Ashoka Mukuru (268–232 BCE) aive mutongi wechitatu weMauryan Empire (322–185 BCE), anozivikanwa zvikuru nekuramba hondo, kugadzira pfungwa yedhamma ( maitiro akanaka emagariro evanhu), kuparadzira chiBuddha, uye kutonga zvakasimba sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia yose. Kuti unzwisise simba rake, zvakakosha kudzidza zvakawanda nezvetsika dzechiHindu uye kuti dzinobatana sei nenhaka yake.
Humambo hweMauryan hwakasvika pakakwirira panguva yekutonga kwaAshoka, kubva kuIran yanhasi kusvika kunenge nyika yese yeIndia. Pakutanga, Ashoka akakwanisa kutonga humambo hukuru uhu zvichienderana nemirairo yenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika Arthashastra , inonzi yakaitwa naPrime Minister Chanakya (anozivikanwawo saKautilya naVishnugupta, 350–275 BCE) avo vakabata chinzvimbo panguva yekutonga kwaChandragupta (321–297 BCE), sekuru vaAshoka uye muvambi wehumambo.
Ashoka, pasina kutambura
Ashoka , zita ringangodaro rakapihwa mambo pakuzvarwa, rinoreva "kusatambura." Zvisinei, mumirairo yakavezwa mudombo, anozivikanwa saDevanampiya Piyadassi, iyo, maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo John Keay (uye nerubvumo rwenyanzvi), zvinoreva "Anodiwa nevamwari" uye "mutsa . "
Mumakore ekutanga ekutonga kwake, Ashoka anonzi akanyanya utsinye, kusvikira atanga kurwisana neKalinga Kingdom. Kunze kwemirayiro yake, chinhu chiri chose chatinoziva pamusoro pake chinobva mumagwaro echiBuddha, anomurangarira kuva muenzaniso wokutendeuka nomufambiro wakanaka. Kushandurwa kwaAshoka kunoratidzawo mamiriro aakashanda.
Mushure mekufa kwaAshoka, umambo hwaakagadzira nemhuri yake hwakagara makore asingasviki makumi mashanu , uye kunyangwe aive mutongi mukuru weimwe yehumambo hukuru uye hune simba kwazvo hwekare, zita rake rakarasika kusvika razivikanwa nenyanzvi yekuBritain uye nyanzvi yekumabvazuva James Prinsep (1799-1840) muna 1837. Kubva ipapo, Ashoka ave achizivikanwa semumwe wemadzimambo anonakidza ekare nekuda kwesarudzo yake yekurega hondo , nekuda kwekutsungirira kwake kushivirira chitendero, uye nekuda kwekuedza kwake murunyararo kuti chiBhudha chizivikanwe sechimwe chezvitendero zvikuru zvepasi rose.
Vechidiki uye kusimuka kuva nesimba
MuPuranas (enisaikoropidhiya yechiHindu inotaura nezvemadzimambo , magamba, ngano, uye vamwari), kunyange zita raAshoka richionekwa, hupenyu hwake hahuna kutaurwa. Tsanangudzo dzehudiki hwake, kukwira pachigaro, uye kuramba hondo mushure mehondo yeKalinga zvinouya kwatiri kubva kumabhuku echiBuddha, ayo muzvinhu zvakawanda anoonekwa seane ngano kupfuura nhoroondo.
Zuva rekuzvarwa kwaAshoka harizivikanwe, asi zvinonzi aive mumwe wevana zana avo Mambo Bindusara (100-297 BC) vakaita nemumwe wevakadzi vake. Zita raamai rinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, mune imwe chinyorwa iye anonzi Subhadragi, mune imwe seDharma. Uyewo boka rekuve rakasiyana zvichienderana nemagwaro akatorwa mukufungisisa, mune mamwe anotsanangurwa semwanasikana weBrahmin, wepamusoro-soro wemagariro evanhu, uye mudzimai mukuru weBindusara.
Mune vamwe semukadzi wepasi uye mukadzi mudiki. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakaramba nyaya yevanakomana zana vaBindusara uye vanotenda kuti Ashoka ndiye wechipiri pavanakomana vana. Susima, mukoma mukuru, ndiye akanga ari mugari wenhaka akakodzera pachigaro uye Ashoka akanga asina mukana muduku wokuva nesimba, kunyanya sezvo akanga asiri mudiwa wababa vake.
Bindusara akapa mwanakomana wake Ashoka uto risina zvombo
Kudare, akawana dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo, akadzidziswa zvehondo, uye akarerwa maererano nemirairo yaArtashastra semwanakomana wamambo, kunyangwe aisaonekwa semunhu akakodzera chigaro cheumambo. Artashastra ibhuku rinonyora nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzevanhu, asi pamusoro pezvose, ibhuku resainzi yezvematongerwo enyika rine mirayiridzo yekuti ungatonga sei zvinobudirira . Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rakanyorwa naChanakya semutungamiriri wehurumende waChandragupta, uyo akasarudza uye akagadzirira Chandragupta kuti ave mutongi. Chandragupta paakasiya basa achitsigira Bindusara, zvinonzi uyu wekupedzisira akadzidziswawo maererano naArtashastra , uye nekudaro, zvinenge zvechokwadi, ndizvo zvakaitawo vana vake.
Ava nemakore angangoita gumi nemasere ekuberekwa, Ashoka akatumwa kubva kuguta guru, Pataliputra, kuenda kuTakshashila (Taxila) kunomisa kumukira. Ngano dzinoti Bindusara akapa mwanakomana wake uto risina zvombo; kupindira kwemasimba echisikigo kwaizogadzirisa izvi gare gare. Sekureva kwengano imwe chete, Ashoka akanzwira tsitsi avo vakaisa zvombo zvavo pasi paakasvika . Hapana nhoroondo dzakanyorwa dzerwendo rwaAshoka kuTaxila, asi dzinonzi dzakakosha munhoroondo zvichibva pane zvakanyorwa nemazita enzvimbo, kunyangwe ruzivo rwacho rusingazivikanwe.
Kubva murudo kusvika pakubudirira
Mushure mekukunda paTaxila, Bindusara akatuma mwanakomana wake kunogara muguta rakakosha rezvekutengeserana reUjjain. Zvakare, Ashoka akapedza basa iri zvinobudirira. Ruzivo rwekuti akaita sei izvi haruzivikanwe, sezvo, sezvinotaurwa naKeay, "chaionekwa sechinhu chakakosha maererano nenhoroondo dzechiBuddha kwaiva kudanana kwake nemwanasikana wemutengesi wemuno ." Zita remukadzi uyu rainzi Devi (anozivikanwawo saVidisha-mahadevi) wekuguta reVidisha, uyo, maererano nedzimwe tsika, akaita basa guru mukuisa Ashoka kuchiBuddha. Mashoko makuru:
Zviri pachena kuti akanga asina kuroorwa naAshoka, uye aifanira kuenda naye kuPataliputra ndokuva mumwe wevahosi vake, asi akamuberekera vana vaviri, mukomana nemusikana . Mwanakomana, Mahinda, angadai akatungamira basa reBuddha kuSri Lanka, uye zvinogoneka kuti amai vacho vakanga vatova muBuddha; izvi zvaizowedzera mukana wekuti Ashoka akanga anzwa dzidziso dzaBuddha (panguva iyoyo).
Devi uye Buddhism
Dzimwe ngano dzinoti Devi akaunza Ashoka kuBuddhism, asi dzimwe dzinoti Ashoka aitova muBuddha paakasangana naDevi uye angangodaro akagovana dzidziso dzake. Buddhism yaive chitendero chezvematongerwo enyika nechitendero muIndia panguva iyoyo, chimwe chezvikoro zvakawanda zvepfungwa dzakasiyana (dzakadai seAjivika, Jainism, naCharvaka) zvaikwikwidzana kuti zvibvumirwe pamwe chete netsika yechitendero cheSanatan Dharma ("kurongeka kusingaperi"), inozivikanwa zvikuru seHinduism. Kutarisa hukama hwaAshoka neBuddhist Devi akanaka, pane kubudirira kwake mukutonga, kunogona kuonekwa sekuedza kusimbisa kubatana kwekutanga kwemutongi wemangwana nechitendero chaizomuita kuti ave nemukurumbira.
Ashoka akanga achiri muUjjain apo Taxila akapanduka zvakare. Panguva ino, Bindusara akatuma Susima, uyo akanga achiri muhondo apo baba vake vakarwara ndokurayira kuti adzoke. Zvisinei, makurukota emutongi akafarira Ashoka semutsivi, uye akadanwa ndokugadzwa samambo (sekureva kwedzimwe ngano, akazvigadza samambo) mushure mekufa kwaBindusara. Ashoka akabva aita kuti Susima (kana kuti makurukota ake) aurayiwe nekumukandira mugomba remarasha kwaakapiswa kusvika afa. Ngano inoti Ashoka akaurayawo vamwe vakoma 99 , asi nyanzvi dzinoti akauraya vaviri chete, uye kuti mudiki, Vitashoka, akaramba kutsiva ndokuva mumongi wechiBuddha.
Kalinga Hondo uye kuzvipira kweAshoka
Ava kutonga, Ashoka anonzi akazvisimbisa semutongi ane hutsinye uye asina tsitsi, achitsvaga mafaro achirasikirwa nevanhu vake, avo vainakidzwa nekutambudza vakatongerwa mhosva uye vakasungwa mumajeri ake anozivikanwa seAshoka's Gehena kana kuti Gehena Pasi Pano. Zvisinei, Keay anotaura musiyano uripo pakati pekubatana kwekutanga kwaAshoka neBuddhism kuburikidza naDevi uye kuratidzwa kwemutongi mutsva sedhimoni rine nyota yeropa rakava mutsvene, uye anoti:
Zvitubu zvechiBhudha zvinowanzo tsanangura mararamiro aAshoka asati asvika kuBhudha seanoshivirira, asi akanyura muhutsinye. Iko kutendeuka kwakawedzera kushamisa nekuti ne "nzira yakanaka yekufunga" kunyangwe chikara chinogona kushandurwa kuita muenzaniso wetsitsi. Iyi nzira, nokuti yakanga iri, yakadzivisa kubvumirwa kupi zvako kwekuda kwekutanga kwaAshoka muBuddhism, uye izvi zvinogona kutsanangura mufambiro usina tsitsi wakanzi kwaari mushure mekufa kwaBindusara.
Kuti fungidziro iyi ine chokwadi chenhoroondo kunogona kuwanikwa kubva muzvirevo zvaAshoka, zvinotsanangura hunhu hwake hwehutsinye uye husina tsitsi; kunyanya, Mutemo wegumi netatu weGreat Pillar unoreva Hondo yeKalinga uye kudeuka kweropa kwakazotevera. Umambo hweKalinga, huri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwePataliputra, hwakapfuma zvikuru kuburikidza nekutengeserana. Humambo hweMauryan hwakakomberedza Kalinga, uye zviri pachena kuti masangano ese ezvematongerwo enyika akabudirira kubva mukudyidzana kwekutengeserana. Hazvizivikanwe kuti chii chakakonzera hurongwa hweKalinga; zvisinei, muna 260 BCE, Ashoka akapinda muumambo, achiuraya vanhu vakawanda zvakauraya vanhu zviuru zana uye zvakaita kuti vamwe zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu vadzingwe munyika, zvichisiya vamwe vese vachifa nenzara nezvirwere.
Nzvimbo imwe chete yehondo yakashandura Ashoka
Gare gare, zvinonzi Ashoka akafamba achiyambuka nzvimbo yehondo uye, paakaona rufu nekuparadzwa kwakakonzerwa , akanzwa shanduko huru yemoyo, iyo iye pachake akataura muMutemo wegumi nenhatu:
Pakukunda Kalinga, Mudiwa weVamwari (Ashoka) akanzwa kuzvidemba; kana nyika yakasununguka inokundwa, kupondwa, kufa uye kudzingwa kwevanhu kunorwadza zvikuru Mudikani waVamwari uye kunomuremera zvikuru… Kunyange avo vakakwanisa kutiza uye vane rudo rusingakanganisi vakatambura nhamo dzeshamwari dzake. , vazivikanwi, makomuredhi nehama... Nhasi, kana zana kana chiuru cheavo vakaurawa kana kuti vakafa kana kuti vakadzingwa nokuda kwokutorwa kwaKalinga vakatambura nenzira imwe cheteyo, zvaizoremera zvikuru mundangariro dza Mudikani waVamwari .
Ashoka panguva iyoyo akaramba hondo ndokugamuchira chiBuddha , asi kwakanga kusiri kutendeuka kamwe kamwe, sezvinowanzoitika, asi kugamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwedzidziso dzaBuddha, dzaangangodaro aitoziva. Zvisati zvaitika muKalinga, zvinogoneka kuti Ashoka aiziva nezveshoko raBuddha uye haana kuritora zvakakomba, izvo zvakamutadzisa kuchinja maitiro ake. Maitiro akafanana aya akaonekwa muzviuru zvevanhu—madzimambo ane mukurumbira, majenerali, kana avo vane mazita achakanganwika—vanotaura kuti ndevechitendero uye vanorega mitemo yacho huru nekukurumidza.
Zvinogonawo kuti ruzivo rwaAshoka rweBuddhism rwakanga rwuri rwekutanga uye kuti yakanga iri mushure meKalinga kuti akatanga rwendo rwemweya mukutsvaga rugare uye kuzvidzora izvo zvakamuita kuti asarudze dzidziso dzeBuddhism pakati pedzimwe nzira dzakawanda dziripo. Chero nzira, Ashoka angadai akagamuchira dzidziso dzaBuddha zvakanyanya sezvaaigona semambo uye akaita Buddhism chikoro chikuru chepfungwa dzechitendero.
Nzira yerunyararo nekutsoropodza
Maererano nenhoroondo, paakangotendeuka kuva chiBuddha, Ashoka akatanga nzira yerugare ndokutonga neruramisiro nengoni. Akarega kuvhima kuti aende kunonamata; akatanga kudya miriwo, uko mazana emhuka aiurayiwa kuti adye mumakicheni ehumambo. Aigara aripo kuti agadzirise matambudziko evanhu vaaitonga uye aitsigira mitemo yaibatsira munhu wese, kwete vepamusoro chete nevapfumi. Zvisinei, shanduko idzi dzinogonawo kutsanangurwa sekushandiswa kwechinangwa chechiBuddha, icho chaitsvaga kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vake.
Ruzivo nezvekutonga kwaAshoka mushure meHondo yeKalinga runobva mumagwaro echiBuddha, kunyanya ayo anobva kuSri Lanka , uye kubva mumirairo yake. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzakapokana nekururama kwenyaya iyi, dzichiti Ashoka haana kudzorera umambo kune vakapona muHondo yeKalinga, uye hapana humbowo hwekuti akadzosa vanhu 150.000 vakatapwa. Haanawo kuedza kubvisa zvombo zveuto, uye pane humbowo hwekuti raishandiswa kudzvinyirira kupandukira mukuedza kuchengetedza rugare.
Artashastra, chinyorwa chinyorwa cheAshoka
Zvese izvi zvinotsanangurwa nemazvo nehumbowo, asi hazvifungi nezvemashoko makuru aArtashastra , rugwaro rwakakosha rwekudzidziswa kwaAshoka, rwakashandiswawo nababa vake nasekuru vake. Artashastra anojekesa kuti nyika ine simba inogona kutongwa nemutongi ane simba chete . Mutongi asina simba anogutsa zvido zvake, nepo mutongi akachenjera achifunga nezvekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose. Nekutevedzera musimboti uyu, Ashoka aisagona kunge akaisa zvizere Buddhism semutemo wekutonga nekuti, chekutanga, aifanira kuchengetedza mufananidzo wakasimba weveruzhinji, uye chechipiri, ruzhinji rwevanhu vake vakanga vasiri vaBuddha uye vangadai vakagumbuka nemutemo wakadaro.
Ashoka angangodaro akazvidemba paHondo yeKalinga uye akachinja zvechokwadi , asi aisagona kudzorera Kalinga kuvanhu vayo kana kudzosera shure kudzingwa kwake nekuti zvaizomuita kuti aite seasina simba, achishingisa matunhu ekune dzimwe nyika kana masimba ekuita mabasa eutsinye. Zvakaitwa zvakaitwa, uye mutongi akaramba achidzidza kubva mukukanganisa kwake, akatsunga kuva munhu ari nani uye mambo.