Ashoka Mukuru (268-232 BC) aive mutongi wechitatu weHumambo hweMauryan (322-185 BC), aizivikanwa pamusoro pezvose nekuramba hondo, akatsanangura pfungwa yekuti. dhamma (maitiro akanaka emagariro evanhu), akaparadzira chiBuddha uye akatonga zvisina kufanira mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika wepan-Indian. Kuti unzwisise maitiro ayo, zvakakosha kuziva zvakawanda nezve tsika yechiHindu uye kuti inoenderana sei nenhaka yake.
El Mauryan Empire Yakasvika pakureba kwayo panguva yekutonga kwaAshoka, kubva kuIran yanhasi kusvika kunenge nyika yese yeIndia. Pakutanga Ashoka akakwanisa kutonga humambo hukuru uhwu achitevera zvirevo zvechibvumirano chezvematongerwo enyika Artashastra, inonzi Prime Minister Chanakya (anozivikanwawo nemazita Kautilya naVishnugupta, 350-275 BC) ari muhofisi panguva yekutonga kwaChandragupta (321-297 BC), sekuru vaAshoka uye muvambi wehumambo.
Ashoka, pasina kutambura
Ashoka , zvichida zita rakapiwa mambo pakuzvarwa, rinoreva "pasina kutambura". Nekudaro, muzvinyorwa zvakavezwa nematombo inozivikanwa seDevanampiya Piyadassi, iyo maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo John Keay (nekubvumirana kwenyanzvi) zvinoreva. "Vanodiwa vamwari" uye "mutsa".
Mumakore ekutanga ekutonga kwake, Ashoka anonzi akanyanya utsinye, kusvikira atanga kurwisana neKalinga Kingdom. Kunze kwemirayiro yake, chinhu chiri chose chatinoziva pamusoro pake chinobva mumagwaro echiBuddha, anomurangarira kuva muenzaniso wokutendeuka nomufambiro wakanaka. Kushandurwa kwaAshoka kunoratidzawo mamiriro aakashanda.
Mushure mekufa kwaAshoka, umambo hwaakasika nemhuri yake hwakagara makore asingasviki makumi mashanu uye kunyangwe aive mutongi mukuru wehumwe humambo hukuru uye hune simba hwekare, zita rake rakarasika kusvika panguva kusvika razivikanwa nenyanzvi yeBritish uye nyanzvi yekumabvazuva James Prinsep (1799-1840 AD) muna 1837 AD Kubva ipapo , Ashoka. rave richizivikanwa semumwe wemadzimambo anofadza ekare nekuda kwechisarudzo chake rega kurwa, nokuda kwokutsunga kwake mukuronda shiviriro yorudzidziso uye nokuda kwokuedza kwake kworugare kuita kuti chiBuddha chizivikanwe sorumwe rwamarudzidziso makuru enyika.
Vechidiki uye kusimuka kuva nesimba
En los Puranas (Enisaikoropidhiya yechiHindu inobata nemadzimambo, magamba, ngano navamwari), kunyange zvazvo zita raAshoka richioneka, upenyu hwake hahududzwi. Tsanangudzo yehuduku hwake, kusimuka kune simba, uye kuramba hondo mushure memushandirapamwe weKalinga unouya kwatiri kubva kuBuddhist zvinyorwa izvo, mune zvakawanda, zvinoonekwa sengano kupfuura nhoroondo.
Zuva rekuzvarwa kwaAshoka harizivikanwe, asi zvinonzi aive mumwe wevana zana avo Mambo Bindusara (100-297 BC) vakaita nemumwe wevakadzi vake. Zita raamai rinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, mune imwe chinyorwa iye anonzi Subhadragi, mune imwe seDharma. Uyewo boka rekuve rakasiyana zvichienderana nemagwaro akatorwa mukufungisisa, mune mamwe anotsanangurwa semwanasikana weBrahmin, wepamusoro-soro wemagariro evanhu, uye mudzimai mukuru weBindusara.
Mune vamwe semukadzi wepasi uye mukadzi mudiki. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakaramba nyaya yevanakomana zana vaBindusara uye vanotenda kuti Ashoka ndiye wechipiri pavanakomana vana. Susima, mukoma mukuru, ndiye akanga ari mugari wenhaka akakodzera pachigaro uye Ashoka akanga asina mukana muduku wokuva nesimba, kunyanya sezvo akanga asiri mudiwa wababa vake.
Bindusara akapa mwanakomana wake Ashoka uto risina zvombo
Padare akawana dzidzo yepamusorosoro, akadzidziswa zvekarati uye akadzidziswa achitevera zvirevo zve artashastra somwanakomana wamambo, kunyange zvazvo akanga asinganzi aifanira chigaro choumambo. The artashastra ibhuku rinobata nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzevanhu asi, kupfuura zvose, ibhuku resayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika rine mirayiridzo pamusoro pe kutonga zvinobudirira sei. Zvingadai zvakanyorwa naChanakya semutungamiri weChandragupta, uyo akasarudza nekugadzirira Chandragupta kuti ave mutongi. Chandragupta paakatora chigaro achifarira Bindusara, uyu wekupedzisira anonziwo akadzidziswa zvinoenderana ne artashastra naizvozvo vana vake vakanga varipo.
Panenge pazera re18, Ashoka akatumirwa kune mission kubva kuguta guru rePataliputra kuenda kuTakshashila (Taxila) kuti abvise kumukira. Ngano inoti Bindusara akapa mwanakomana wake uto asina zvombo; muchinguva chechipiri kunenge kuri kupindira kunoshamisa kuzvigadzirisa. Maererano nengano imwe chete, Ashoka akanzwira tsitsi avo vakaisa maoko avo pasi pavakasvika. Iko hakuna maakaundi erwendo rwaAshoka kuenda kuTaxila, asi kukosha kwenhoroondo kwakasungirirwa pairi zvichibva pane zvinyorwa uye mazita enzvimbo, kunyangwe ruzivo rwusingazivikanwe.
Kubva murudo kusvika pakubudirira
Mushure mekukunda kweTaxila, Bindusara akatumira mwanakomana wake kuti arwise guta rinokosha rekutengeserana reUjjain. Zvakare, Ashoka akakwanisa kuita basa racho zvinobudirira. Tsanangudzo yekuti akazviita sei izvi hazvizivikanwe, sezvo, seizvo Keay anocherekedza, "chaionekwa sechinokosha maererano nemabhuku echiBuddha chaiva rudo rwake nemwanasikana wemutengesi weko.". Zita remukadzi uyu rainzi Devi (aizivikanwawo seVidisha-mahadevi) kubva kuguta reVidisha uyo, maererano nedzimwe tsika, akaita basa guru mukuunza Ashoka kuBuddhism. Maonero akakosha:
Sezviri pachena, akanga asina kuroorwa naAshoka, zvakanyanya kufanirwa kumuperekedza kuPataliputra uye kuva mumwe wevahosi vake, asi. akamupa vana vaviri mukomana nemusikana. Mwanakomana, Mahinda, angadai akatungamirira mishoni yechiBuddha muSri Lanka uye amai vacho vangave vatova muBuddha; izvi zvaizowedzera mukana wekuti Ashoka akanga aswedera pedyo nedzidziso dzaBuddha (panguva iyoyo).
Devi uye Buddhism
Dzimwe ngano dzinoti Devi akaunza Ashoka kuBuddhism, asi vamwe vanoratidza kuti Ashoka akanga atova muBuddha paakasangana naDevi uye angave akagovera dzidziso dzake. ChiBuddhism chaive chitendero chezvematongerwo enyika muIndia panguva iyoyo, chimwe chezvikoro zvakawanda zvepfungwa (zvakadai seAjivika, Jainism, uye Charvaka) zvichirwira kubvumidzwa pamwe chete nedzidziso yechitendero cheOthodox. sanatan dharma ("hurongwa husingagumi"), inozivikanwa zviri nani seHinduism. Kufarira hukama hwaAshoka neakanaka Buddhist Devi, panzvimbo yekubudirira kwake kwekutonga, kunogona kuonekwa se kuedza kusimbisa kubatana kwepakutanga kwemutongi wenguva yemberi nechitendero zvaizoita kuti ave nemukurumbira
Ashoka akanga achiri muUjjain apo Taxila akapanduka zvakare. Apa Bindusara akabva atuma Susima uyo ainge achiri pamushandirapamwe pakatanga kurwara baba vake achiti adzoke. Vashumiri vomutongi wacho, zvisinei, vakafarira Ashoka somutsivi, uyo akadanwa ndokupfekedzwa korona mutongi (maererano nedzimwe ngano, akazvipfekedza korona amene) pashure porufu rwaBindusara. Ashoka akabva aita kuti Susima (kana kuti vashumiri vake) aurayiwe nokumukandira mugomba remarasha umo akapisira kusvikira afa. Ngano inotaura izvozvo Ashoka akaitawo kuti dzimwe hama 99 dziurayiwe., asi nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti akauraya vaviri chete uye kuti gotwe, Vitashoka, akaramba kutsiva ndokuva mumongi wechiBuddha.
Kalinga Hondo uye kuzvipira kweAshoka
Paakangotanga kutonga, Ashoka anonzi akazvisimbisa sea mudzvinyiriri ane utsinye uye asina tsitsi mukutsvaga kunakidzwa nekurasikirwa kwevanhu vake, avo vaifarira kutambudza ivo pachavo uye vakavharirwa mumajeri avo anozivikanwa seGehena raAshoka kana Gehena Panyika. Keay, zvisinei, anonongedza mutsauko pakati pekubatana kwekutanga kwaAshoka kuBuddhism kuburikidza naDevi uye kuratidzwa kwemutongi mutsva sedhimoni reropa rakatendeuka mutsvene, achitaura:
Zvitubu zvechiBhudha zvinowanzo tsanangura mararamiro aAshoka asati asvika kuBhudha seanoshivirira, asi akanyura muhutsinye. Iko kutendeuka kwakawedzera kushamisa nekuti ne "nzira yakanaka yekufunga" kunyangwe chikara chinogona kushandurwa kuita muenzaniso wetsitsi. Iyi nzira, nokuti yakanga iri, yakadzivisa kubvumirwa kupi zvako kwekuda kwekutanga kwaAshoka muBuddhism, uye izvi zvinogona kutsanangura mufambiro usina tsitsi wakanzi kwaari mushure mekufa kwaBindusara.
Kuti mune iyi fungidziro kune homwe yechokwadi chekare inogona kuderedzwa kubva kune Ashoka's edicts apo maitiro ake ane utsinye uye ane utsinye anotsanangurwa; kunyanya, Edict XIII yeMbiru Mukuru inoreva Hondo yeKalinga uye kuteurwa kweropa kwakatevera. Humambo hweKalinga, huri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwePataliputra, aiva nepfuma yakawanda kuburikidza nekutengeserana. Humambo hweMauryan hwakakomberedza Kalinga uye zvematongerwo enyika zviri pachena zvakabudirira kubva mukudyidzana kwekutengeserana. Hazvizivikanwe kuti chii chakakonzera mushandirapamwe weKalinga, zvisinei, muna 260 BC. C., Ashoka akapinda muumambo achiita kuuraya kwakarasikirwa nehupenyu hwevagari ve100.000 uye kudzingwa kwevamwe 150.000, vachisiya vamwe vose vachifa nenzara nehosha.
Nzvimbo imwe chete yehondo yakashandura Ashoka
Zvadaro, Ashoka anonzi akafamba munhandare yehondo uye, vachiona kufa nekuparadzwa kwakakonzerwa, akanzwa kuchinja kukuru kwemaonero ayo iye pachake akarondedzera mu XIII Edict:
Pakukunda Kalinga, Mudiwa weVamwari (Ashoka) akanzwa kuzvidemba; kana nyika yakasununguka inokundwa, kupondwa, kufa uye kudzingwa kwevanhu kunorwadza zvikuru Mudikani waVamwari uye kunomuremera zvikuru… Kunyange avo vakakwanisa kutiza uye vane rudo rusingakanganisi vakatambura nhamo dzeshamwari dzake. , vazivikanwi, makomuredhi nehama... Nhasi, kana zana kana chiuru cheavo vakaurawa kana kuti vakafa kana kuti vakadzingwa nokuda kwokutorwa kwaKalinga vakatambura nenzira imwe cheteyo, zvaizoremera zvikuru mundangariro dza Mudikani waVamwari .
Ashoka panguva iyoyo akasiya hondo ndokukumbanira chiBuddha, asi kwakanga kusiri kutendeuka kwakamwe kamwe, sezvinowanzoitika, asi kugamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwedzidziso dzaBuddha izvo zvichida akanga atonyanya kujairana nazvo. Zvisati zvaitika muKalinga, zvinogoneka kuti Ashoka aiziva nezveshoko raBuddha uye haana kungoritora zvakanyanya, izvo zvakamutadzisa kuchinja maitiro ake chero nzira. Mufambiro mumwe chete iwoyo wakacherechedzwa muzviuru zvavanhu—madzimambo ane mbiri, vatungamiriri vehondo kana kuti avo vane mazita achakanganwika—vanoti ndevechitendero uye vanoregeredza mirau yacho inokosha nokuchengeta nguva.
Zvinogonawo kuti ruzivo rwaAshoka rweBuddhism rwakanga rwuri rwekutanga uye kuti yakanga iri mushure meKalinga kuti akatanga rwendo rwemweya mukutsvaga rugare uye kuzvidzora izvo zvakamuita kuti asarudze dzidziso dzeBuddhism pakati pedzimwe nzira dzakawanda dziripo. Chero nzira, Ashoka angadai akagamuchira dzidziso dzaBuddha zvakanyanya sezvaaigona semambo uye akaita Buddhism chikoro chikuru chepfungwa dzechitendero.
Nzira yerunyararo nekutsoropodza
Sezvakasimbiswa kare, paakangova muBhudha, Ashoka akatanga nzira yerugare uye akatonga nekururamisira uye nengoni. Akarega kuvhima kuti aende kunoshanya; akatanga vegetarianism, apo kamwe mazana emhuka akaurayiwa nokuda kwamabiko mudzimba dzokubikira dzamambo. Nguva dzose aiwanika kuti agadzirise zvinetso zvevadzorwi vake uye mitemo yaitsigira yaibatsira munhu wose, kwete veboka repamusoro chete nevapfumi. Nekudaro, shanduko idzi dzinogona kududzirwa sekushanda kunoshanda kweiyo, iyo yaitsvaga kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vayo.
Mashoko pamusoro pekutonga kwaAshoka mushure meHondo yeKalinga inobva mumagwaro echiBuddha, kunyanya avo Shiri Ranga, uye nezvezvirevo zvake. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzakabvunza chokwadi chetsanangudzo iyi nekuratidza kuti Ashoka haana kudzorera umambo kune vakapukunyuka Hondo yeKalinga, uye hapana uchapupu hwokuti akabvisa 150.000 vakadzingwa. Haanawo kumboedza kubvisira mauto zvombo uye pane humbowo hwekuti zvicharamba zvichishandiswa kumisa vapanduki mukuyedza kuchengetedza runyararo.
Artashastra, chinyorwa chinyorwa cheAshoka
Kufunga kwese uku ndiko kududzira kwakarurama kwehumbowo, asi havafungi nezveshoko rinokosha reiyo artashastra, chinyorwa chezvinyorwa zvekudzidziswa kwaAshoka, iyo yakashandiswawo nababa vake nasekuru. The artashastra zvijekese izvozvo nyika ine simba inogona kudzorwa chete nemutongi ane simba. Mutongi asina simba achazvipira kwaari nezvishuwo zvake, mutongi akachenjera achafunga nezvekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose. Nokutevera musimboti uyu, Ashoka haaigona kuunza zvizere Buddhism semutemo wehurumende nekuti, kutanga, aifanira kuchengetedza chimiro chakasimba cheruzhinji, uye chechipiri, vazhinji vevadzorwi vake vaive vasiri vaBuddha uye vangadai vakavenga mutemo wakadaro. .
Ashoka angave akazvidemba pachake hondo yeKalinga uye takaona shanduko, asi aisakwanisa kudzorera Kalinga kuvanhu vake kana kudzosa kudzingwa kwacho nokuti zvaizoita kuti aite seasina simba, matunhu ane ushingi kana masimba ekunze kuti aite zviito zveutsinye. Zvakaitwa zvakaitwa uye mutongi akaramba achidzidza kubva mukukanganisa kwake, akatsunga kuva munhu ari nani uye mambo.