art theory zvinoreva chirongwa chedzidzo chinosanganisira kumiririrwa kwese kwezviratidziro zveunyanzvi, kutanga nekufunga kwavo uye nemvumo mumhando dzese dzeunyanzvi.
Chii chinonzi Theory of Art?
Izwi rekuti art rinobva kune rechiLatin ars, richifanana nerechigiriki izwi rekuti τέχυη, téchne, kunobva "technique". Mukutanga kwayo yaishandiswa kuchinhu chiri chose icho munhu nemibato yakasiana-siana yaibudisa uye yaiziva maitirwo ayo.
Dzidziso yehunyanzvi inotsanangurwa zvakare sedzidziso dzemasikati, iri nzira yedzidzo inosanganisa zvese zvinomiririra zvakasiyana siyana zveunyanzvi zviratidziro zvehunyanzvi zviitiko uye mabasa eunyanzvi. Izvi zvinotanga nekutenda kana kugashira muzvinhu zvawo zvese mumhando dzese dzeunyanzvi nekusimbisa zvakanyanya kune ayo anozivikanwa seakanaka hunyanzvi ane hunyanzvi hwekuita, pendi, zvivezwa uye zvivakwa, kuverenga, mimhanzi, kuita zvemitambo nezvimwe zvakawanda. .
Hunyanzvi hunozivikanwa hwakashandiswa hunotsanangurwawo sehudiki hunyanzvi, hunyanzvi hwekushongedza, kana hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hwakagara huchionekwa sehudiki, pamwe chete nemamwe mamhizha uye, nekuda kwekuoma kwavo, hunyanzvi hunoyemurika. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda, unogona kubvunza nezve diki arts.
Nekudaro, kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mafambiro eArt and Crafts akadzoserwa, uye kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vakawana iyo label yerondedzero, iyo yakave yakajairwa kune chero nzvimbo uye chizvarwa kana zviri mukati memasevhisi, zviri. kufumurwa munjodzi yekushandisa pasina mutongo uye nekupopota, kunyangwe zvisina musoro, kushandura zvirimo.
Dzidziso dzeArt dzinotsanangura chikamu ichi kubva mumusoro wedzidziso uye wetsika, ichipa nzira dzekuwana pfungwa yemabasa avo. Mukati menzvimbo yehuzivi iyo inogona kusimbiswa yega yega vhezheni yedzidziso yehunyanzvi. Inobatanidzwa zvakasimba nekuongorora kwakasiyana mukati me aesthetics, nekuda kwekuti kufunga kwega kwega maererano nechimiro uye basa reunyanzvi pacharo rinowanikwa pamuganho wezvirongwa izvi zvekuparadzanisa kwakaoma. Kucherekedza dzidziso yehunyanzvi, kubva kumunhu kana kugarisana application inogona kutsanangurwa sekunakidzwa kwehunyanzvi.
Dzidziso yehunyanzvi inoonekwa seyekuongorora uye kutsoropodza kudzidza kwemabasa ehunyanzvi, zvisinei nenzvimbo yavo. Vakakamurwa kuita dzidziso dzakadai sezvinyorwa, dzidziso yemimhanzi nezvimwe. Vakachengetedza munhoroondo yavo yose kuti mabasa eunyanzvi anogona kuva nezvikonzero zvakawanda, zvose zvinoenderana nemuoni. Dzidziso yeunyanzvi yakatsvaga kupa nzira dzakasiyana dzekududzirwa, maererano nehupenyu hwemunyori, dingindira remagariro evanhu iro basa rakagadzirwa, zvichienderana nekuonekwa kwaro kwepamutemo, kubatana kwaro nemamwe mabasa, uye maonero aanosiya. kune anoona..
Dzidziso yeunyanzvi yakaramba yakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwedzimwe dzidziso mune dzimwe nzvimbo, iri nyaya yepfungwa. Tichipa rumbonera rwomufungo waFreud naJung, avo vakafumura nongedzero itsva dzokunzwisisa mabasa anotovako uye anouya.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pfungwa yeunyanzvi yakagadziridzwa nekufamba kwemakore, ichipa pamberi kune vamwe, iine kana kubvisa akawanda ayo ari kurongwa sehunyanzvi. Ndiyo nyaya yokuti mukati meMiddle Ages vaifunga kuti chinhu bedzi chaikosha chakanga chiri unyanzvi hunomwe hwakasununguka: girama, oratory, dialectics, mimhanzi, arithmetic, geometry uye nyeredzi. Zvizhinji zveizvi parizvino ndezvesainzi yechisikigo, kutarisa chivezwa, kupenda uye zvivakwa semhizha.
Nekudaro, nekusvika kweRenaissance, iyo pfungwa yakashandurwa, yakamira kunze kwekuita kwemunyori uye hunyanzvi hwakabviswa kubva kusainzi nekutengeserana. Mushure mezvose izvi, nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare uye kutsoropodza kweunyanzvi kwakaonekwa, pamwe chete nekuratidzira uye mibayiro.
Zvisinei, mapoka akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi muzana remakore rechiXNUMX akapinda muchisungo chikuru nekuda kwepamusoro uyezve neunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, nekuda kwekukura kwehunyanzvi hwekuita uye hunoshanda mune mamwe mafomati akadai seavant-garde show.
dzidziso yemifananidzo munhoroondo
Nezve chikamu ichi, kune mamwe mabheti, senge nyaya yebudiriro yeChinese uko tsika yedzidziso yehunyanzvi kubvira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu, iri Misimboti mitanhatu yePainting naXie He, chikamu chikuru chezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nezve theory of art, yakagara iri yeWestern civilization. Tinokukoka kuti uverenge Hispanic American Literature
Kubva pakutanga kwe prehistory, mabasa eunyanzvi ave achionekwa seane chirevo chaicho, izvo zvinoreva kuti ane chinhu chinobatsira, chingave chinoshanda kana chinoshamisa, kune munhu anoasika. Kusikwa kwebasa reunyanzvi hakusi pasi penguva ipi zvayo kumigumisiro yekushongedza.
Nhoroondo yedzidziso yehunyanzvi inotaurira kuti humbowo hwekutanga hwehunyanzvi hwakawanikwa muCro Magnon zvivezwa nekuti yaive nzira yekutaurirana nekuzvitaura ivo pachavo, pamwe nekuve nechikamu chikuru chehuroyi nekupindira nevashaman. Saka, vaiva vekutanga vemifananidzo, shamans emadzinza, avo vakazvitsaurira kuti vabatane nesimba rezvisikwa kuti vabudise zvakanaka kana zvakaipa.
Main theory of art
Mukati medzidziso huru dzeunyanzvi, dzimwe dzadzo dzinogona kutaurwa sedzakanyanya, dzinoti:
dzidziso yehupenyu: Inoreva uyo ane basa rekudzidza basa reunyanzvi, kubva munhoroondo yehupenyu hwemunyori waro.
Formalist theory: Iyo yakatsaurirwa kudzidza basa reunyanzvi, kubva kune zvakagadziriswa zvinhu zvinoriumba, zvakadai semavara, chimiro, chiedza nezvimwe.
Iconographic theory: Saizvozvo, inozivikanwa seiyo iconology, ndiyo dzidziso inotungamira yekudzidza basa reunyanzvi kubva pazviratidzo, zvirevo kana mifananidzo inofananidzira huipi, hunhu uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa kana tsika.
Dzidziso yeSociological: Apo basa reunyanzvi rinodzidzwa sechinhu chenzanga chaiyo.
Psychological theory: Iyo ine basa rekudzidza uye kuongorora basa rehunyanzvi mune yaro yepfungwa.
Theory of Structuralist: Uyo anotarisira kudzidza basa reunyanzvi kubva pakubatanidzwa kwaro nezvikamu zvaro kana zvinhu zvaro.
Pfungwa yehunyanzvi mubudiriro yekumadokero
Izvo zvinotsanangura art muWestern civilization inoonekwa seyakavhurika, yemukati uye ine gakava. Hapana chibvumirano chepasi rose pakati penyanzvi dzenyaya iyi, sevanyori venhoroondo, vazivi kana vanyori vemifananidzo.
Munguva yekuvapo kwayo kwese, huwandu hwemazano ehunyanzvi hwakaumbwa, hunofanirwa kutaurwa se:
Thomas Aquinas anosimbisa "unyanzvi ndiyo nzira yakarurama yechikonzero"
Schiller, anoti: "unyanzvi ndihwo hunogadza hutongi hwayo"
Max Dvořák, "art is style"
John Ruskin, "unyanzvi chiratidzo chevanhu"
Adolf Loos, "unyanzvi rusununguko rwehunyanzvi"
Marcel Duchamp, "unyanzvi ndiyo pfungwa"
Jean Dubuffet, "art is the novelty"
Joseph Beuys, "unyanzvi chiito, hupenyu"
Dino Formaggio, "unyanzvi ndizvo zvese zvinonzi nevarume art"
Wolf Vostell, "Art hupenyu, hupenyu inyanzvi"
Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo pfungwa yehunyanzvi inoshandurwa, iyo Renaissance, art yaingoonekwa seyakasununguka art, zvivakwa, zvivezwa uye pendi zvinoonekwa se "mhizha".
Kubva payakavambwa, unyanzvi hwave huri imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzinoshandiswa kuratidza manzwiro evanhu, pamwe chete nemafungiro nemanzwiro avo, uye nzira inonyanya kutsvakwa yekubatana nenyika. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chinogona kunge chakasiyana kubva kune chakajairika kusvika kune chakanyanya kunaka, chinogona kunge chine chikamu chechitendero, kana kungoshongedza, chingave chisingaperi kana kukurumidza.
Kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, pfungwa inokosha uye yenyama inosiiwa shure: sezvakataurwa naBeuys, kuti hupenyu inzira yekutaura kweunyanzvi, inomira kunze kwakakosha, chiito. Saka munhu wese anekwaniso yekuve mhizha.
Zvadaro, vabiki, vagadziri vebindu, muvaki, muvezi kana mudetembi vanogona kutorwa sevanyori. Nekufamba kwenguva, bifurcation yeLatin ars: art, yakashandiswa kutumidza dzidziso dzakabatanidzwa nehunyanzvi hwekunakisa uye kufamba; uye chiGreek fork téchne: tekinoroji, yezvidzidzo zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwehungwaru uye zvinyorwa zvekushandisa.
Parizvino, zvakaoma kuwana kuti mazwi maviri: art uye tekinoroji, akaomarara kana kushandiswa seanofanana.
Mazera Ekare uye Medieval
Kubva pakutanga kwemuzivi wechiGiriki Plato, kusvika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, kugamuchirwa kwakawanda kwakaramba kuri mumabhuku ane tsika, mune zvinyorwa zvayo, izvo zvinorehwa neunyanzvi uye zvazvaida, chirevo chayo chaive kubva pakutanga Poetics yaAristotle, uyezve chiLatin. mabhuku emugadziri Marco Vitruvio Polión kana zvinyorwa Publio Terencio Afro kana Tito Maccio Plauto.
Kutevedzera zvisikwa, izvo mu classical aesthetics uye nhetembo inogadza musimboti weunyanzvi, uye kuzivikanwa kweyakanaka nemisimboti yechokwadi uye tsitsi, yaimbove pfungwa dzinozivikanwa.
Munguva yeLate Antiquity, evhangeri, iyo yaireva kuyananiswa kweNeoplatonism nezvinyorwa zvinoera kuburikidza nepatrology, zvinoreva kudzidza kwehupenyu, mabasa uye dzidziso yemadzibaba eChechi, akaisa art pasi pekufungira, pamwe nezvose zvinhu.
Munguva dzeMiddle Ages, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuremekedzwa uye kunyadziswa kwehunyanzvi hwaigona kucherechedzwa, izvo nenzira yekuwedzeredza zvakasvika paiyo iconoclasm yenguva yakatarwa yeunyanzvi hweByzantine uye kunyangarika kwehunyanzvi hwekumiririra muunyanzvi hwechiIslam.
Munguva yekare yekare yeGreco-Roman, kuve imwe yevakakurumbira budiriro yekuMadokero uye tsika yekutanga yekufunga nezve art, yakachengeta pfungwa yehunyanzvi sehunyanzvi hwemunhu, hwaaiita chero chinhu chero chaivepo. zvibereko. Izvi zvakaonekwa serimwe chirevo cheunyanzvi: chavaiona sehunyanzvi hwekuva nacho kugadzira chinhu, kutonga uto, kunyengetedza veruzhinji kuti vatore chikamu mugakava, kana kusimudzira mabasa ekurima.
Kureva kuti, chero hunyanzvi hunotevera mitemo, tsika dzenguva dzinotungamira mukudzidza, kufambira mberi uye kugona kwehunyanzvi. Nepo nhetembo, kuve yakajairwa yekurudziro, yaisaonekwa seunyanzvi.
Saka, Aristotle anofungidzira art se "chigarire chimiro chekugadzira zvinhu nenzira ine musoro", nepo Quintilian achitsanangura "kuti zvinoenderana nemaitiro uye kurongeka". Muzivi Plato, muProtagoras, anotaura nezvehunyanzvi achitaura kuti kugona kuita mabasa kuburikidza nekushandisa njere uye kudzidza. Saizvozvowo, Plato akatsigira kuti hunyanzvi hune zvazvinoreva, kuve kugona kugadzira uye kugona kwemunhu.
Casiodoro de Reina, muSpanish Hieronymite wechitendero, akasimbisa kuti unyanzvi mune zvose zviri mukati maro hunobudirira maererano nemitemo nemitemo, zvichiratidza zvinangwa zvitatu zvinokosha zveunyanzvi zvakadai se: kudzidzisa, doceat; fambisa, fambisa, uye ndapota, bvisa.
Nguva yemazuva ano
Renaissance yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, pamwe nemvumo yemagariro emuimbi mukati memunda wevanhu aifungisisa achifunga nezvehunyanzvi hwake, aionekwa seanorerutsira hunyanzvi hwekare, hwakashorwa seGothic, uye fungidziro yeGreco-Roman classical. yekare. , kunyanya iyo yakavakwazve sechirevo chayo.
Zvose izvi zvakavambwa uye zvakavambwa neclassism yezana ramakore rechigumi nemanomwe negumi nemasere muzvikoro zvedzidzo zvinonzi academicism. Kana iri yeChimurenga cheFrance, yaimiririra kugadziridzwa kweiyi pfungwa, senzira inofananidzwa nekuparadzwa kweiyo Old Regime, uye kupinda kwezvinoreva rusununguko muunyanzvi hwakaiswa mumaoko eRomanticism, iyo tsananguro yerunako yaivewo. kudzikira kwakadzama kunoreva bhuku regothic kana mifananidzo nhema yaFrancisco de Goya.
Panguva yeRenaissance, shanduko yemafungiro yakatanga kugadzirwa, ichiparadzanisa kutengeserana nesainzi kubva kune zvehunyanzvi, iko uko nhetembo yaivemo kekutanga, iyo iyo yaikodzera sehuzivi kana chiporofita. Ichi chaiva chimwe chinhu chakasarudza kubudiswa mugore ra1549 reshanduro yechiItalian yeAristotle's Poetics.
Pashanduko iyi, magariro emugadziri weRenaissance akapindira, akanyanya kufarirwa kupfuura ake ekare, nekuda kwezvigadzirwa zvake zvakaomesesa zvinowana chimiro chitsva chezvigadzirwa zvakanangana nekushongedza kudyiwa.
Zvese zvaikonzerwa nerunako rwaive nevanokudzwa uye vakapfuma vekuItaly kune runako uye hukuru hwaionekwa senzira yekubuda pachena munharaunda, kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwekuita uye kusimudzira kuunganidza.
Saka, maitiro akasiyana edzidziso ane chekuita nenyaya yeunyanzvi akaberekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, seaya naLeon Battista Alberti, De Pictura, 1436-1439; Of re aedificatoria, 1450; uye De Statua, 1460, kana The Commentaries, 1447, naLorenzo Ghiberti.
Alberti akawana pesvedzero yeAristotelian achiedza kubatsira nehwaro hwesainzi maererano nehunyanzvi. Akataura nezve kushongedza, nzira yemuimbi yekuchinjisa zvinangwa zveunyanzvi uye madingindira kuti atarise akachengeterwa, anokwana.
Ghiberti, aive wekutanga kuziva nhoroondo yehunyanzvi, achisiyanisa zvekare zvekare, nguva yepakati, achiidaidza kuti "Renaissance of the arts".
Nekutanga kwehunhu, chimiro chehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwakatanga: zvinhu hazvina kuratidzwa sezvazvaive asi sekuonekwa kwazvinoitwa nenyanzvi. Chimiro cherunako hachina kupihwa kukosha, iyo yakasarudzika Runako rweRenaissance yakachengetwa, iyo yaive yakavakirwa pasainzi, kune akasiyana runako rwemaitiro maitiro, ayo akabva kune zvakasikwa.
Zvadaro, ndipo apo chinhu chitsva chekufungidzira chinoonekwa muunyanzvi, chakaratidza zvinoshamisa uye burlesque, sezvinogona kuratidzwa mubasa raBrueghel kana Arcimboldo.
Giordano Bruno, muzivi, ari mumwe wevekutanga kutarisira pfungwa dzemazuva ano, akataura kuti kusikwa hakuperi, hakuna nzvimbo kana miganhu, zvese kufamba, zvese zvine simba. Bruno akatsigira kuti paive nehunyanzvi sevanyori, vachiisa pfungwa yepakutanga kwemuimbi, art haizive mitemo, haina kudzidzwa, inouya nekufemerwa.
Kufambira mberi kwakatevera kwakaitwa mukati mezana ramakore regumi nesere neBudiriro. Kumwe kuzvimirira kwedingindira rehunyanzvi kwakatanga kugadzirwa: unyanzvi hwakabviswa kubva pachitendero uye kufananidzwa kwesimba kuve ratidziro yechokwadi yehunhu hwemunyori, saka yainyanya kufunga nezveunhu hwekuita basa uye kwete pachezvayo.
Jean-Baptiste Dubos, muprista wechiFrench, mumiriri, uye muzivi, muCritical reflections, pamusoro pepfungwa yenhetembo nekupenda, mugore ra1719, inovhura nzira yepragmatism yemafaro, kuchengetedza kuti aesthetics haibvi mukufunga asi kuburikidza nemanzwiro. uye manzwiro. Saka, nenzira iyi yeDubos, unyanzvi hunofadza, hunoenda kumweya nenzira yakananga uye inokurumidza, pane ruzivo rwakanaka.
Dubos akawana rusununguko rwekusarudza zvinofadza munhu, akapikisa mitemo yakagadzwa neacademy uye akaisa mufananidzo we "genius" sechinhu chezvisikwa, izvo zvinopfuura mitemo nemitemo.
Zera remazuva ano
Takatarisana nemhando dzakasiyana dzedzidziso dzeunyanzvi, kazhinji dzinopikiswa, mareferenzi ayo nhoroondo yehunyanzvi inotaura nezvayo anowedzerwa, yave dzidzo yeyunivhesiti, iyo yakaonekwa zvakanyanya nevanyori vazhinji vemutauro wechiGerman, avo Vakashandura nhoroondo yehunyanzvi. kupinda musocial science.
Kutsoropodza kweunyanzvi kwakaiswawo sebasa rine hukama hwakasimba nekutengeserana kwehunyanzvi, nenzira imwechete sekushoropodzwa kwezvinyorwa mumamiriro ekunyora, uye kushoropodzwa kwemimhanzi mukati mebhizinesi revaraidzo, rinozivikanwa sebhizimusi rekuratidzira.
Kumiririrwa kwekunakidzwa kwedzidzo mumibairo uye kuratidzwa kwakadai seParis Salon kwaishorwa nemisangano yaungaite senge Salon des Refusés, iyo inoreva Salon yeVakarambwa muna 1863, iyo nekufamba kwenguva zvishoma nezvishoma yakagadzira tsananguro nyowani yehunyanzvi hwakazvimirira hwaive. zvakare akaiswa mumasangano, mhedzisiro iri pasi pekutsoropodzwa kutsva uye kusawirirana kwemarudzi.
Mushure mekuputika kwakasimba kwezvirongwa zvehunyanzvi zvakagamuchirwa neimpressionism pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye zvakazotevera kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, apo mumwe nemumwe wavo aine dzidziso yavo yekuziva uye nzvimbo yavo mukati mehunyanzvi iyo kuburikidza nekuratidzwa, pfungwa nyowani. zveunyanzvi hwemazuva ano uye unyanzvi hwemazuva ano zvakavambwa.
Art yemazuva ano haisi yehunyanzvi hweNguva Yemazuvano, ndihwo hwatinoziva seunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, handizvo zvese zvemazuva ano, asi ndezvekuti zvinoyevedza zvinotungamira kune zvisingaperi zvinodikanwa zvinotsanangudza kuputika kwekunaka kunopesana nedzidzo. Izvi hazvitakurwe nemazuva ano, asi nekushandiswa kweiyo pfungwa yerusununguko kune art.
Kufunga kwefungidziro pamusoro pehunyanzvi kwakaramba kuri chimwe chechinangwa chikuru chepfungwa nehuzivi, kunyanya muchikamu chekutanga chezana ramakore rechi1918, kuita seshanduko huru yehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, pamwe nenzanga yemazuva ano, inonzi indasitiri, misa kana. nzanga yevatengi, mukati menhoroondo dzehondo dzemakore 1939 kusvika 1929: shanduko yeSoviet, fascism; uye dambudziko regore raXNUMX.
Kuzviratidza mune tsananguro nyowani, dzakawanda dzine hutsinye hwekutaura, sezvinoratidzwa muunyanzvi hwakachena uye hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, hunyanzvi hwekusafarira, hunyanzvi husina hunhu.
XIX remakore
Romanticism, iyo yakaberekerwa muGermany mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX pamwe chete nesangano rinozivikanwa reSturm und Drang, rakabuda rakakunda nepfungwa yeunyanzvi hunokura zvakasununguka kubva kumunhu, huchikura pfungwa yehungwaru, ne art vane rusununguko rwekutaura manzwiro avo senyanzvi inotanga kushandura chokwadi kana zvinhu zvavo kuita ngano.
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakazvipa basa rekupa maonero avo pamusoro pezvinoreva unyanzvi, zvakadai se: Novalis naFriedrich von Schlegel, avo vakataura mumagazini yakakurumbira Athenäum, avo vari vapepeti vavo, apo mazwi ekutanga akaonekwa ekuzvidzivirira kweunyanzvi. yakabatana nezvisikwa.
Kune vanyori vaviri ava, chikamu chemukati chemuimbi chinogona kuwanikwa mubasa reunyanzvi, pamwe chete nemutauro wake chaiwo wekuzviratidza.
Arthur Schopenhauer, muzivi wokuGermany, akapa bhuku rake rechitatu rinonzi The World sechido uye chinomiririra dzidziso younyanzvi: unyanzvi ndiyo nzira yokupukunyuka nayo kubva mukusafara kwomunhu. Akaenzanisa zivo nechisiko chounyanzvi, iri nzira yakadzama zvikuru yokuziva nayo.
Art ndiyo kuyananisira kunoitika pakati pechido nehana, pakati pechinhu nemusoro, kuwana mamiriro ekusaziva uye kugadzikana. Aesthetic consciousness inzvimbo yekusafarira zvisinganzwisisike, apo zvese zvinocherechedzwa uye zvinopenya mukutetema kwayo uye kwakadzama kujeka.
Art inoratidzwa kubva mumutauro we intuition uye kwete kufungisisa, inoenderana nehuzivi, tsika uye chitendero. Achirevererwa kupfurikidza nouzivi hwokuMabvazuva, akataura kuti munhu asununguke munhamburiko yokurarama, pakuda, iyo inobva mukufara. Art ishoko rekubvisa kuda, uye kukwanisa kusvika mhiri kwe "Ini" pachayo.
Wilhelm Richard Wagner, munyori wenziyo, akakwanisa kuunganidza kusanzwisisana, ndiko kuti, kududzirwa kuviri kwaigona kutsanangurwa pakati pemanzwisisiro nemweya waArthur Schopenhauer, muzivi weGermany: muOpera nemutambo mugore ra1851. Maererano nemaitiro aWagner, chinangwa che "basa rose rehunyanzvi", izwi rechiGerman rekuti Gesamtkunstwerk, pfungwa inonzi yakapihwa muimbi weopera Richard Wagner.
Mune izvi, chidimbu chechirevo chenhetembo chakaitwa, izwi, rinoonekwa sechinhu chechirume, nepo mimhanzi ichionekwa sechikadzi. Airangarira mutauro wechinyakare seunoshanda kumavhawero, nepo kucherechedza makonzonendi chinhu chine mufungo, zvokuti kupinda kwenziyo mushoko kwakaonekwa sokudzokera kuungwaru hwepakutanga hwomutauro.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, runako rwakaoneka, ruchiva davidzo kukuda pfuma kukuru kwakanga kuripo panguva iyoyo, pamwe chete nokushatiswa uye makaro ezera reindasitiri.
Ipapo, imwe sitaira yakaoneka yakapa unyanzvi, pamwe chete norunako, kumwe kuzvimirira, kwakabatanidza muchimiro chaThéophile Gautier “art for art's sake” ( L'art pour l'art ), kusvika pakutaura nezve“ chitendero chezvinoyevedza. Unhu uhwu hwakaedza kuita kuti muimbi azviparadzanise kubva munzanga kuti awane chimiro chakazvimirira chekurudziro yake yechokwadi iyo yakangobvumira kutakurwa mukutsvaga kwerunako rwaive kure nechero chinhu chetsika.
Ichi chinova chinangwa chake chega chekuve muimbi, anorarama hupenyu hwake senge ibasa rinoshamisa reunyanzvi, sezvinoonekwa mubasa redandy.
Pakati pevanonyanya kufunga vesangano, ndiWalter Pater, mutsoropodzi wezvinyorwa, uye munyori wezvakaitika kare, uyo akapindira mune inozivikanwa zvikuru yeChirungu decadence, achibata mumabasa ake, hupenyu hwemuimbi hunofanira kurarama nesimba, asi kusvika pakunaka seye chete. ideal.
Maererano naPater, anoratidza kuti pfungwa yeunyanzvi inoiona se "mashiripiti denderedzwa rehupenyu", sechadenga chakaparadzana uye chakasununguka, chiri mukati mekusvika kwekunakidzwa, kugadzirira huzivi hwechokwadi hwekunaka.
Charles Pierre Baudelaire, mudetembi wechiFrench, munyori wezvinyorwa, mutsoropodzi uye mushanduri, aiva mumwe wevanyori vekutanga vakazvitsaurira kuti vaongorore kubatana pakati peunyanzvi uye nguva ichangobva kuonekwa yemabhizimisi, achitarisira kutanga kwe "runako rwemazuva ano": kune kusingaperi uye. runako rwakakwana, imwe neimwe pfungwa yerunako ine chinhu chisingaperi uye chenguva pfupi, chekupedzisira uye chega.
Runako runofanirwa kubva mukushuva, uye munhu wega wega ane yake yakasarudzika, anewo yake yakasarudzika tsananguro yekuti runako chii. Mukubatana kwayo nehunyanzvi, runako runoratidza kune rumwe rutivi pfungwa "inogara nekusingaperi", iyo inoonekwa se "mweya wehunyanzvi", nepo kune rumwe rutivi chinhu chakafanana uye chakajairwa, chinova "muviri wehunyanzvi". art".
Saka hunyambiri hweunyanzvi hunowanikwa sechiratidzo chedimorphism iyo munhu anayo, uyo anogara akamirira kugutsikana kwakakwana kunotarisana neshungu dzinomutungamirira kwairi.
Charles Pierre Baudelaire, mudetembi, munyori werondedzero uye mutsoropodzi wemifananidzo, aive nemafungiro ake nezveunyanzvi setsanangudzo yerunako neo-Platonic zvinoreva kuti inobva kuPhilosophical School yedzidziso yaPlato; sechishuwo chemunhu kuti asvike pakakwirira, iyo inowanikwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi.
Mutambi anotsanangurwa se "gamba remazuva ano", chimiro chake chikuru chiri chishuwo, kuve chishuwo chekunaka kwakakwana.
Kusiyana neaestheticism, nzira yepfungwa yeaesthetics uye runako rwakakwana, muzivi wechiFrench, mutsoropodzi uye munyori wenhau dzakaitika, Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, akagadzira dzidziso yemagariro ehunyanzvi: kwaanoratidza muPhilosofi yake yeArt, mumakore 1865 kusvika 1869, achishandisa. art to determinism, dzidziso yehuzivi, iyo yakavakirwa parudzi, zvirimo uye nguva.
Kune muzivi Taine, pfungwa yeaesthetics uye "sainzi yehunyanzvi" inoshanda senge chero chiitiko chesainzi, zvichibva pamatanho ekufunga uye ekuedza. Muchiitiko ichi, inogona kunge yakabatana neiyo dzidziso yezvidzidzo, uko unyanzvi hunoitawo basa rinokosha mudzidzo.
Saizvozvo, muzivi wechiFrench uye mudetembi Jean-Marie Guyau Tuillerie, anoratidza muThe Problems of Contemporary Aesthetics ya1884, uye Art kubva kuSociological Point of View ye1888, chiono uko art inofambira mberi, uye zvakare inochengetedza iyo hunyanzvi Inowanikwa mukati mehupenyu. , uye rinofambira mberi sezvarinoita.
Sezvo upenyu hwomunhu hwakarongwa munzanga, unyanzvi hunofanira kuva chiratidzo chenzanga. Panyaya iyi, unogona kubvunza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yeunyanzvi, iyo inotsanangura kushanduka kwayo nekufamba kwenguva.
Kana tichitaura nezve sociological aesthetics, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti yakachengetedza hukama hwakasimba nehuchokwadi hwemifananidzo uye nemafambisirwo ezvematongerwo enyika ekuruboshwe, nekusimbisa kwakakosha kune utopian socialism, uko vanyori vakati wandei vakaita se: Henri de Saint-Simon, French muzivi, economist uye magariro. theorist; François Marie Charles Fourier, muFrench socialist, naPierre-Joseph Proudhon, muzivi wechimurenga weFrance uye wezvematongerwo enyika, vanochengetedza chiitiko chemagariro ehunyanzvi, setsigiro yekusimudzira nzanga, kubatanidza runako uye utility pamwe chete mukuwirirana kwakakwana.
Saizvozvo, zvinogona kuoneka kuti kuUnited Kingdom, basa remunyori weBritish, muongorori wehunyanzvi uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, mumwe wevatenzi vakuru veChirungu prose, vakapa maitiro ehunyanzvi hwekuita hunyanzvi mumatombo eVenice, kubva 1851 kusvika 1856 Ruskin. yakashuma pamusoro pekuparara kwerunako uye kupararira kweunyanzvi kwakaitwa nenzanga yakabudirira, pamwe nekunyadziswa kweboka revadzidzisi, kuchengetedza basa remagariro evanhu.
Mugore ra1879, hunyanzvi hwevanhu, vakakumbira kuti shanduko iitwe muhupfumi uye nzanga, ichiti inyanzvi "yakaitwa nevanhu uye nevanhu". Kune rimwe divi, Morris, musiki weArt & Crafts movement, akatsigira hunyanzvi hunoshanda, hunoshanda hunosangana nezvinodiwa zvenyama, asi kwete zvemweya.
Ivo vanoonekwa muzvinyorwa, makore 1882 kusvika 1884, ayo anoreva nezve aesthetic, uye The Ends of Art ye1887, yakaratidza tsananguro yeutilitarian art, asi, yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune ekugadzira masisitimu akanyanya hunyanzvi, padyo nepfungwa yesocialism padyo. kune medieval corporatism.
Kune rimwe divi, basa reunyanzvi rakashoropodzwa nemunyori weRussia Lev Tolstoy: ndiani anoti mune chii chiri art?, gore 1898, achifumura kururamiswa kwemagariro ehunyanzvi, chidzidzo icho hunyanzvi, kuve chikamu chekutaura, chinobvumidzwa chete kana manzwiro ayo anotamisa anogona kudzokororwa nekutora chikamu kwevanhu vese.
Tolstoy anotaura kuti kururamisa chete kwakakodzera ndiko kupindira kweunyanzvi kuti usvike pakubatana kwevanhu: kunofungidzirwa kuti basa reunyanzvi rinogona kuva nehukoshi hwemagariro evanhu apo rinonyatsotamisa tsika dzeushamwari, izvo zvinoshandura manzwiro uye manzwiro anokurudzira kubatana kwemataundi.
Munguva idzodzo maitiro ekudzidza art mune psychology akatanga. Sigmund Freud, chiremba wetsinga wokuAustria, akatanga muitiro wepsychoanalysis muunyanzvi muna Leonardo da Vinci’s A Childhood Memory, kubva muna 1910, achidzivirira unyanzvi seimwe yenzira dzokuratidza chishuvo, fungidziro yakadziviswa nenzira yakawedzerwa.
Akaramba achiti muimbi chiratidzo chenarcissistic, ari padyo kumwana, anoratidza zvishuwo zvake muunyanzvi, uye akaramba achiti mabasa ehunyanzvi anogona kuongororwa sezviroto, uye zvirwere zvepfungwa, netsika yepsychoanalysis. . Yakanga yakavakirwa panzira yesemiotic, zvinoreva kudzidza zviratidzo zvakasiyana.
Saizvozvo, Carl Gustav Jung, chiremba wepfungwa wekuSwitzerland, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa uye nyanzvi yezvinyorwa, akabatanidza psychology nemaitiro akasiyana, anoti uzivi, sociology, chitendero, zvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi. Inogona kuonekwa mumipiro kune analytical psychology yegore 1928, akakurudzira kuti zvinhu zvezviratidzo zviripo mukati meunyanzvi zvinobatwa se "primordial images", kana "archetypes", iyo inonyanya kunyudzwa mu "collective subconscious". ” mukati memunhu.
Wilhelm Dilthey, muzivi weGermany, munyori wenhau dzakaitika, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa uye hermeneutic, anoratidza kubva kutsika aesthetics nzira, dzidziso pamusoro pekubatana kweunyanzvi uye hupenyu. Vachitarisira unyanzvi hwekufambira mberi, Dilthey vakafungidzira kuti pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, unyanzvi hwakanga huri kubva kune tsika dzedzidzo, uye kuti huri kupora nesimba guru sei kutora chikamu kwevoruzhinji, avo vane simba rekufuratira kana kurumbidza basa imwe nyanzvi..
Akakwanisa kuwana "mhirizhonga yekuravira" muboka rose reunyanzvi, raaiti kune shanduko yemagariro ekududzira kwechokwadi, zvisinei akakwanisa kuona kuti yaive yechinguvana, iyo yaikosha kuwana " hukama hune hutano pakati pekufunga kweaesthetic uye art".
Nenzira iyi, akapa "sainzi yemweya" sedziviriro yehunyanzvi, chete nyaya yepfungwa: kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi kunokonzerwa nekutsvaga netsanangudzo yepfungwa yekunyepedzera.
MuHupenyu uye nhetembo dzegore 1905, akaratidza epic sechiratidzo chehupenyu, sechiitiko, chinoratidza kunze kwechokwadi chehupenyu. Saka, kusikwa kwehunyanzvi kune sechinangwa chayo basa rekusimbisa chiono chakanangana nekunze, kuzviratidza sechinhu chine musoro uye chine musoro.
Makumi maviri emakore
Munguva yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hunyanzvi hwekutanga pamusoro peiyo pfungwa yeunyanzvi hwakafungidzirwa: kufambiswa kwemazano ehungwaru ehungwaru, izvo zvinotungamira kune pfungwa dzekuzvimiririra uye hunhu hwemunhu, kubva mukufamba kwerudo uye kutsanangura mubasa revanyori vakaita saKierkegaard uye. Nietzsche, vanofungidzira kuzorora netsika uye kudzoka kubva kune runako rwechinyakare.
Tsananguro yechokwadi yakashoropodzwa neazvino dzidziso dzesainzi: Bergson's time subjectivity, Einstein's relativity, quantum mechanics, uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Asi, kune rumwe rutivi, matekinoroji matsva anoshandura hunyanzvi kuita mabasa akasiyana, sezvakangoita mafoto nemabhaisikopo, ayo ane basa rekuratidza chokwadi.
Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinotanga kutanga kweabstract art, muiti, iye zvino, haaedzi kuratidza chokwadi, zvaanotsvaga kuratidza nyika yake yemukati, kuratidza manzwiro ake. Parizvino, unyanzvi hunoramba huchichinja-chinja kuenda kumafaro, uye hunoshandurwa mukufambirana mukambani yayo: sezvinoitika neunyanzvi hwekare hwaibva pauzivi hwepfungwa dzisingachinjike, hunyanzvi hwazvino hunowana mufaro muhana yemagariro emafaro, ndiyo tsika yeruzhinji.
Saizvozvowo, kudzikisira kwepamusoro kwekusagona kuverenga kunofanirwa kukosheswa, nekuti munguva dzengano, apo ruzhinji rwevanhu vaisaziva kuverenga, graphic art yaishandiswa kuva nzira yakanakisa yekutaurirana ruzivo, kunyanya mune zvechitendero, izvo zvisiri izvo. zvakakosha muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri.
Kuve imwe yekutanga kuratidzwa kweMarxism: mubasa raMarx, zvakaratidzwa kuti unyanzvi itsika "superstructure", iyo inotangwa nemagariro evanhu uye ehupfumi hwevanhu.
Marxists vanosimbisa kuti hunyanzvi ndiko kuratidzwa kwechokwadi chemagariro, kunyangwe Marx pachake asina kucherechedza kutaurirana kwakananga kwaivepo pakati penzanga yakapihwa uye nehunyanzvi hwainoburitsa.
Gueorgui Valentínovich Plejánov, mushanduri weRussia, nyanzvi yezvedzidziso uye muparadzi weMarxism, muArt uye Social Life yegore 1912, anogadza hunhu hwekuda zvinhu hunoramba "hunyanzvi nekuda kwehunyanzvi", pamwe nehunhu hwemuimbi ari kunze kwenyika kunharaunda. zvinosanganisira iye..
Walter Benjamin, muzivi wechiGerman, mutsoropodzi, mushanduri uye munyori wezvinyorwa, akakanganisa zvakare hunyanzvi hwekushanduka-shanduka, izvo zvine musoro kwaari, se "kuguma kweiyo dialectic yemazuva ano", kupedzwa kwechinyorwa chinosanganisa hunyanzvi sekutaura kwe. nyika yakapoteredza. Akaedza kududzira basa reunyanzvi munzanga yemazuva ano, achiita ongororo yesemiotic, uko art inoburitswa kuburikidza nezviratidzo izvo munhu anoedza kududzira pasina kuwana mhedzisiro inofungidzirwa kuti inofadza.
Mubasa reunyanzvi, munguva dzekuedzwa kana hunyanzvi hwekuyedza, gore ra1936, nzira iyo nzira itsva dzekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwehunyanzvi dzakacherechedzwa, inogona kushandura zvinoreva hunyanzvi, kana yakarasa kutarisa kwayo pane chimwe chinhu, uye chaizvoizvo kubwinya kwayo kwengano ruremekedzo, iyo inobvumira kuvhurwa kwenzira itsva kubvuma unyanzvi, vachiri voga nokuda Benjamin, zvisinei, ane zvakawanda vakasununguka uye yakazaruka kubatana pamwe mabasa ounyanzvi.
Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno, muzivi wokuGermany, pamwe chete naBenjamin, akanga ari weChikoro cheFrankfurt, akadzivirira unyanzvi hweavant-garde semhinduro kuruzivo rwakakura rwenzanga yemazuva ano. Anoramba mune yake Aesthetic Theory yegore 1970, akatsigira kuti hunyanzvi ndiko kupenya kwetsika dzekuzvivaraidza dzenzanga, zvisinei, kunyangwe yanga isiri iyo yakatendeka kuratidzwa kwayo.
Nekuti art inoratidza zvisipo, zvisizvo, kana kutadza izvo, zvinoratidza zviripo, asi nemukana wekupararira. Art ndiyo "kuramba chinhu" icho kuburikidza nekuramba chinozviratidza, chinoratidza izvo zvisipo pakutanga. Kufananidza, nhema, kuratidza zvisipo sekunge zviripo, zvichipa kuti zvisingagoneki zvinogoneka.
John Dewey aive mudzidzi weAmerica, nyanzvi yepfungwa uye muzivi, mumiriri wepragmatism, uye aine ruzivo muhunyanzvi, akafungidzira hunyanzvi se "magumo echisikigo", achifarira kuti hwaro hweaesthetics ruzivo rwekunzwa.
Basa reunyanzvi nderimwe mhedzisiro yebasa rechisikigo remunhu, ane nzira yekurongeka inoteerera mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza ayo inokura. Nokudaro, unyanzvi i "chirevo" chinovavarira kusanganisa magumo uye nzira mune chiitiko chinonakidza.
Kuna Dewey, hunyanzvi serimwe basa rinoitwa nemunhu, rinosanganisira kupa kutanga uye kugadzira, pamwe nekudyidzana pakati pechidzidzo nechinhu, pakati pemunhu nemamiriro ekunze uye zvinhu izvo chiitiko chinoitika.
José Ortega y Gasset, muzivi weSpanish uye munyori wezvinyorwa, akaongorora The dehumanization of art mugore 1925, hunyanzvi hwekufambira mberi kubva kutsanangudzo ye "ruzhinji nzanga", uko chidiki chidiki cheavant-garde art chinoburitsa kurwa kwehunyanzvi hwekushandisa. public .
Saizvozvowo, Ortega anotsigira kuti muunyanzvi mune "dehumanization" inokonzerwa nekurasikirwa kwemaonero enhoroondo, izvo zvinoreva, kukwanisa kuongorora nehupamhi hwekutsoropodza kweiyo sociocultural essence iyo inobatirana kune avant-garde art. Kurasikirwa kwechokwadi, yekutevedzera maitiro ayo Ortega anokoshesa muavant-garde art inofungidzira kusabatanidzwa kwemaitiro emunhu aive aripo mune zvakasikwa art.
Saizvozvovo, kurasikirwa kwemunhu kunotungamira mukutsakatika kwezvinhu zvine chekuita neunyanzvi hwekare, tichifungidzira kupatsanuka pakati pezvinoita hunyanzvi neruzhinji, uye kugadzira nzira nyowani yekunzwisisa hunyanzvi inogona kunzwisiswa chete nevateveri vayo.
Iko kukoshesa kukoshesa kweunyanzvi hwehumanized ndeyekunzwa kutsva kwakavakirwa pane kusiri kwemanzwiro akafanana, sezvaive zvakaita nezverudo, asi nechinhambwe, fungidziro yemisanganiswa. Kuenda kure pakati pehunyanzvi nehunhu kunoratidza chinangwa chekudzoka kuvapo, chekudzikisira tsananguro yeunyanzvi sebasa rechipiri rechiitiko chemunhu.
Luigi Pareyson, muzivi weItaly, muchikoro chesemiotic, akavaka iyo Aesthetics. Theory of modal aesthetics kubva mugore ra1954, hermeneutic aesthetic, iyo inoshandura nzira kana nzira ine basa rekududzira zvinyorwa, apo unyanzvi hunodudzira chokwadi. KuPareyson, hunyanzvi chinhu “chinoumba”, zvinoreva kuti, chinoburitsa nzira yekuita zvinhu izvo “pamwe chete nekuita, zvinotanga nzira yekuita zvinhu”.
Zvaanozoshandura, izvo zvisingabvi pamitemo isingaperi, pane kudaro, zvinozvitsanangura zvinoenderana nemabatirwo anoitwa basa, uye anoagadzira panguva yekuzviita. Saka kuti, mukugadzirwa, basa reunyanzvi hariperi se "mhedzisiro", asi "kubudirira" uko basa rinowana chiyero chinorikodzera.
Saka, art ibasa ripi neripi rinoedza kusvika kumagumo, pasina kupindira kwemaitiro chaiwo, kutsvaga kuti iite maitiro ekugadzira hunyanzvi hunopera nemhedzisiro uye yeruzivo rwechokwadi.
Pareyson ane simba guru paChikoro cheTurin chinozivikanwa, icho chakaita pfungwa yayo yeontological yeunyanzvi: Umberto Eco, munyori weItaly, muzivi uye purofesa weyunivhesiti, muThe Open Work ye1952, akatsigira kuti basa reunyanzvi rinongowanikwa mukududzirwa kwaro, mukuvhura kwezvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana kune muoni. Uku kutsvaga zvinoreva kunoonekwa zvakare mu postmodern art, uko kududzira kwakawanda kwakazaruka kuzviisa pasi.
Gianteresio Vattimo, anozivikanwa saGianni Vattimo, muzivi weItaly, muNhetembo neOntology ya1968, akabatanidza hunyanzvi nekuve, saka neicho chaicho, nekuti chiri muhunyanzvi umo chokwadi chinotaridzika zvakanyanya kuchena uye chakakosha.
Iyi ndeimwe yemhedzisiro yekupedzisira yehuzivi uye hunyanzvi ndeye postmodernity, izwi rinoshandiswa kudoma hunyanzvi, tsika, zvinyorwa uye huzivi mafambiro ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Iyo idzidziso yemagariro netsika iyo parizvino inoda kuve kwechokwadi kweiyo nguva yenhoroondo yakanga yaratidza chirongwa chemazuva ano, icho chinodudzira, tsika, zvematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi midzi inova yechokwadi kune yeContemporary Age inoratidzwa mutsika neChiedza, mune zvematongerwo enyika. Chimurenga cheFrance uye muchikamu chehupfumi chakaratidzwa neRevolution Revolution.
Pamberi pezvikumbiro zveunyanzvi hwepamusoro, postmodernists havafumure pfungwa itsva, kana tsika kana aesthetic; chinhu chimwe chete chavanoita ndechekududzirazve chokwadi chakavakomberedza, kuburikidza nekuburitswa kwemifananidzo yapfuura, iyo inokwanisa kurasikirwa nekutarisisa kwavo.
Kudzokororwa kunoputira nzira yehunyanzvi mukati mehunyanzvi pachayo, kuvhiringidzika kwekuzvipira kwehunyanzvi kunobvumwa, kusakwanisa kwehunyanzvi kushandura hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Art yemazuva ano inodzoka isina kushongedza kune yakajairwa yechokwadi essence, kune basa rechinhu art, kune "art nekuda kwehunyanzvi", pasina kuyedza kuita chero rudzi rwechimurenga, kana kuzorora. Vamwe vevanonyanya kukosha theoreticians ndiJacques Derrida naMichel Foucault.
Kupedzisa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mafomula ekare anotsigira hunyanzvi pakuumbwa kweiyo yakanaka, kana kukundikana, pakudzokorora kwechisikwa, izvo zvakazove zvechinyakare, uye nhasi hunyanzvi chiitiko chine simba, chiri zvachose. evolution, yakaunzwawo munhau dzeruzhinji, munhau dzevatengi, ine zvinhu kakawanda sezvipfupi, nekuona kupfupi, zvinonyatsovapo pakati pepfungwa nechinhu, mumatangiro ayo uye mukuita kwayo.
Morris Weitz, muzivi weAmerica, akazvipira zvakanyanya kumunda weaesthetics, uye mumiriri weanalytical aesthetics, akachengetwa muThe Role of Theory muAesthetics kubva 1957, kuti "hazvibviri kumisa chero mhando yemaitiro eunyanzvi anodiwa uye akakwana; saka, chero dzidziso yeunyanzvi inonzwisisika isingagoneke, uye kwete kungoita chimwe chinhu mukuita icho chinhu."
Zvinoenderana nemaitiro aWeitz, hunhu hwemukati hune hunyanzvi hwekugadzira ndehwekuti hunowanzo gadzira mafomu matsva uye zvinhu, saka "mamiriro ehunyanzvi haambofa akasimbiswa." Saizvozvo, "fungidziro yekutanga yekuti art inogona kuve musoro wechero tsananguro yechokwadi kana yechokwadi ndeyenhema"
Chekupedzisira, kushaikwa kwetsanangudzo yehunyanzvi iri mukuderedzwa kwayo kune mamwe mapoka akadai se: kutevedzera, nhandaro, sekutaura. Art inoonekwa seyakakwana pfungwa, iyo ine zvese izvi zvirevo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Tsanangudzo mukushanduka-shanduka uye yakavhurika kune kududzira kutsva, iyo isingagone kugadzwa nenzira yakabvumiranwa, pane zvinopesana, inofanira kuunganidza zvese zvido zvekuzvitaura nekuzvigadzira, kuve yakakura uye subjective synopsis yavo yese.
Art chiitiko chemunhu anoziva chinokwanisa kuburitsa zvinhu, kuvaka mafomu, kana kuratidza chiitiko, kana chigadzirwa chekubereka uku, kuvaka, kana kutaura kuchigona kufadza, kufamba, kana kuvhundutsa.
Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Nyaya yemazano matanhatu. 1976
Dzidziso dzeunyanzvi uye vanyori vanonyanya kukosha
Nzira dzekutsvagisa dzeNhoroondo yeArt
Einfuhlung. Tsitsi na: Einfühlung
Wilhelm Worringer, kubva: Wilhelm Worringer
Formalism
Jacob Burckhardt, wenguva yapfuura
Max Dvorak, de:Max Dvorak
Iconology
Abby Warburg
Erwin Panofsky
Ernst Hans Joseph Gombrich
sociology yeArt
Pierre Francastel, fr:Pierre Francastel
Kurongeka
Michael Foucault
Umberto Echo
Muchidimbu padzidziso yehunyanzvi
Nechivanhu, dzidziso yehunyanzvi ine pachinhu chayo pfungwa chaiyo yechinhu chayo. Chiyero chekuomerwa chinoratidzwa nechero dzidziso yehunyanzvi chine midzi miviri. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusiyana-siyana kwevezvenhau, maitiro uye zvinhu, izvo zvatinowanzoona seunyanzvi. Kune rimwe divi, kusiyana kwezviitwa uye kukosha izvo mabasa ehunyanzvi akaita munhoroondo yavo yese.
Munguva yezana remakore rapfuura, nekuonekwa kweinonzi yakagadzirira yakagadzirwa, kupesana kwekufungidzira unyanzvi kwakawedzera pazvaikwanisika kuita unyanzvi nechinhu chero chipi zvacho, pasina kuve nemukana wekunzwisisa pakutanga, chimwe chinhu chakaratidzwa museum sebasa rehunyanzvi, kana kutadza izvo zvinoumba chikamu chemidziyo yefenicha.
Zvichida, nzira yekugadzirisa kusiyana-siyana kwemabasa, maitiro uye pfungwa iyo, nekuverenga chero nyore kwenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, inoisa iyo yakashata kuti ienderere mberi nemunyori wezvakaitika kare, ndeyokuti EH Gombrich, anoramba achiti "Hapana chinhu chiripo. Art; kune maartist chete”.
Zvinoreva nenzira yakajeka, kuti kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune hunyanzvi hunoburitsa hunyanzvi, uye kuongorora kuti vanozviona sei, kubva pakati chaipo pekuita, izvo zvinopedzisira zvave zvakakosha kubva mukududzira uye fungidziro nzira.
Saka, nematambudziko ese eiyo pfungwa yeunyanzvi, yanga iri imwe yepakati mhirizhonga yemazuva ano Aesthetics, iyo muhuwandu hwayo mukutarisana nekusagadzikana kunogadzirwa nenyaya yeakagadzirira kugadzirwa, pamwe nemamwe mabasa echiratidzo. unyanzvi hunoenderana nezana remakore reXX, rakadai seBrillo Boxes naA. Warhol, uyo akaedza kubata nehurukuro nemidziyo mitsva.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogona kuonekwa pakati pemafungiro anobvuma kushandiswa kunotsanangurwa kwetsanangudzo yeunyanzvi, uye iyo inosara mukati mepfungwa yeunyanzvi, iyo inoshandiswa kunyanya nenzira yekuongorora.
Pasina kuvepo kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi pangadai pasina art. Pfungwa yehunyanzvi, inoonekwa sekuti kuve wenzvimbo yehunyanzvi hakuganhurwe nekucherechedzwa kwehumwe kukosha kana kukosha, asi nekufarira kwechimwe chinhu chisina kukosha. Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo iyi, chero chinhu chinogona kuve hunyanzvi, zvisinei, hachisi chaicho chakakosha.
Art semumiriri ndiyo imwe yetsanangudzo ine mukurumbira yeunyanzvi inohuziva nehwaro hwehunyanzvi hwekuita munhu. Kazhinji, chinhu chekumiririra chinoburitsa yakakura amplitude uye yakaderera kupenya sechikamu chekunzwisisa nyika yehunyanzvi.
Mufananidzo kana chivezwa chinogona kutorwa sechiratidziro chinooneka, sezvakangoita hieroglyph, asi rudzi urwu rwechivezwa chekufananidzira hachionekwi sekugadzira muzvarirwo chimiro chehunyanzvi.
Saizvozvo, ruzivo rwekumiririra runotaridzika rudiki kana iwe wakatarisa maitiro ehunyanzvi akadai semimhanzi kana zvivakwa apo ruzivo rusingapfuuri. Zvose mune zvose, pfungwa yezvinounza pamwe chete maitiro akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi ruzivo rwemunhu, rwakasvika kure munhoroondo yekufunga kwekunaka.
Kune maGiriki, pfungwa yekupenda, chivezwa, dhirama kana mimhanzi yakauya pamwechete pasi pemaitiro ekutevedzera munhu akabvumidzwa. Nzira yakapfava yekunzwisisa mimetic hunhu inogona kurara mukirasi yemunhu inoteedzera chimiro chepfungwa chezvainomiririra. Tinokurudzira mesopotamian art nokuda kwekukosha kwayo kwetsika.
Mutambi achaita munhu, achitevedzera maitiro ake, nzira yake yekutaura uye maitiro, nepo pendi ichifananidza mamwe mazambiringa kuratidza chitarisiko chavo. Imwe nzira yakanyatsokodzera yekunzwisisa tsananguro yenganonyorwa ye mimesis ingabata kuti chinhu chehunyanzvi chinoumba manyepo echinhu chaanoratidza.
Saka, kudhirowa kwemamwe mazambiringa naZeusis, kana kurembera naParrhasius kunogona kuita mhedzisiro yekuona chimwe chinhu chisipo chaizvo uye mutambo wakashata wekugadzira manzwiro aizoita chiono chezviitiko.
Chekupedzisira, chii chichabatanidza kupenda, chivezwa nedhirama, kungave kugona kugadzira kunyengera kwezvinhu uye zviitiko zvinoratidzwa. Kuve izvo zvaizosiyanisa hunyanzvi kubva kune mamwe marudzi ezviratidziro senge: zvemitauro, kungave kugona kuunza chinhu chimwechete chinoratidzwa kumanzwiro. Iyi nzira yekumiririra ndiyo inoshanda mukutsoropodza kwaPlato kwehunyanzvi se "chingori kopi yezvitarisiko" uye "kunyengera kwemanzwiro", sezvinoitika mukufungidzira kwaAristotelian kwenhamo.
Nechinangwa chenyika yengano uye kusvika panguva yeRenaissance, vapendi nevavezi vaive mhizha vaive nehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji, nepo vadetembi nevaimbi vaisatariswa mukati meboka rimwe chete, zvinopesana nemafungiro epamberi pesophistical ava vaive vanhu vakagadzira. kuburikidza nechido, izvo zvinoreva, nokuti vakafemerwa nemamisi.
Panguva yeMiddle Ages, nhetembo nemimhanzi zvaionekwa seunyanzvi hwakasununguka uye kwete zvemakanika semamimetics anouya. Gare gare, mune pfungwa yezvidzidzo, mimhanzi inotaridzwa muQuadrivium, nepo nhetembo ichiichengetedza mukati meKristeller Trivium. Zvakadaro, hapasati pasati pave nemhando yakajairika yehunyanzvi, tsananguro yehunyanzvi iyo inosanganisira ese anozivikanwa nhasi uye anoonekwa akasiyana kubva kune mamwe maitiro akadai sainzi kana uzivi.
Kupedzisa, zvishoma, nguva mbiri huru dzinogona kuratidzwa mukuvandudza uye kufambira mberi kwenhoroondo yeArt, iyo yekutanga, iyo yakatanga naLeon Battista Alberti, makore 1404 kusvika 1472, inoitika kusvika pakati pezana ramakore reXIX. panguva ino inotarisirwa kutsanangura kuti chinhu chekudzidza chechirango ichi chinorevei, inguva ipi yainodzidza, uye masitayera uye muimbi.
