa, Celestina anobudirira kuita kuti Melibea adanane naCalisto , uye semubairo, anowana cheni yegoridhe inova chinhu chemakaro nekusawirirana, sezvo achiramba kuigovana nevashandi vaCalisto. Vose vanopedzisira vaponda Celestina, izvo zvavanosungirwa uye zvavanourayiwa.
Mahure aCelestina anoronga kupondwa kwaCalisto achitsiva kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvese . Zvisinei, nyonganyonga iyi inongotanga apo Calisto naMelibea vari kunakidzwa nerudo rwavo. Achinzwa nyonganyonga iyi uye achitya kuti vashandi vake vari munjodzi, Calisto anosvetuka pamusoro pemadziro aMelibea, otsvedza, owira pasi ndokufa. Melibea, akaora mwoyo, anozviuraya , uye mutambo wacho unopera nababa vaMelibea vachichema kufa kwemwanasikana wavo.
Sei Calisto naMelibea vasiri kutsvaga kuroora?
Mukati memutambo uyu mune chakavanzika chisina kugadziriswa: kuti sei vechidiki vaviri ava vanobva mumhuri dzakanaka vasingaedze kuroorana. Mhuri mbiri idzi hadzisi kupopotedzana, uye hapana dambudziko rinoratidzwa serinodzivisa kuroorana kwavo. Imwe fungidziro ndeyekuti mhuri yaMelibea ingangodaro yaive yakatendeukira kuchiKristu (vaJudha), uye zita rake pacharo rinoratidza izvi, zvichiita kuti zvinzwisiswe nevanhu vepanguva yemutambo, nokudaro zvichibvisa kudiwa kwetsananguro yakawanda.
Ferdinand de Rojas
Fernando de Rojas aive munyori wechiSpanish akararama mukati mechikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi15 nehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi16. Akaberekerwa muLa Puebla de Montalbán muToledo uye akafira muTalavera de la Reina.
Kusiyana kwekunyora kwake kwakaita kuti aonekwe semunyori wemitambo kwete semunyori wemabhuku kanopfuura kamwe chete . Kusafa kwake munyika yemabhuku kwakavakirwa pabasa rinonzi "La Celestina," iro roga basa raanonzi ndiye raakanyora. Zvisinei, munguva yake, aive nyanzvi yemutemo inokosha muToledo.
Basa re "La Celestina" rine matambudziko akawanda anoita kuti avo vanoridzidza vaedze kuona kana vaivewo chikamu chehupenyu hwemunyori waro.
Ukama hwehupenyu hwake uye izvo zvakataurwa mu "La Celestina"
Hapana chinozivikanwa nezvehudiki hwake nekuyaruka kwake, ndosaka vanyori vazhinji vakaedza kuongorora basa rake kuti vabudise chikamu ichi chisingazivikanwe chehupenyu hwaRojas. Semuenzaniso, bhuku iri rinorondedzera kuti Sempronio naPármeno vanonongedzera sei kuchechi yeSan Miguel, zvinongoitika kuti paiva nechechi ine tsauriro yakafanana muPuebla de Montalbán, uko Garci González Ponce de Rojas naCatalina de Rojas vaizovigwa gare gare. Kufanana neizvi, zvimwe zviitiko zvakawanda zvinoenderana nenzvimbo dzaigara Rojas, sezvinoonekwa mu "La Celestina," zvinoita kuti pave nekufungidzira nezvekuti zvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu hwake zvaivepowo here.
Asati atanga nyaya yebasa rake, Rojas anozviti ndiye mutongi wezvemitemo . Kunyange zvazvo izvi zviri zvechokwadi, hapana magwaro anozivikanwa kuti anotsigira izvi. Zvinofungidzirwawo kuti Rojas akapedza dhigirii reBachelor of Arts asati adzidza mutemo.
Jurist muTalavera de la Reina
Magwaro anopupurira hupenyu hwake semutongi wemutemo muTalavera de la Reina , muTalavera de la Reina Municipal Archive uye mudura revana vake. Magwaro aya anoratidza kuti akanga atove mudunhu iri muna 1508 uye akashanda saMeya waro kakawanda, pamwe nekubata chinzvimbo cheGweta reDare reGuta uye kubata nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutonga nemiganhu yenyika.
Akaroora Leonor Álvarez de Montalbán munenge mugore ra1512, uyo akabereka vanakomana vana nevanasikana vatatu naye. Aive nemukurumbira mukuru munharaunda pamwe nekuchengetedzeka kwemari.
Asi mune zvese zvinozivikanwa nezvake, nyika yemabhuku inoita kunge iri kure nebasa rake; saka, hapana mamwe mabasa akataurwa nezvake, uye hapana zviratidzo zvekuti anogona kunge aripo. Zvakangoitika mushure mekufa kwake, uye nekubuda kweshanduro dzakasiyana dze "La Celestina," kuti vazukuru vake vakapa magwaro uye vakatora kodzero yebasa iri muzita raRojas, uyo akanyora rekutanga.
