Kwemazana emakore, maatari anga ari mamiriro makuru kumashure kune liturgy uye christian art, michina yekuona yechokwadi inosanganisa zvivakwa, zvivezwa uye pendi. Kupfuura kushongedzwa chete, inzvimbo yedzidziso uye yekunamata. iyo inotungamirira kutarisa, inodzidzisa uye inofadza.
Kubva kuMiddle Ages kusvika panguva yeBaroque, aya maokisheni akatonga mukati metemberi dzeEurope uye, kunyanya, nyika yeIberia nenzvimbo dzayo dzemhiri kwemakungwa. Kushanduka kwayo kunodaira kushanduko dzezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri, zvepamutemo uye zvehunyanzvi, uye kudzidza kwayo kunovhura mikova yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, liturgy uye mafungiro.
Chii chinonzi altarpiece?
Kunyatsotaura, atari chivakwa chiri kuseri kana pamusoro peatari, inoumbwa nehurongwa hwekuvaka uye zvirongwa zvemifananidzo-zvivezwa. Iyo iri mutemberi huru inonzi hombe yeatari; ayo akarongwa nemanaves, ambulatori uye machapel anozivikanwa separutivi kana diki.
Chimiro chayo chinogona kugadzirwa nematanda, dombo, simbi kana anokosha uye semi-anokosha zvinhu, uye dzimba dzakadhirowewa, zvidhori kana zvakasununguka-zvivezwa. Mienzaniso yakawanda yakasanganiswa, kubatanidza polychrome kuveza uye mapaneru kana canvas., maererano netsika dzemunharaunda uye zviwanikwa zvemutengi.
Zvikamu uye mazwi anokosha
Kuti unzwisise mavakirwo ayo zvakakosha kugona chirevo chayo. Bhenji kana predella inoumba bhendi rezasi panogara mutumbi mukuru; dzimwe nguva kune sotabanco, pedyo nepasi.
Miviri ndiyo mitsetse yakachinjika, uye migwagwa, kupatsanurwa kwakatwasuka. Iyo grid inoguma inogadzira encasements panorongwa mifananidzo kana zvidhori. Iyo seti yezvinhu zvekuvaka inonzi masonry.
Chikamu chepamusoro chinogona kupedzwa neattic, musana, kana lunette; iyo perimeter inogona kuchengetedzwa nevhavha yeguruva. Kana iyo yeatari yataurwa, ine nzvimbo yakavhurika uye yakavharwa., uye mukuvhara ivo vanowanzoshongedzwa negrisailles inoratidzika sechivezwa.
Liturgical mavambo uye kushanduka kwekutanga
Chidzitiro cheatari chakazvarwa chakabatana neatari uye kunamatwa kwayo. Mushure mekutanga kusimuka uye kufambiswa kwematafura echiKristu, atari yakagadziriswa uye ine chiremera. Iyo antependium yepamberi, ine machira, simbi nenyanga dzenzou, yaive nhanho yapfuura, pamwe chete nekuratidzwa kwezvisaririra uye aediculae kana ciborium pamusoro kana seri kweatari.
Mumakereke ekutanga echiKristu neasati mava Romanesque, kushongedzwa kwemupendero, zvidhori, uye zvemberi zvinonyanya; munguva yeRomanesque, apse frescoes uye matanda kana simbi kumberi kunoenderera, mamwe anozoshandurwa kuita maatari. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 13, aritari yakawana mukurumbira kuseri kweatari, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweEurope uye umambo hweIberia.
Zvishandiso, matekiniki uye kutengeserana
Gilded uye polychrome huni ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kupararira zvinhu, kunyangwe kwaivewo nealabaster, marble, sirivheri nematombo akasiyana. The dorado nendiro uye muto pamusoro goridhe akanga ari unyanzvi hunokosha, pamwe chete nomuviri wezviso nemaoko.
Vanounganidza, vavezi, vavezi, vapendi, magilder uye maembosser vaibatanidzwa. Iyo yekupurasita yakagadzira pamusoro; ipapo mbiya yakashandiswa, yakashongedzwa uye yakanamirwa, uye yakapedzwa ne polychromy uye glazes.
Architecture yeatari: kuti nyaya yacho yakarongwa sei
Dhizaini yacho inowanzoita geometric uye hierarchical: migwagwa nemitumbi inoronga kutenderera kutenderera (hupenyu hwaKristu, Mhandara kana mutsvene) kana titular mifananidzo mune niches. Tebhenekeri kana nzvimbo tsvene yakawana hukuru kubva muzana ramakore rechi 15, kuuya kuzotonga mamwe mapoka kana kuti kusunungurwa sedenga.
Munguva yeGothic, canopies, pinnacles, cresting uye inonzi horror vacui inokura, ine heraldry uye mifananidzo yevatengi. MuRenaissance, grotesques, candelieri, mipumburu, tondos uye classical mirairo yakatsanangurazve masonry., uye munguva yeBaroque, iyo yakazara scenography neSolomoni columns, stipes kana polychrome marbles akaiswa zvichienderana nenharaunda.
Typology: chimiro uye basa
Kune maatari epamusoro etafura uye maatari emadziro, asiwo michina chaiyo. Diptychs, triptychs uye polyptychs (inowanikwa zvakanyanya muFlanders neCentral Europe) yakavharwa nemapapiro uye mamwe mapendi nekuveza.
Kune maatari maatari ane octagonal niche, mbiri-yakatarisana dzeatari dzekwaya uye dzakatendeka, dzeatari dzenhema dzakapendwa pamadziro kana zviwanikwa zvichishaikwa, uye mahara-akamira canopies pamakoramu. Nebasa rayo, Eucharistic altarpiece ine manifestor inomira pachena., izvo zveChristian Recumbent mune urn, michina yechikuva inoburitsa zvisaririra zvine mashandiro, ayo eRosary, mareliquaries ane makabati anosvikika kubva kumashure, mhando yekuratidzira kana ayo ane hombe kanivhasi.
Articulated altarpieces: the Central European flügelaltar
Munyika yeGermany neFlemish, maatari ane mapapiro, ane nzvimbo yakazaruka uye yakavharwa, yakave yakakurumbira. Kana yakavharwa, magrisailles anotevedzera chivezwa chematombo., uye painovhurwa, ruvara uye kuveza kwegoridhe zvinoputika. Iyi sisitimu yaifarira kuchengetedzwa, kucheneswa, uye shanduko mukarenda yese yeliturgical.
Reformation, Counter-Reformation uye shanduko mukuravira
Munharaunda dzePurotesitendi, aniconism uye kunyange iconoclasm zvakasimudzirwa, nekurasikirwa kukuru. Anglicanism yakabvumira kushandiswa kweatari and in the nharaunda yeLutheran zvidimbu zveCranach zvakapona.
Gothic Europe: Inotarisa uye Masters
MuBohemia, maatari eVyššà Brod neTřeboň anonyanya kucherechedzwa, nepo Rhine neDanube gare gare zvakaona miunganidzwa mikuru yakasanganiswa yekupenda nekuveza. Aya mamodheru akafurirawo Italy neSpain, kubatanidzwa mutsika dzomunzvimbomo.
Iberian Peninsula muzana remakore rechi14 uye rechi15
Iberian Gothic atari dzakawana hupfumi hunoshamisa, nematanda akashongedzwa uye epolychrome, uye alabasta yaive yakawanda muAragon. Iyo huru yeatari yeGirona mune sirivheri inomira kunze., chekare muBarcelona, ​​​​uye zvidimbu zvakaita seSan Cristóbal (Prado) kana kuti yeSanto Domingo de Tamarite.
Nhamba dzakakosha ndiTenzi weEstimariu, Andrés Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Gherardo Starnina uye Quejana altarpiece. Muzana ramakore rechi 15, Sancho de Rojas, iyo yekare yeOld Cathedral yeSalamanca, inopenya., kubviswa kukuru kweLeón naNicolás Francés, Seo yeZaragoza mualabaster (Pere Johan naHans weSwabia) uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwaBernat Martorell.
Zvimwe zvinonyanya kukosha zvinosanganisira Virgen dels Consellers (Lluis Dalmau), Peralta de la Sal (Jaume Ferrer II naPedro GarcÃa de Benavarre), mapaneru naNuno Gonçalves, pani naBartolomé Bermejo muDaroca, basa raFernando Gallego, iro basa gurusa reCatholic, uye Isabelp de Catheral de Isabel. Iyo Cartuja de Miraflores inopedzisa nguva naGil de Siloé, yatova pachikumbaridzo cheRenaissance.
Italy neFlanders mukuchinja kuenda kuRenaissance
MuItari, pala yaichengetwa yaive nemafomati nekuda kwetsika yakasimba kwazvo yefresco, kunyangwe Giotto, Simone Martini naDuccio vakagadzira akakurumbira polyptychs. Atari yesirivheri yeFlorence Baptistery chiitiko chakakosha chemupfuri wegoridhe, uye naFra Angelico tinoona shanduko yezvimiro kuenda kune a Architectural Renaissance.
Della Robbias yakaparadzira terracotta yakapenya; pilaster, maodha, friezes, uye grotesques zvakazadza masonry matsva. MuFlanders, iwo mapikicha polyptychs aVan Eyck, Van der Weyden kana Van der Goes. uye zvigadzirwa zveatari zvakavezwa zvakatengeswa kunze kubva kuAntwerp zvakazadza Europe nekuzvipira uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza.
Spanish Renaissance: Plateresque, Mannerism uye Romanesque
MuSpain, mafomu eItaly anopinda zvishoma nezvishoma, achibatana neSpanish-Flemish substrate. Plateresque inosanganisa balusters, grotesques uye nyaya mukuzorodza kana pendi, ine mienzaniso yakadai seyakakura muPalencia, iyo iri muRoyal Chapel yeGranada, San Pelayo muOlivares de Duero, San Pablo muPalencia, San Miguel muOñate kana Calzadilla de los Barros.
MuKorona yeAragon, Damián Forment anomira pachena: Mbiru yeZaragoza neHuesca muarabhasta, Poblet uye Santo Domingo de la Calzada mumapuranga epolychrome. Akateverwa naJuan de Moreto, Juan de Salas, Gabriel Yoly uye gare gare Cosme Damián Bas., kunyange nemapuranga asina kupendwa mune dzimwe nguva.
Mannerism yakasvika panhongonya naAlonso Berruguete (main atari yeSan Benito de Valladolid) naJuan de Juni, wekutaura kwakasimba. Romanism inovambwa neGaspar Becerra muAstorga, Pedro López de Gámiz, vaHayas naJuan de Ancheta, vachigadzira nzira yeEscurial classicism.
Imba yeatari yeMonastery yeSan Lorenzo de El Escorial inoratidza pamberi uye shure: dhizaini naHerrera, zvivezwa naLeone naPompeo Leoni, uye pendi yaTibaldi naZuccaro. Akazivisa zvinhu zvinokudzwa, mirairo yakasarudzika uye kukosha kwetabhenakeri., mabasa anopesvedzera akadai seVillagarcÃa de Campos kana San Miguel neSan Julián muValladolid.
Iyo Baroque: zera regoridhe reatari
Muzana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 chibatiso cheatari chakava mhedziso protagonist yemukati memakereke e Baroque architecture. Flat headboards uye light transparencies zvinova zvakajairika., midziyo yeatari ine nhurikidzwa, midziyo yeatari yakasununguka, atari dzinoonekera, kana kuti midziyo inochengeterwa; temberi yose inotora chikamu mukushongedza kwekubatanidza.
Italy inofarira marble uye semiprecious zvinhu, inotarisa iconography mufoshoro hombe kana boka rezvivezwa. MuSouthern Netherlands, machira makuru kubva kuchikoro cheRubens anowedzerwa. uye mapurupiti akaoma kunzwisisa kana mafonti akashongedzwa, sewedzero yesimba reKatorike.
MuCentral Europe, munzvimbo dzese dzechiKatorike nedzeLutheran, atari yacho inosanganiswa nestucco, zvivezwa, uye mavakirwo muzvikamu zvinosvibisa bhokisi remadziro. MuFrance, maatari maatari nhaurirano neimwe Baroque yemweya., yakanyorwa nezvidzidzo zvemazuva ano.
MuSpain, mhando dzedunhu dzakakura. Salamanca inosanganisa Churrigueresque, muToledo Narciso Tomé anopedzisa chimiro chakajeka, uye façade yeObradoiro muSantiago inobatana neatari senge yeSan MartÃn Pinario. Vagadziri vezvivakwa vakaita saGómez de Mora kana Churriguera, vavezi vakaita saFernández, Mena, Montañés kana Salzillo, uye vanopenda vakaita saMurillo, Valdés Leal kana Zurbarán. vanozadza maaritari munyika yose.
Kutevedzana kunogona kusiyaniswa: kuwedzera kwechinyakare muchikamu chekutanga chechitatu chezana ramakore rechi 17, chigadziko cheatari chekare chine shongwe yeSolomon uyezve stipite muhafu yechipiri, uye chikamu cheRococo muchikamu chekutanga chetatu chezana ramakore rechi 18. Portugal inovaka chigaro cheEucharistic chine chiratidzo chakasimba, uye nyika yechiPutukezi neHispanic inotumira kunze bharoque yakapfuma kuGoa, Bahia, Philippines uye yese yeSpain America.
Kubva kuRococo kusvika muzana remakore rechi20
Rococo yakaunza Louis XV yekushongedza; Neoclassicism yakaita nekudzikama, ichitsiva huni hwakashongedzwa nematombo uye magonhi eGreco-Roman-akafuridzirwa. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, eclectic uye nhoroondo yeatari yakaramba iripo., uye muzana remakore rechi20 machechi akavhura nzira dzokufamba-famba, nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai seAránzazu.
Atari seimba yemitambo uye mufananidzo
Izwi retablo rinoratidzawo nhanho yeimba yemitambo uye pfungwa yemitambo iripo muCervantes (Retablo de las maravillas) uye Falla (El retablo de Maese Pedro). Uku kunyepedzera kwechokwadi kweimba yemitambo kunoendesa pfungwa dzayo kumichina yemanyepo yeatari yechechi. sechishandiso chekunyengetedza uye kutonga kwakasimba.
Zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa
Pamusoro pemifananidzo, maatari mazhinji anosanganisira mazwi: kuzivikanwa kwevatsvene, motto, Marian antiphons, dzidziso mafomula kana indulgences. Kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekushandisa ndiyo nzira yekutsaurira pakati pebhangi, kupa muchengeti nemashoko panguva yehuwandu.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinorekodha vatengi, mazuva, mari kana zvishamiso zvemuno, pamwe chete neheraldry nezviratidzo. Dzimwe nguva zvinyorwa zvakavanzika kubva kune vagadziri vanoonekwa muchimiro, inobatsira kune zvirevo, nguva uye logistics yegungano.
Maitiro ekuhodha uye kugadzira atari
Maitiro acho anotanga nedhizaini uye chibvumirano pakati pemutengi nemuimbi, achitsanangura zviyero, iconography, zvinhu, nguva dzekupedzisira, uye mubhadharo. Dzimwe nguva kuurayiwa kunotengeswa nemutengo wakaderera., uye musangano wakakunda unotora kuungana uye kurongeka kwekutengeserana.
Zvidimbu zvakaunganidzwa mumusangano kana imwe yenguva pfupi pedyo nechechi; zvino zvinotakurwa uye zvinounganidzwa zvaoma. Iyo gilding uye polychrome inoda disassembled nezvinhu, kuisa plaster, mbiya, goridhe, embossing, uye muviri wenyama. Pakupedzwa, basa rinoongororwa, uye hapana kushomeka kwematare edzimhosva pamusoro pekuwedzera kwemutengo.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kugadzirisa, kupendazve kana regilding kunoitwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa uye zviwanikwa. Kuchengetedza kunokanganiswa nekusacheneswa kwakakwana, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye kurwisana kwezvombo., iyo inotsanangura kurasikirwa, kupararira uye kudzorera kwakaoma.
Mhosva dzakatanhamara uye mienzaniso nenzvimbo
Medieval uye yekupedzisira Gothic Hispanic nzvimbo: Girona muSilver, Barcelona, ​​​​San Cristóbal del Prado, Santo Domingo de Tamarite, Master of Estimariu, Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Quejana, Starnina, Sancho de Rojas, Old Salamanca, Leon naNicolás Francés, Seville Cathedrals de Marzal de Conlabaster de Conlabaster la Sal, Nuno Gonçalves, Daroca, Fernando Gallego, Seville Cathedral, polyptych yaIsabel naMiraflores. Ese anoratidza kukura kweiyo peninsular Gothic.
Central Europe neFlanders: late Gothic flügelaltäre naPacher, Dürer, Grünewald, Altdorfer, Ratgeb, Baldung, the Cranachs and the Holbeins; vavezi vakaita saVeit Stoss, Gerhaert, Riemenschneider kana Haguenau. Isenheim, Kefermarkt kana Riemenschneider maatari zviitiko zvakakosha.
Quattrocentista uye cinquecentista Italy: Giotto, Simone Martini, Duccio, Fra Angelico, Della Robbia uye Florentine vapfuri vegoridhe vanowedzera kune tsika huru yefoshoro. Classical grammar inopinda pilaster, pediments uye entablatures, dzimwe nguva kubatanidza ne trompe l'oeil mhedzisiro.
Renaissance kuBaroque Spain: Palencia, Granada, Zaragoza, Huesca, Poblet, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Berruguete, Juni, Becerra, and El Escorial; gare gare, Churrigueras, Cano, Fernández, Mena, Montañés, Salzillo, Murillo, Valdés Leal, uye Zurbarán. Iyo yakajeka kubva kuToledo, iyo churrigueresque kubva kuSalamanca kana San MartÃn Pinario inowedzerwa. kufanana nepamusoro-soro.
Iyo kesi yeMadrid: mashopu, marongero uye typologies
MuMadrid, nhaka yeEscurialense yakaratidza chikamu chekutanga chechitatu chezana ramakore rechi 17 nemhando dzeatari dzemiviri yakati wandei uye zvikamu, zvakatorwa kubva kuHerrera, ine mahombe akachekwa. Denderedzwa raGiovanni Battista Crescenzi rakasiya mucherechedzo pavagadziri vedare nevaunganidzi..
Alonso Cano akapa yakanatswa uye inonyoreka modhi, iine muviri mumwe chete maatari uye niches yakakura, ichikurudzira Herrera Barnuevo naPedro de la Torre. Pedro de la Torre akaparadzira Solomonic uye attics nemabuttresses, uye Sebastián de Benavente akabatanidza chimiro chake chokutonga.
Mabasa anozivikanwa: Buen Suceso (akarasika, anozivikanwa nekudhindwa), mukurusa weSan Pedro el Viejo (Benavente), atari yeMhandara yeGuadalupe muDescalzas Reales (Herrera Barnuevo) neboka reSan Plácido (hama dzeShongwe, naClaudio Coello naRizi). Ndivo nhanho dzeBaroque yeMadrid.
Pamplona: akatevedzana eRenaissance uye Baroque maatari mapirati
Pamplona Cathedral inopa kutevedzana kwemuenzaniso pakati pa1597 na1713: iyo huru chapel, the Pity, Saint John the Baptist, Saint Benedict, makereke matatu eBarbazana, Saint Jerome naSaint Gregory, Saint Joseph, Saint Catherine, Saint Martin, Saint John the Evangelist, Saint Christina, Saint Barbara, Saint Fermin, uye Trinity. Mabhishopi, zvitsauko, vanoremekedzwa, masangano uye vateveri vanopindira.
Zvitaera zvinotangira kubva kuRomanesque kuenda kuClassical Baroque, uye pakupedzisira kune yechinyakare chimiro nemabasa esolomonic. Vanyori vemuno nevekunze vanochinjana: Pedro González de San Pedro naDomingo de Bidarte mukupedzisira Renaissance; ZabalÃa paBharibhazana; José de San Juan anopa mabasa esolomoni; uye Miguel de Bengoechea anonyora Santa Catalina. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, pfungwa dzedzidzo dzaifarira kutsiva neoclassical uye kurongazve..
Zvichionekwa zvakazara, aritari inhoroondo mhenyu yeChechi nevanhu vayo: mutauro, unyanzvi, kuzvipira, uye simba zvinopindirana mumichina yekutenda iyi. Kunzwisisa kwaakabva, zvikamu, typologies, foci uye mazita makuru anotibvumira kuverenga zvirinani matemberi ese., uye vanokoshesa tsika iyo, pasinei nekushanduka kwekuravira uye kushanda, inoramba iri imwe yezviratidzo zvine simba zveHispanic neEurope art.
