Zvivakwa zveRoma uye zvakanyanya kukosha maficha

Vachifemerwa nemhando yekuvaka yeGreek yekare, vaRoma vakagadzira chimiro chitsva chekuvaka chinogona kuvonekwa kuburikidza neakakura uye akanaka masarasara achiripo munguva dzino. Maererano neizvi, chinyorwa ichi chinokuunzira inonakidza uye yakakosha ruzivo nezve Zvivakwa zveRoma uye nezvimwe

Roman architecture

Kubva pakugadzwa kweRiphabhuliki yeRoma muna 509 BC kusvika munenge muzana ramakore rechina AD, kubata kwezvivakwa mubudiriro iyi kwaivepo zvakanyanya, kunoratidzwa kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwemabasa makuru. Iyo yekupedzisira iri ratidziro yezvingave zvekare kana zvekupedzisira zvivakwa zveByzantine. Zvisineyi, hapana transcendental modhi yakachengetedzwa kusvika gore ra653 BC, kunyangwe rainge rave kutenderedza gore 100 AD uko Hushe Hwekupedzisira hwaitonga, mhando dzakakosha dzezvivakwa zveRoma dzakachengetedzwa zvakazara.

Saka zvisinei nekuti Humambo hweRoma hwakadonha, simba remagadzirirwo ahwo rakachengetwa kwemazana emakore akawanda, ichi chiri chimwe chevamiriri veWestern Europe kubva mugore 1000 AD, kuri kuwedzera uku nekudzokorora kwe. modhi yakakosha yezvivakwa zveRoma inonzi Romanesque architecture.

Mavakirwo echiRoman kupfuura mamwe ese ehunyanzvi hweRoma, airatidza kushanda, hunyanzvi hwesimba uye kufunga kwekuronga kwevanyori vayo. Saka hushe hweRoma pahwakakwanisa kupararira muMediterranean yese nenzvimbo huru dzeWestern Europe, vagadziri vezvivakwa zveRoma vakapihwa basa rekumiririra kuburikidza nemabasa makuru ekuvaka hukuru nesimba reRoma, mukuwedzera pakuvandudza hupenyu hwevagari vemo.

Kuti varatidze hukuru hweHumambo uhwu, vaRoma vakamira nekushandisa nzira dzakakosha dzekuvaka dzakadai se:

• The arc.
• The vault.
• Dome.
• Kushandiswa kwekongiri.

Yakanga iri kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemaitiro aya kuti vagadziri veRoma vakatsanangura uye vakateya hwaro hweakawanda eakanyanya kudarika eruzhinji mabasa munhoroondo yezvivakwa, kusanganisira temberi, zviyeuchidzo, yekugezera veruzhinji, basilicas, kukunda arches, uye amphitheatre.

Senzira yekuwedzera kusimbisa misimboti yenguva yekusimba uye runyararo umo Humambo hunonzi Rugare rweRoma hwakachengetwa, vagadziri vezvivakwa vakaronga kuurayiwa uye kuungana kwemvura isingaverengeki, pamwe chete seti yemvura, mabhiriji uye akateedzana akateedzana. migwagwa, panguva imwe chete iyo vagadziri vemaguta vakaronga kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvekuvaka zvichibva pamisasa yemauto nechinangwa chekutanga metropolises matsva kubva pakutanga.

Huzhinji hwehunyanzvi uye dhizaini yekuvaka iyo yakashanda sekufuridzirwa kwevagadziri veRoma, yakatorwa kubva kuEtruscans uye maGreek, ndiko kuti, ivo vakatora zvinhu zvezvinonzi classical architecture. Saizvozvo, vakadzidza nezveEgyptian piramidhi zvivakwa uye masonry. Saka iyo yekuvakisa ndiyo yakasarudzika mupiro weRoma yekare kune art uye tsika nhoroondo yeEurope. Saka izvi zvakatanhamara kupfuura marudzi mazhinji echivezwa cheRoma, ayo anenge ese anobva kumaGiriki.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mavakirwo azvo akaumbwa nemadziro akasimba aipindirana nema arches uye domes. Iyi yaive shanduko yakakosha kubva kumakoramu nemakona aiwanzo shandiswa mukirasi yezvivakwa. Nekudaro, sekusimudzira kwehunyanzvi kana kuyevedza, iwo ekare ekushongedza maodha akawedzerwa, akadai seTuscan (yakareruka musiyano weiyo Doric order) uye macomposites (yakasimudzwa kurongeka neCorinthian maruva ekushongedza uye Ionic mipumburu).

Kuitwa kukuru kwezvivakwa zveHumambo kwakaitika pakati pegore 40 BC na230 AD, kare kusati kwaoma kwezana ramakore reXNUMX uye zvipingamupinyi zvinotevera zvakaderedza hupfumi nesimba rekuronga reHurumende. Pakati pezvakakosha zvekuvaka uye nheyo dzevaRoma, ndezvi:

• Temberi yeMaison Carrée uye Pont Du Gard bhiriji mugero uri muNimes - France, ese ari maviri kubva 19 BC.
• Iyo Colosseum muRome - Italy iyo nguva yekuuraya iri pakati pe72-80 BC
• Arch yaTitus muRoma - Italy yakavakwa muna 81 AD
• Mugero weRoma muSegovia - Spain muna 100 AD
• Iyo yekugezera (104-109 AD) uye Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) muAlcantara - Spain.
• Celsus roman library muEfeso - Turkey muna 120 AD
• Hadrian's Wall kuChamhembe kweEngland muna 121 AD
• Pantheon muRoma - Italy muna 128 AD
• Diocletian's Palace muSplit - Croatia muna 300 AD
• Dzimba dzeDiocletian muRoma - Italy muna 306 AD
• Arch of Constantine muRoma - Italy muna 312 AD
• Mushonga wetsvina muRome - Italy pakati pe600-200 BC Iyi yaive imwe yenzira dzekare dzematsvina munhoroondo yenyika, yaitsvaga kubvisa mvura yenzvimbo uye kutakura tsvina kubva muguta kuenda kurwizi rweTiber.

Zvese zvikamu zvekugadzira dhizaini yeRoma zvakaongororwa nemugadziri Marcus Vitruvius, aive akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mundima iyi kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga BC kusvika dhizaini yake yekuvaka munenge muna 27 BC, kunyangwe izvi zvakapupurirwa pamberi pedanho rekusika rezvivakwa zveRoma. .

Historia

Iye zvino kuti tizive zvishoma nezve magadzirirwo emhando yekuvaka yeRoma, zvinodikanwa kuti uzive kuburikidza nenhoroondo yayo kuburikidza nekwayakabva, kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hutsva, kugadziridzwa kwakaitwa nevagadziri veRoma, boom yekuvaka uye kuderera kwayo kwakazotevera. Zvinotevera:

Mabviro

Kuratidzwa kwezvivakwa zveRoma kwakatanga zvakananga kuburikidza neEtruscans, uko munguva dzakazotevera zvikamu zvechiGiriki zvakatorwa, pachezvayo hunhu hweizvi pesvedzero hunoratidzwa mumabasa echiRoma munguva inokonzerwa nePunic belligerences. Parizvino, mavambo echivakwa cheRoma akadzokera panguva iyo mabasa ekutanga akaitwa, senge nzira yekutanga uye yekutanga mugero.

Munguva apo Hushe hweRoma hwakakudza kukunda kwahwo uye kutonga kwahwo pamusoro penzvimbo dzeSicily neGirisi pachayo, zvakanga zvakajairika kuti vakuru vakuru veRoma vave nemuunganidzwa wezvinhu zvine ukoshi hukuru hwounyanzvi semikombe, izvi sorutivi rwomubayiro wavo wokukunda. Mukuwedzera, nokuda kwehukuru, simba uye hupfumi hweRoma, yakatanga kukwezva Etruscan neGreece maartist, saka vakatanga kudzidzisa vaRoma pamusoro pekunaka kweunyanzvi uye kuyemura kwayo.

Asi kuratidzwa kwevaRoma pamusoro pezvivakwa hakuna kuoneka kusvika pakupera kwedanho rechiGiriki. Mavakirwo avo aiwanzo akavakirwa pamapuratifomu akasimba ayo aionekwa nekushandiswa kwematombo makuru ematombo akashandwa kana erustic, kuuraya uku mukuvaka kwavo kwakafanana zvakanyanya nevaEtruscans.

Kuzara kwemabasa ekuvaka eRoma akavakwa mukutanga kwayo kwakazadzisa chinangwa chinoshanda kupfuura chimiro, kunyanya panguva yehumambo, iyo kusavapo kwemaitiro ayo ese ekushongedza, angave echivezwa kana mifananidzo, ainyanya kukosha. Asi mushure mekufamba kweSirakuse pakati pemakore 212-214 BC, vaRoma vakatanga kufarirwa uye kukoshesa zvehunyanzvi, zvichiva tsika munzanga yese yeRoma.

Pakazosvika nguva iyo Girisi yakava dunhu reRoma muna 144 BC, mabhii echiGiriki euranda asingaverengeki akatorwa kunoshanda muRoma. Chimwe chezviito zvaifarira kudhirowa muRoma zvaive zvinhu zvakawanda zvakawanikwa mukukunda kwaLucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico panguva yehondo yePydna.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, izvo zvakawanikwa kubva kumatemberi echiGiriki eDelphi, Olympia neEpidaurus naLucio Cornelio Sila Félix, zvinhu zvinokosha zvakawanikwa naOctavio de Alejandría uye kukanganisa kune temberi dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAsia naPublio Cornelio Dolabela. Kwaiperera zvinhu izvi kwaiva Roma, uye iyoyi pachayo neimwe nzira yakatowedzera kunaka kwakanatswa kweicho kusvikira panguva iyoyo chakanga chiri chimiro chounyanzvi chisingazivikanwi kwavari.

Ikozvino yekutanga kugadzirwa kwechiRoma kuuraya marble kwaive mutembere, kwakavambwa nevagadziri veLaconia-Grecia Sauro neBatraco nekuraira kwemumiriri Quinto Cecilio Metelo Pío.

michina mitsva

Pakati pehunyanzvi hutsva hwakaitwa nevaRoma mukuvaka kwavo kuvakwa kwezvivharo nemaarch, izvi neimwe nzira zvakabatsira kudzvanyirira makoramu uye architraves, chimwe chinhu chakanyanya hunhu hwechinyakare chivakwa cheGreek chakashandiswa senzira yekutsigira. Sirin'i nemapango anorema, saka aya aiwanzova echishongo pakushanda. Kune vaRoma, stylistic hanya dzevaGiriki dzaive dzisiri kudzikisira kwavari, saka vaishandisa maodha echinyakare nekuzvimiririra kwakakura.

Nokudaro, munguva yavo yekukudzwa vaRoma vakanyatsofemerwa nemazano ekuvaka kusvika pakuita zvirongwa zvitsva, pfungwa huru pamusoro penzvimbo uye pfungwa iri pachena pamusoro pehuwandu hukuru. Iyo itsva itsva mukuvaka kweRoma yakatanga kuzviratidza mukati mezana ramakore rechipiri nerechitatu BC kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekongiri sechinotsiva zvidhinha nematombo mukuvaka kwavo. Pamusoro pazvo, mumabasa ake enguva idzodzo, makoramu makuru aikwanisa kuoneka serutsigiro rwematanho nemba.

Uyezve, seti yembiru dzakashongedzwa chaitsigira rusvingo runotakura zvinhu zvakatanga kushandiswa. Idzodzi dzainzi makamuri kana kuti mabiravira, uye kukura kwawo, kusvika kumwero wakati, kwakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwekongiri muzvivako zveRoma. Nezvekuitwa kwechivakwa chidiki, simba rekongiri yeRoma rakadzikinura rectangular pasi chirongwa chesero kupinda munzvimbo inoyerera yakasununguka.

Imwe yekufanotaura mukuvaka kweRoma kwaive kushandiswa kukuru kwemaarch uye vaults. Mavari mavari, vaive murwi wemadota egomo rinoputika (pozzolana) nematombo, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune anofananidzwa nematombo anoonekwa muEtruscan vaults, kana mune rimwe kana mamwe mabasa eAsia. Zvakare, mavharuvhu aive nezvidhinha zvakasimba zvakatoenderana asi zvakaiswa mukati mevhairi yacho pachayo, chinangwa chayo chiri chekuve tsigiro yenguva pfupi uye kusimbiswa kwemukati. Muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wekuurayiwa kwevaRoma unoonekwa mumuzinda wePantheon of Agripa muRoma.

Muchivakwa cheRoma, haana kungoshandisa zvivharo zvemabhodhoro uye dzimba mumabasa ake, asiwo mabheji ekutanga uye mavhavha. Kunyangwe mafainari ambotaurwa aisawanzo shandiswa kunze kweEmpire yekuMabvazuva, kubva pamabasa ekuvaka avakaita, nzira chete yezviyero zvemukati zvakashandiswa mumavhairi eBaths yeCaracalla neBasilica yeMaxentius inogona kuonekwa.

Saizvozvowo, mazita makuru enhoroondo dzekare aimiririra zvikuru muMiddle Ages aivapo mumavakirwo eRoma, chimwe chinhu chakaonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekare dzakabatana nevaRoma, dzakadai sePompeii yekare. Sezvatatosimbisa, mabasa ezvivakwa zveRoma akamiririrwa maererano nekubatsira kwawo, senge:

• Zvivako zvinogona kubva pazvine mwero kusvika pazvinoshamisira.
• Migero yemvura uye mabhiriji aive ane mwero asi achishanda anoshanda zvinoenderana nekushanda kwawo.
• Dzimba dzamambo netemberi, kune rumwe rutivi, zvakanga zviri chimwe chinhu, idzodzi dzaifanira kuva dzakatanhamara, sezviri pachena dzichiratidzira zvadzaimirira.
• Zvivako zvakapfava kana mabasa anoshandiswa kufukidzwa nematombo achigadzira mirairo isingaratidzi nzvimbo yemukati.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti mune ese akanakisa zvivakwa kana mabasa aimbove akashongedzwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekupenda uye mataira.

Kuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha kwaAugustus

Nekuda kwekufamba kwemari kwakanyanya panguva iyoyo uye kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanhu mumaguta makuru eRoma, Humambo hweRoma hwakaona kukosha kwekuongorora nekushandisa hunyanzvi hutsva hwaikwanisa kupa mhinduro kune zvese zvivakwa zvenguva idzodzo. Saka kuburikidza neruzivo rwakadzama rwezvigadzirwa zvekuvaka, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana sekugadzira mavhairi nemaarch, Humambo hweRoma hwakakwanisa kubudirira kugadzira mega-infrastructure kuti ishandiswe neveruzhinji.

Kugadzwa kweHumambo hweRoma muGreece kwakaita kuti vaGiriki vazhinji vatamire kuItari, kusanganisira maartist. Muchikamu, Rugare rweRoma (Pax Romana) rwakakurudzirwa naAugustus rwakaita kuti upfumi husimukire zvakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwezviratidziro zvakasiyana-siyana zveunyanzvi, pakati pezvivakwa.

Nokudaro, zvirongwa zvekuronga maguta kuti Roma ivandudze uye ipe mufananidzo mutsva kuguta, sechikamu chepfungwa dzaAugustus, dzakazozadziswa mushure mekubatanidzwa kwerunyararo munzvimbo dzese dzakakundwa nevaRoma, zvichitevera kukunda kwake muHondo yeAcciona pamusoro paMark Antony. Neimwe nzira, Augustus haana kungozadzisa chishuvo chababa vake vokurera Julius Caesar chekusimudzira chitarisiko cheRoma, icho chaiva chiono chake chitsva cheImperial capital, asi akakurudzirawo kuvaka uye unyanzvi.

Panguva imwe chete iyoyo Roma yainge yatove nevagari vanosvika miriyoni imwe pakati pevaRoma nevatorwa, izvi zvakakonzera kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzine mukurumbira dzakaita sevavakidzani veArgileto, Velabro neSuburra. Saka nekuda kwekuwanda kwevanhu kwakadai, Hurumende yakaona zvakakodzera kuti paite hurongwa hwaive nechokuita nehurongwa hwemaguta hwaisanganisira kuvakwa kwechiteshi chezvikepe nematura kuitira kuti veruzhinji vawane mari. Saizvozvowo, panguva imwecheteyo, zvivakwa zvinotevera zvakaitwa:

• Kuwedzera mugero weTiber River kuitira kuchengetedza guta nevagari varo kubva kumafashama anogona kuitika.
• Migero mitsva yemvura.
• Mabhati ekutanga eruzhinji.
• Amphitheatre.
• Dzimba mbiri dzemitambo.
• Raibhurari inowanikwa kune veruzhinji.
• Iyo Forum yaAugustus (Forum de Augusti).
• Aritari yeRugare (Ara Pacis).
• Temberi: Pantheon yaAgripa uye Mars Avenger (Mars Ultor).
• Magadheni asingaverengeki, porticoes uye akasiyana zvivakwa zveveruzhinji.

Rimwe remabasa ekugadzirisa mukati mehurongwa hwaAugustus hwekunakisa guta reRome, raive rekushanda paMunda weMars (Campus Martius), izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakatungamira kuve imwe yeakanyanya kushamisa nzvimbo dzeRoma yekare. Saizvozvowo, Augustus akabatanidza muhurongwa hwake hwekuronga kwemaguta kusikwa kweMausoleum yake, iyo yaakambobva mumuviri, yakadzivirira zvakasara zvake, mhuri yake uye Imba yaAugustus (Domus Augusti) paPalatine Hill. Ichi chingava chivakwa chikuru cheImperial Palace (Palatium) yakaoma.

Imwe yemafungiro akanaka maererano nemafungiro nezviito zvaAugustus maererano nekupa mharidzo yakaisvonaka yeguta reRoma, inosimbiswa nemunyori wezvakaitika kare Seutonio muBhuku II pamusoro pehupenyu hwevacaesar gumi nevaviri, apo anotaura zvinotevera:

"Augustus akaunza Roma kune runako rwakadaro, pane imwe nguva iyo stylistic dhizaini haina kufambidzana nehukuru hweHumambo, iyo zvakare seguta yakasangana nenjodzi dzisingaverengeki dzakadai semafashamo nemoto, izvo zvaigona kuzvirumbidza nazvo. .kuchisiya chamabwe machena, vaugamuchira pazvidhina.”

architectural boom

Munguva dziri pakati pehurumende dzaNero naConstantine pakati pa 54 na 337 BC, ndipo panowanikwa chiratidzo chikuru chezvivakwa muHushe hweRoma, mabasa akatanhamara ari aya akavakwa munguva yehurumende dzeTrajan, Titus naHadrian. Mimwe mienzaniso yekupa mazita emabasa aya ndeiyi:

• Migero mizhinji yeguta reRoma.
• Mabhati eDiocletian uye Caracalla.
• The basilicas.
• The Colosseum muRoma.

Nekuti mabasa ekuvaka aya aive akanaka kwazvo, akazovakwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo pasi pehutongi hwehumambo hweRoma, asi padiki. Zvimwe zvezvivakwa izvi zvichiri kusara zvakakwana nanhasi, zvakaita semadziro eguta reLugo kuHispania Tarraconensis munzvimbo yava kuchamhembe kweSpain.

Kugona kwekutonga uye kwemari mumaoko eHumambo hweRoma kwakaibvumira kuvaka mabasa makuru, kunyangwe munzvimbo dziri kure nemaguta makuru, pamwe nekuhaya vanhu vane hunyanzvi uye vasina kukodzera basa rakakosha pakuitwa kwezvivakwa.

Chinangwa chezvivakwa zveRoma pachacho chaive chakabatana nekuita kwezvematongerwo enyika, kuburikidza nazvo zvaigoneka kuratidza simba reHumambo hweRoma huzhinji pamwe neiyo yevamwe vatambi vaitungamira kuvakwa kwahwo. Nenzira yakati, iri donzo rezvamatongerwe enyika pazvivakwa rakabvumira kukudza Hurumende, pamwe chete nomufananidzo uyo vaRoma vaida kupa pamusoro poUmambo hwavo hukuru. Saka kuti vaite izvi, havana kutambisa chero pfuma yavo kurumbidza chiratidzo chavo chehukuru muzvisikwa zvavo zvese zvekuvaka.

Nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yezvivakwa zveRoma zvichida yakasvikwa panguva yekutonga kwaHadrian, uye yaive panguva iyi apo mambo akaraira kuvakwa nekuvakwazve kwemabasa mazhinji, anonyanya kuzivikanwa ayo nhasi ndeaya:

• Kuvakwazve kwePantheon yaAgripa muRoma.
• Kuvakwa kweHadrian's Wall, mucherechedzo weRoma wakasiiwa pazvimiro zvekuchamhembe kweBritain.

Kuramba

Unyanzvi hweRoma hwakararama nguva yahwo yehukuru pakati pemazana maviri ekutanga eHumambo hweRoma, asi nechekare pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechipiri kuderera kunononoka kwakatanga kuitika nekuda kwemaitiro akanaka uye akasarudzika, uye izvi zvakatonyanya kucherechedzwa panguva yedambudziko rezana ramakore rechitatu iro rakazove sarudzo yezana ramakore rechina ne5, uko Baroque akatanga kugadzira uye dhizaini yake yemabasa ayo ekuvaka yakawedzera.

Nekudaro, zvivakwa zveRoma sehunyanzvi zvakaramba zvichizviratidza kuburikidza nemabasa mazhinji, kudzamara akati wandei emaguta makuru eRoma akatorwa nevatorwa. Mimwe yemienzaniso iyi temberi huru dzokuRoma dzakatangwa muzana remakore rechina, dzakanga dzisina kungonamata vaKristu chete asiwo dzehurumende. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura:

• Zvisaririra zveiyo colossal civil basilica yaConstantine (kana Maxentius), iyi iri muRoma uye yaimboshandiswa sesosi yekurudziro yevagadziri veRenaissance vezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu.

Nhasi kune pfungwa yekuti zvivakwa zveRoma zvakadzikira zvachose panguva yehurumende yaConstantine, maari pachake akashandisa sezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvidimbu zvakaita sembiru, zvivezwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasara, zvese zvekare mune zvakawanda zvakapararira munzvimbo yakakura yenzvimbo. kuvaka mabasa matsva ekuvaka, sezvaakaita neConstantinople.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, akashanda pakuvakwa kweArch of Constantine muRoma, kwaakashandisa zvinhu zvakadzokororwa kubva kumabasa ekare akavakwa muhurumende dzaHadrian, Trajan naMarcus Aurelius, saka mukushayikwa kwevavezi vakadzidziswa, mifananidzo yakakwira mabasa apfuura.

Kunyanya kuderera kwehunyanzvi hweRoma kwakawedzera kuoneka mukati mechivezwa, pachayo chivakwa chakaramba chichikura kwenguva yakareba, izvi zvakakurudzirwa nekuti zvaive nyore kuti vagadziri vatevedzere mamwe mabasa aivepo panguva iyoyo, zvichienzaniswa nekushaikwa kwe vavezi vane mano iwayo.

Iwo matatu Vitruvian nheyo

Aya mamisimboti ekare, ayo achiripo zvakanyanya mukuvaka nhasi, akagadzirwa nemuvaki uye nyanzvi mumabasa ehurumende, pamwe nekuve munyori wezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi uhu, Marcos Vitruvio Pollio. Akararama muzana remakore rekutanga BC uye anoyeukwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvipo zvake zvekuvaka kuburikidza nebasa rake, "De architectura."

Sechikamu cheushamwari hwake hwehunyanzvi naMambo weRoma panguva iyoyo, Augustus, Vitruvius akasarudza kuisa pabepa ndangariro dzake nepfungwa dzedzidziso, nhoroondo uye nzira dzemavakirwo sechikamu chekuratidzwa kwezivo yake kuna Mambo weRoma neHurumende. De architectura ndiyo yega dhizaini yezvivakwa yakapona kubva kare, ichisara ibwe rekubata rekugadzira kusvika panguva ino.

Uyezve, vagadziri vemazuva ano vakaunganidza mazano akawanda anokosha kubva mumabhuku gumi aVitruvius "De architectura". Uye iyo inogona kunge yakamira zvakanyanya bvunzo yenguva ndiyo nheyo dzake nhatu, dzinozivikanwa seVitruvian Triad: Firmitas, Utilitas uye Venustas.

Firmites - Kugara, kusimba kana kuramba

Muchidimbu, firmitas inodzika kune iyo pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuvakwa kuti zvigare, kunyangwe kana zvakafumurwa kune zvakasikwa zvinhu. Chimiro chinoshamisa chinobatsira chinodonha mushure memakore akati wandei chinganzi chakundikana. Chivako chakagadzirwa zvakanaka chinogona kugara kwemazana emakore, kunyange zviuru zvemakore. Sezvineiwo, hapana kana chimwe chezvivakwa zvaVitruvius chinoramba chiripo, asi musimboti uyu uchiripo.

Uyu musimboti unobatanidza zvakawanda zvezvivakwa pane zvinongoitika kwatiri. Sezvo pazvinotangwa kuti kusimba kunozovimbiswa kana hwaro hwasudururwa kune hwaro hwakasimba uye zvinhu zvinosarudzwa nekungwara uye nerusununguko. Mune mamwe mazwi, sarudza kwauri kuenda nekuchenjera, isa hwaro hwakadzama uye shandisa yakakodzera uye yakasimba zvinhu, ndosaka marble, kongiri uye zvidhinha zvaiwanzo shandiswa mukuvakwa kweRoma.

Isu tose tinongonzwisisa kuti kurarama kwenguva refu chiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwakanaka. Inoratidza zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro, kuronga zvine hungwaru uye kunyatsogadzirisa. Roma's Pantheon of Agripa ndiyo muenzaniso, ichi chiratidzo chekugara kwenguva refu dhizaini, ine mukurumbira nehupenyu hwayo hurefu uye ukuru hwayo.

Nheyo yacho inorevawo nezvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu, saka panguva yekuvakwa kwechivako kana basa, kumanikidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, kudengenyeka kwenyika, kudengenyeka, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, hazvifungidzirwe nenzira yekudzivirira. Inogona kunge isiri chivako kwenguva refu.

Utilitas - Utility

Zvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa uye zvakavakwa nechikonzero. Chero chingave chinangwa ichocho, chinofanira kugara chiri pfungwa yemugadziri. Kana iyo dhizaini ikasazadzisa chinangwa chayo, pamwe haina kunyanya kubatsira. Semuenzaniso, theatre isina dariro inorambidzwa zvachose maererano nekubatsira kwayo. Saka maererano neVitruvius, kushandiswa kuchavimbiswa:

"apo kurongeka kwedzimba kwacho kusingaite uye kusingapi zvipingamupinyi pakushandiswa kwavo, uye kana kirasi yega yega yekuvaka inopihwa kuratidzwa kwayo uye kwakaringana".

Vitruvius ndiye murwi akakurudzira kuburikidza neruzivo rwake kuti chimiro chinofanira kuperekedza basa. Pfungwa iyi yaikosha zvokuti Louis Sullivan, “baba veimba ine skyscraper,” akaitora akaikoshesa muna 1896. Vekupedzisira vanonzi vakati pfungwa iyi yaibva kuna Vitruvius, kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zveizvi zvisina chokwadi. Chero zvazvingava, ndizvo izvo utilitas inosvika. Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvivakwa dzine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana.

Chivako chakagadzirwa nezvinodiwa izvi sekufunga kwekupedzisira chinogona kuodza mwoyo. Izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti mativi ega ega ega ega ega anofanirwa kubatanidzwa zvine mutsindo. Mune mamwe mazwi, dzinofanirwa kuve nyore kuwana uye kufamba. Kana chivakwa chinobatsira uye chiri nyore kushandisa, ndiko kutanga kwakanaka.

Venustas – Runako

Sezvo Vitruvius anoti, "ziso rinogara richitsvaga runako." Hunhu huri pamutemo hwakakwana hwekushuvira. Maererano neDe architectura, runako runoitika "apo chitarisiko chebasa chinonakidza uye chinonaka, uye kana nhengo dzaro dziri muchiyero chakakodzera maererano nemitemo yakarurama ye symmetry". Pamusoro pekubatsira uye kuvakwa zvakanaka, zvivakwa zvinofanirwa kunge zvichifadza ziso.

Vamwe vanogona kutobaya mwoyo. Vitruvio inosimbisa mamiriro akasiyana-siyana anobatsira mukusimudzira uye kubwinya kwezvivakwa, kusanganisira kuenzana uye kuenzana. Izvi zvainyanya kukosha kwaari (saka da Vinci's Vitruvian Man). Iko kusanganisa kubatanidzwa kwezvimiro mune zvese kunotangira graphic dhizaini nezviuru zvemakore.

Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chechimiro chinofanira kutariswa maererano nezvimwe zviri pedyo nazvo, pamwe nenharaunda yachiri kuvakwa. Vitruvius anopfupikisa kusangana uku neshoko rimwechete: eurythmy, izwi rechiGiriki rinoreva rhythm inowirirana. Vitruvius anoitsanangura mumamiriro ekuvaka sezvinotevera:

“Eurythmy kunaka uye kukwana mukugadziridzwa kwenhengo. Inowanikwa apo nhengo dzebasa dzine urefu hunoenderana nehupamhi hwadzo, upamhi hunoenderana nehurefu hwadzo, uye, mushoko, apo dzose dzine hanya kune imwe neimwe yakaenzana.

Kufanana nenziyo, zvivako zvine mutinhimira; saka mativi akasiyana anoigadzira anofanira kunyanya kugadzira kuwirirana kwete kukanganisa kana ruzha. Pamusoro pekuenzana uye kuenzana, zvidimbu zvega zvinogona kuwedzera kunaka mune dzimwe nzira. Kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwakanaka, sezvakaita kutarisisa kune zvakadzama.

Zvinhu

Republican uye Imperial Roma yaive uye inoramba iri guta rinonakidza. Yakaongororwa zvakanyanya kwemazana emakore, saka mucherechedziwo zvake anoziva nezveRoma uye pesvedzero yaichiri kuita munyika yanhasi. Roma munguva yaKristu, inova nguva yakangoitika yekuchinja kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuumambo hweRoma, yaive nzvimbo yemisika mizhinji, zviitiko zvehurumende, zvifambiso, nezvimwe zvinhu zvekutengeserana, asi zvinonyanya kukosha, zvebhizinesi rehumambo.

Kuti umambo hwacho hubudiswe uye hurambe huripo, paidiwa zvivako zvekuita mabasa aya. Kuvakwa kwezvivako kunoda zvinhu uye nzira dzokuvaka nadzo. Hunhu hwechivakwa cheRoma chakashandiswa uye chakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakaburitsa chirevo cheHumambo chinova musimboti wahwo. Saka kuguta rine vanhu miriyoni zvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvaizoda.

Vagadziri veRoma vakashandisa zvinhu zvechisikigo seyakabikwa, iyo huru iri dombo, huni uye marble. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinosanganisira zvidhinha negirazi, uye zvinhu zvakaumbwa zvinosanganisira kongiri. Zvinhu izvi zvaiwanikwa padyo neguta reRome uye, kazhinji, munzvimbo yese yeEurope yeHumambo.

ibwe namatombo

Matombo akasiyana-siyana aishandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nevaRoma, imwe neimwe yakakosha kune humwe hunhu: simba, kusimba, uye aesthetics. Ibwe rinowanikwa rakaunganidzwa munharaunda uye chikamu chekuchera zvichienderana nekuwanikwa. Dombo rakashandira Humambo sechinhu chekutanga chekuvakisa.

Zvidhinha nekongiri zvakashandiswa apo kumhanya uye kudzokorora kwekuvaka kwakakosha. Saka padanho rekutanga, dombo ndiro rakajairika uye rinoshandiswa zvine musoro zvinhu zvekuvaka. Kunyangwe tsika dzechinyakare dzaizotarisirwa kuunganidza uye kuronga matombo mune imwe mhando yehuvanda. Saizvozvowo, zvaitarisirwa kuti vaRoma vaizoshandisa matombo pakuvaka.

Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekufambira mberi kwetsika, unyanzvi hwavo hwekugadzira matombo hwakaratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuoma uye kupera. Izvi zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvekucheka matombo, zvakadai se: mucheki (badza) nyundo, mugadzirisi (wakanongedza) sando, sando yemuvezi (demo), mareti, nyundo, chisero, saha, uye sikweya. Iyi seti yezvishandiso inoramba yakafanana kune XNUMXst century stonemasons. Geology inoisa matombo/matombo muzvikamu zvitatu:

• sedimentary
• igneous
• metamorphic

VaRoma vasingazivi vaishandisa marudzi ose ematombo aiva muzvikamu zve geological strata: travertine, sedimentary stone; tuff negranite, igneous; uye marble, metamorphic. MaRoma aigara aishandisa zvinhu izvi nekuda kwekupararira kwavo kwenzvimbo uye kureruka kwekuwana chekushandisa. Vitruvius yakapa nhungamiro yekushandiswa kwayo zvichibva pane zvinofungidzirwa hunhu uye hunhu.

Pakati pemhando dzematombo, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa yaive travertine. Vitruvius akakurudzira travertine sedombo "rinogona kumira kushushikana chero kupi zvako, kungave kubva mukushungurudzika kana kubva mukukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nemamiriro okunze akaoma." Travertine, sedimentary limestone, yakaoma kwazvo uye inokwanisa kushingirira mitoro inorema nekuda kwesimba rayo rekumanikidza. Iine mavara akarukwa ane gomba rakati tsvikiti uye yaishandiswa zvimiro, pamwe nekushongedza kwemafacade ezvivakwa zvakaita sematheater neamphitheatre.

Kuzivikanwa kwaTravertine kwakadzikira apo Augustus akada marble kune travertine sechinhu chekushongedza kunze kwechivako. Nepo tuff ivhu rakasimba uye rine porous volcanic dope, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nedombo risina simba. Yainyanya kushandiswa pakuvaka zvemukati, semapuratifomu ematemberi. Nekuti rakanga risiri dombo rakaomarara, tuff inochekwa zviri nyore uye yaive yakanaka kana ichishandiswa mukati memba, asi yakanga isingakodzeri kushandiswa kunze sezvo yaikukurwa nekukurumidza kubva kuchando nemvura.

Kushandiswa kukuru kwemarble kwakatangwa panguva yekutonga kwaAugustus. Marble aicherwa munharaunda uye akatakurwawo kureba, mamwe kure seTunis. Yakanga yakakosheswa zvikuru uye yakashandiswa kunyanya kushongedza zvinhu (zvakadai se "capitals" yekoromo) kana kumadziro. Pakati pemarbles anoshandiswa ndeaya anotevera:

• chemtou
• vana
• mhuri
• ngochani
• parian
• Pentelic
• Musuwo waSanta
• proconnesus
• Pyrenean
• Antique Rosso
• Thesian

Mazita emabhura aya anoenderana nenzvimbo yaatorwa. Imwe neimwe yakasiyana-siyana yemarble yakanga ine ruvara rwayo. Vanosiyana kubva kune yero-veined, grey-blue, white-yellow-veined, machena, machena akajeka, tsvuku-bhuruu, violet, tsvuku, uye girini. Maonero eRoma ane mafacade emavara aya angadai akashamisa. Kushandiswa kwechinhu ichi chekuvakisa kwaive mugumisiro wekuravira nechishuwo chaAugustus uye nokudaro inopa muenzaniso unoshamisa wekuti zvinhu zvakashandiswa sei kuratidza Humambo.

Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwedombo nevavaki veRoma kwakanga kwakakura, Vitruvius akapa nzvimbo duku yokutema matombo mumabhuku ake gumi, achinyora chitsauko chimwe chete padombo. Vitruvius akakurudzira matombo kubva kumatombo ari pedyo neguta uye kubva kuSaxa Rubra neFidenae nekuti makwari aya aigadzira dombo rakapfava (tuff) uye rakaomarara (limestone), uye nekuti ese ari maviri aive pedyo neguta.

Tuff yaigona kutemwa nesaha, saka yaive nyore kuumbwa panguva yekuvaka. Nekuda kweizvi, tuff inokurudzirwa kunzvimbo dzakafukidzwa, uko yaizoshanda zvakanaka, asi kana yakafumurwa kuchando / kunyungudika chiito, kupisa kana mvura inoputsika.

Travertine (limestone) inonyanya kusimba asi, maererano neVitruvius, inotsemuka uye inopwanyika kana yaiswa pamoto. Vitruvius akatsanangura dombo rakacherwa munharaunda yeTarquini seine "hunhu husingagumi." Yaigona kutsungirira chando, moto, uye dutu, uye yaigona kugara nokusingaperi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Vitruvius akakurudzira zvikuru dombo iri, asi chikwari chacho chaiva chinhambwe chakati kuti, saka zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana.

Iwe hauna kuzivisa ibwe, asi kubva kune maitiro awakatsanangura, kuti anogara kwenguva refu uye asingakanganisi nechando kana moto, tinofungidzira kuti ibwe rawataura raive granite. Kana dombo iri raisakwanisa kuwanikwa, giraniti, limestone, uye tuff zvaida makore maviri kuratidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze mushure mekuchera. Kana vakashingirira bvunzo iyi, vangave vakakodzera kushandiswa mukuvaka.

Chinhu chakakosha chedombo sechinhu chekuvakisa ndechekuti ine simba rakakwirira kana yakadzvanywa kana kudzvanywa senge pakuvaka madziro, asi haina kusimba kana yakatambanudzwa kana kudzvinyirirwa (tension) senge yakachinjika lintel. Nekuda kweizvi, kana dombo richishandiswa kutenderedza nzvimbo yakachinjika, kushandiswa kwearch kunowanzo shandiswa.

Iyo arch inomanikidza dombo uye yakatwasuka span inogona kuve yakafaranuka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo arch inogona kupa simba repamusoro pamusoro pe (isina kusimbiswa) lintel chero nguva. Kukosha kwearch hakugone kuderedzwa. Inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha chekuvaka uye kuvaka kunyange nhasi.

Madera

Huni chinhu chakajairika uye chakakosha chekuvaka. Kushandiswa kwehuni nevaRoma kwakatambanukira pamusoro peiyo yevaGiriki kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwakakura kwekushandiswa kwezvombo. Izvi zvakabvumira vaRoma kupoteredza nzvimbo huru uye kuvaka zvivako zvine nzvimbo huru dzomukati. Basilica muenzaniso wechivakwa chine horo huru yemukati iyi. Nhumbi, muenzaniso wekuvaka kwemapuranga, yakapa imwezve chirevo cheumambo nekuda kwerudzi rwechivako chayakabudisa.

Kushandiswa kwehuni sechinhu chekuvakisa kwakatonyanya kuoma kuona sezvo pasina mienzaniso iripo iripo. Kuti uone kushandiswa kwehuni zvinodikanwa kudaidza pfungwa ye geology, kutsvaga fossil kana zvirinani zvinotsanangurwa mune ino mamiriro sehumbowo hwekutsvagira.

Zvinogona kufungidzira kuti zvikwiriso izvi nematanho angave akagadzirwa nematanda sezvo adzikira kubva payakagadziriswa nzvimbo. Mumienzaniso iyi, chimiro chakakomberedza chakasimba, icho chinowanzoratidza kuti masitepisi akaitwa nezvinhu zvishoma zvakasimba.

Pliny akapa humwe uchapupu hwekushandiswa kwematanda kuburikidza nekuzivisa muvambi weRoma wekuveza, Daedalus. Akatenda Daedalus nekugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvakawanda zvehuni: saha, demo, tambo yekuyeresa, uye guruu. Izvi zvaizoisa zvigadzirwa izvi kumwe kusati kwasvika zana ramakore rekutanga AD, sezvo kuzvarwa kwaPliny kwaive kutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga.

Vitruvius akapa tsananguro inobatsira yehuni dzakasiyana-siyana dziripo pakuvaka. Zano rake rakatanga nenguva yegore miti inofanira kukohwewa, iko kuwa. Akatsanangura kuti miti iyi “ine pamuviri” muchirimo uye haina kukodzera kukohwewa. Mhando dzehuni dzaivapo dzaiva:

• Oak
• Olmo
• Lamo
• Cypress
• Musipiresi
• Alder.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, Vitruvius akapa mirayiridzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwehuni dzakasiyana. Fir inotsanangurwa sehuni yakareruka inoshingirira kukotama, saka ingave inodiwa kuti ishandiswe semajoist (mapango anoenderana anotsigira pasi).

Muouki waiva nechimiro chakabatana, waidiwa kuti ushandiswe paizovigwa huni pasi kana kuti zvichida kushandiswa sembiru, kunyange zvazvo uchitsanangurwa nevakawanda seunobatsira mukuvakawo zvako. Mipaini nemisipiresi zvakakurumbira nokuda kwetsvina dzazvo uye misidhari nemijunipa nokuda kwamafuta azvo.

Zivo yehuni, painofanira kutemwa, nguva yakareba sei inofanira kuporesa isati yashandiswa, uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kwaizove kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuedza kukuru uye kukanganisa kana kupfuudzwa kuna Vitruvius (nevamwe vake) kubva kuzvizvarwa zvekare. Hazvisi pachena kubva muzvinyorwa zvake kuti ndeipi nzira yakapa ruzivo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Vitruvius akataura unhu huni nedombo pamwe uwandu kuti chimwe nechimwe chine zvinhu zvina: pasi, mvura, moto uye mhepo. Oak, semuenzaniso, yakazadzwa ne "yekutanga yevhu zvinhu", iyo inopa yayo compact chimiro uye kuramba kunyorova. Iyi yakanga iri sainzi yenguva iyoyo, kubva kuvaGiriki nePythagoras.

Girazi

Girazi raiva chinhu chebetsero chekuvaka chevaRoma, kwete zvachose chaidiwa pakuvaka chimiro. Kushandiswa kwegirazi kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga AD kwaive kwemidziyo uye art. Kuunzwa kwegirazi rekupenya kwehwindo kwakaunza shanduko yakakosha mukufunga kwehwindo. Yakapa vaRoma chimwe chinhu chekuvakisa uye chimiro chezvivakwa zveRoma sechirevo chekunaka chehumambo.

Zvivako zviripo zvine maburi anonyatso zivikanwa semahwindo. Iwo mapikicha anoratidzawo kuvhurwa kunoonekwa semahwindo, mazhinji acho anoratidzwa nemamiriyoni. Uyezve, Pliny akataura kuti girazi rinokosha kupfuura mamwe ose rakanga rakajeka.

Zvidhinha

Chidhinha chinogona kuratidzwa mumabasa akawanda ezvivakwa zveRoma. Kuvakwa kwezvidhinha ikoko kunoratidzawo kuoma kukuru uye basa rakaoma rinoratidzwa mumadziro nemadziro. Ichi chinhu chakaumbwa nevhu pakutanga, uye nanhasi, chivakwa chikuru chekuvaka mumativi epasi ane zvinomera zvishoma, uye kunyanya munzvimbo dzeMediterranean.

Kushandiswa kwezvidhinha kuri munyika yose uye kushandiswa kwayo kunoramba kuripo nanhasi. Chidhinha chakaomeswa nezuva chaive chakakodzera kushandiswa munzvimbo zhinji, asi nekuwanikwa netsaona kwakazivikanwa kuti zvidhinha zvakapiswa zvaisapinda mvura.

Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwevhu rinopisa, kusvika muzana remakore rekutanga BC muRoma, raive rematairi edenga kuchengetedza huni uye basa rekugadzira. Mune dzimwe nharaunda dzeMediterranean, zvidhinha zvakapfurwa zvaishandiswa bedzi pakuvaka kusina mvura kana kuti nokuda kwenzvimbo dziri pachena zvikuru dzezvivako. Vitruvius anosimbisa iyi nguva nekutaura kwake kune zvidhinha zvedhaka, zvishoma muGuta nekuda kwezvirambidzo zvakaiswa nenzvimbo shoma.

Inopawo mirairo pamusoro pekushandisa shingles pamusoro pekuvaka zvidhinha masonry, ichicherechedza kuti shingles inofanira kudarika masonry, secornice. Iyo cornice overhang ichakanda mvura inodonha kupfuura ndege yezvidhinha masonry, ichidzivirira. Nekufamba kwenguva zvinozoonekwa kana mataira akachengetedza zvidhinha.

Kuburikidza nemirayiridzo iyi, Vitruvius akasimbisa kuti zvidhinha zvevhu zvaive zvichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya muRoma muzana ramakore rekutanga BC. Akasimbisawo kuti marata akapiswa ari kugadzirwa panguva iyoyo. Vagadziri veRoma vakagadzira hukuru hutatu hwezvidhinha:

• Lydian, 11.65" x 5.8"
• Tetradoron, 11.65" x 11.65" (maoko mana)
• Pentadoron, 14.5" x 14.5" (maoko mashanu).

Izvi zvinosiyana nekukura kwechitinha chekugara kwemazuva ano chinova 8" x 3,5". Chidhinha chakaenzana nepentadoron chakabatsira zvikuru mukuvaka zvivako zvikuru uye masvingo eguta uko zvikamu zvakakura zvaigona kupedzwa nokukurumidza. Maonero ekuona kwekuvaka nehupamhi hwezvidhinha zveRoma zvinoshamisa.

Nguva chaiyo apo vaRoma vakatanga kushandisa zvidhinha zvakabikwa hazvisati zvagadziriswa. Iye zvino Vitruvius aingotaura nezvezvidhinha zvevhu chete, asi aireva mataira akabikwa, ayo akashanda serutsigiro rwekutanga kwezvidhinha zvakabikwa muzana ramakore rekutanga AD. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa mutsauko kuti yakasara mienzaniso ndeyezvidhinha zvakabikwa.

Sekutaura uye kutaura kweumambo, zvidhinha zvakabatsira zvikuru. Chidhinha chakabvumira kukurumidza kuwedzera kweguta reRoma uye kuvakwa kwemamwe maguta, masvingo uye migero yemvura. Izvi zvakaitwa nekugadzirwa kwezvidhinha, izvo zvinogona kupiwa kune vashandi varipo.

Apo kushandiswa kwezvidhinha zvakapiswa kwakatangwa, Empire iye zvino yakanga ine chivakwa chekuvaka icho chisina kungopa nzira yekukurumidza yekuvaka, asiwo imwe yaizogara. Zvidhinha zvevhu zvaizoipa nemwaka nenguva, asi zvidhinha zvinopfurwa zvaigona kugara kwemazana emakore. Iko kutariswa kukuru kwekutaura kwe empire ndeye inodzokororwa chimiro chekuvaka nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hwakafanana, izvo zvinokonzeresa kukurumidza kusangana uye rubatsiro mukuwedzera.

Konkrete

Concrete yakapa vaRoma nzira yekugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvivakwa zvine simba, dhizaini inochinjika, uye, mune mamwe magadzirirwo, yaipa humwe hunyanzvi. Concrete inogona kugadzirwa kakawanda uye zvakafanana. Kushandisa vashandi vane unyanzvi, kongiri yakapa vaRoma zvinhu zvinoshanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vawedzere humambo.

Vitruvio akatanga mirairo yake pakusanganisa kongiri nekupa mazano emhando dzakakodzera dzejecha, chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwayo. Dema, chena, chiedza chitsvuku uye tsvuku tsvuku inokurudzirwa uye haifaniri kunge iine ivhu rakasanganiswa. Zvaigona kuzivikanwa kana isina chaka kana yaikweshwa nepakati pemaoko pakukwizwa kana kuti isina kusiya kana yasara pakukwizwa pajira jena.

Mukuwedzera Vitruvius akakurudzira jecha rakacherwa kubva pamibhedha ichangobva kuvhurwa. Mibhedha yakanga yakashama kwenguva yakati yaiguma nejecha rakasvibiswa nevhu. Jecha remumahombekombe egungwa rakanga risingakurudzirwe nekuti rakanga rakaoma kuoma uye madziro aibuda aisazotsigira mutoro pasina kusimbiswa. Lime mortar ndiyo yekutanga chikamu chekongiri. MaRoma akange agadzira dhaka rakasimba pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu.

Rudzi rwekongiri rwainyanya kushanda uye rwaibatsira rwakagadzirwa nevaRoma rwakanga rwakagadzirwa kubva mugomba rinoputika rainzi pozzolana, rakatumidzwa kudaro nekuti rakabva kuguta rePozzuoli pedyo neNaples. Yakaunganidzwa kubva mumarara emakomo anoputika ari pedyo.

Chinhu chinokatyamadza chekuvakwa kwekongiri yeRoma hachisi chekuti vaRoma vakashandisa zvakanaka chinhu ichi, asi kuti chakakanganwika mukati meMiddle Ages kudzamara chazowanikwazve muna 1756 apo mainjiniya weBritish akatumwa kuvakazve Eddystone Lighthouse muCornwall. Injiniya, uyo aida chinhu chaizogadzika uye kuramba chakadzikama pasi pemvura, akawana nzira yacho mugwaro rekare rechiLatin.

Mukupedzisa, kongiri uye zvidhinha zvinogovana kukosha kwakafanana mukutaura kwehumambo. Concrete yakabvumira vaRoma kushanduka, kuchinja, uye kusimba mukuvaka 18 vaults, arches, uye masvingo. Kongiri yakagadzirwa nepozzolana simende, nekugona kwayo kurapa pasi pemvura, ndiyo yainyanya kukosha, ichibvumira zviteshi zvengarava, nheyo dzemabhiriji, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvinoda nheyo mumvura. Aya marudzi ezvivakwa zvaive zvakakosha zvehushe hweRoma.

Kunatsa

Vitruvius akapa hurukuro pfupi yezvishandiso zvekupedzisa: plaster yemadziro uye sirin'i, uye pendi dzekushandisa chero kunoshanda. Pendi dzakagadzirwa kubva mumaminerari nehupenyu hwemugungwa dzakakurukurwawo, aine mavara maviri ari echinyanya kufarira:

• Iyo yebhuruu pigment yakawanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akaomarara anosanganisira jecha, potassium nitrate, uye mhangura yehupfu. Muvhenganiswa uyu wakaiswa muchoto uye magadzirirwo emakemikari ogadzira ruvara rweblue.
• Purple yakarondedzerwa se "runako runokosheswa uye rwakatanhamara rwechitarisiko." Purple, Vitruvius akatsanangura, yakawanikwa kubva kumarine mollusks, uye chete idzo dzakabva kuchitsuwa cheRhodes nekuda kwenzvimbo yadzo inoenderana nezuva.

Vitruvius haana kupa mavambo emafomu aya kana maitiro ekuwana mavara akasiyana-siyana. Iyi hurukuro pfupi yemapurasita nependi yakakosha semvumo yekuti zvinhu izvi zvakashandiswa. Kukosha kwaro kuhumambo kwaive kushoma, asi kubva pakuona kwekunaka kwakawedzera kune yemambo, kunyanya yepepuru, zvichireva humambo.

Mirairo yezvivakwa zveRoma

Classical "mirairo" inotsanangura rudzi rwegirama yekuvaka yakatanga kugadzirwa mumapurani echiGiriki uye yakazogadziriswa uye yakawedzerwa nevaRoma. Chaizvoizvo, iwo maodha anotarisisa chimiro, zviyero, uye kushongedzwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvaka: iyo yakatwasuka inotsigira mbiru (ine base, shaft, uye capital) uye yakatwasuka inotsigirwa entablature (yakakamurwa kuita matatu marejista kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro: iyo architrave, frieze. uye cornice).

Nenzira inogutsa yakaenzana, mirairo yakawanikwa zvakare uye yakadzokororwa kumashure, nekuwanikwazve kwemirairo yeRoma muRenaissance, ndokuzorambwa gare gare muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nevachenetsi vakachera zvakadzika ndokufukunura zvavaifunga kuti mirairo yekare yechiGiriki. .

Mirairo yeRoma, seyakaumbwa neveHigh Renaissance theorists kubva kuna Leon Battista Alberti kuenda kuna Sebastiano Serlio, yaisanganisira yakadzokororwa mirairo yechiGreek (Doric, Ionic, uye Corinthian), pamwe neawo ekuwedzera (Tuscan neComposite). Vakavakirwa tsananguro dzavo pazvinyorwa zvemuvaki wechiRoma Vitruvius uye pakuona kwekutanga kwezvivakwa izvo akazotsanangura mukutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga BC chinyorwa, De Architectura (Mabhuku Gumi pamusoro peArchitecture).

tuscan order

Iri fomu rekare rinotendwa kuve rekare kunyangwe kupfuura mirairo yechiGreek, asi masosi echiRoma haazvisimbise, zvinyorwa zveRenaissance chete ndizvo zvinoreva. Ndiyo yakapfava pane yese mirairo, ine yakatsetseka, kunyange koramu uye nyore capitalization.

doric order

Iyo inoratidzirwa ne squat columns ine denderedzwa capitals uye frieze yakashongedzwa nealternating triglyphs (matatu akatwasuka mabhendi akaparadzaniswa nemagrooves) uye metopes akajeka kana akavezwa (rectangular blocks). Pamwe chete neTuscan, uyu ndiwo murairo wakajeka uye unowanzobatanidzwa nesimba.

Ionic order

Iyo yakanyanya kunaka uye matronly, ine makoramu kazhinji isina mitsetse, mitsetse yakapetwa, friezes dzimwe nguva yakashongedzwa nebas-reliefs, uye zvine hungwaru akavezwa mazino ane mutsara wemabhururu madiki, pazasi pemacornices.

corinth order

Iyo zvakare ndeyechikadzi mune zvakasikwa seIonic, iyi inoratidzirwa zvakanyanya neyakashongedza misoro ine mitsetse miviri yeakavezwa acanthus mashizha ane madiki mavholute (spiral mipumburu) pamakona.

Composite Order

Ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma, pachayo musanganiswa weIonian Greek uye Corinthian yekushongedza, hermaphrodite ine makumbo marefu. Mbiru dzayo dzakareba uye dzakatetepa, misoro yayo ine mashizha akawanda e<em>acanthus ane mipumburu mikuru, uye mupendero wayo une frieze yakavezwa inoshamisira uye cornice.

Kuverengwa kweRenaissance kweichi girama yekirasi yakagadzira hurongwa hwekushandiswa kwemirairo muchivako, kutangira pauriri hwepasi uye kushanda kumusoro: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, uye Composite. Haasi ese ekutonga aifanirwa kushandiswa uye iyo Doric yaishandiswa pauriri hwepasi, asi chero chakatanga kufamba muhurongwa chaihwo.

Urban design

Guta reRoma Yekare, mukukura kwaro, guta guru revanhu vanoda kusvika miriyoni, raisanganisira migwagwa mitete. Mushure memoto we64 AD, Emperor Nero akazivisa chirongwa chekuvaka patsva, pasina kubudirira: zvivakwa zveguta zvakaramba zvisina kugadzikana uye zvisina kurongeka. Kunze kweRoma, zvisinei, vagadziri vezvivako nevarongi vemaguta vakakwanisa kuita zvakawanda. Maguta akagadzirwa pachishandiswa hurongwa hwegridi pakutanga hwakagadzirirwa nzvimbo dzekugara dzemauto.

Mamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira migwagwa miviri yakafara-axis: mugwagwa wekuchamhembe-maodzanyemba, unozivikanwa seCardo, uye imwewo nzira yekumabvazuva-kumadokero pasi pedecumanus id, nepakati peguta riri pamharadzano yavo. Maguta akawanda eRoma aiva neforamu, temberi, dzimba dzemitambo, pamwe chete nedzimba dzokugezera dzavose, asi dzimbawo zvayo dzaiwanzova dzokugara dzakavakwa nevhu.

Mumashoko akareruka, paive nemhando mbiri dzemba mukuvakwa kweRoma: domus uye insula. Domus, yakaenzanisirwa neaya akawanikwa kuPompeii neHerculaneum, kazhinji aisanganisira muunganidzwa wemakamuri akarongwa akapoteredza imba yepakati kana kuti atrium. Mahwindo mashoma anotarisa mugwagwa, mwenje wakauya panzvimbo kubva paatrium. MuRoma pachayo, zvisinei, zvishomanene zvakasara zvorudzi urwu rweimba zvakapukunyuka. Muenzaniso iImba yeVestals muForamu uye Imba yeLivia paGomo rePalatine.

Kazhinji, vagari vakapfuma chete ndivo vaigona kutenga dzimba dzine zvivanze, dzimba dzokudyira dzine matenga, kudziyisa pasi, kana kuti mapindu. Kunyange panguva iyoyo, kuganhurirwa kwenzvimbo mumataundi akawanda epurovhinzi kwakareva kuti kunyange dzimba dzakapfuma dzakanga dzakati tsvikiti. Maguta akapfuma ndiwo akanga akasiyana.

Mhando dzezvivakwa

Zvishandiso, nzira uye mavakirwo anozopedzisira aratidzwa muzvimiro. Ndicho chikonzero isu tichaongorora akasiyana marudzi ezvivakwa anogadzirwa muRoma architecture, pazasi:

Foramu

Iyi foramu yaive nzvimbo yepakati yakavhurika yaishandiswa senzvimbo yekusangana, musika kana nzvimbo yekuunganidzira nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika kana kuratidzira, nzvimbo yepakati muguta yakakosha pakutaurirana pfungwa nenhau. Izvi zvakaumbwa nezvivakwa zveveruzhinji zvakati wandei zvaisanganisira misika, matare, majeri, uye zvivakwa zvehurumende. Maforamu haangowaniki muRoma chete, asiwo mumaguta madiki. Zvizhinji zveizvi hazvina kuvakwa musymmetrical style inodiwa muRoma.

Kurudziro yaVitruvius yaive yekuti foramu iyi ivakwe kuti ikwane veruzhinji, kuti isazozara, kana kuti iite seyava dongo kana yakavakwa yakakurisa. The Forum Romanum, iyo inonyanya kukosha muguta reRoma, yaiva mumupata pakati pe "zvikomo" zveRoma. Pachezvayo iyi yaive forum yemabasa akawanda, isina kuvakwa yakanyatsoita rectangular.

Seforamu yezvinangwa zvakawanda, nzvimbo iyi pakutanga yaive nezvitoro, zviratidziro uye kunyangwe dzimwe kwaiitwa mamwe makwikwi emitambo akazobviswa ndokuendeswa kunzvimbo yemitambo nesekisi. Iyo Forum, ine maberere ayo uye mavharanda akakomberedzwa netemberi nemabhesilica, ingadai yakaratidza chiono chinokatyamadza.

Sezvo umambo hwakakura madzimambo anotevedzana akavaka maforamu, kwete bedzi nokuda kwokudikanwa kukuru kwenzvimbo yokuwedzera yavagari vemo, asiwo sezviyeuchidzo kwavari vamene, zvakadai se: Julius Caesar (pamberi peUmambo) akawedzera yokutanga, ipapo vatongi Augustus, Vespasian , Nerva uye Trajan. Trajan's forum yaive yakakura kwazvo, uye yaive nenzvimbo ine: koroni ine zvitoro, nzvimbo yekushambadzira ine zvitoro zvakawanda, basilica, maraibhurari maviri uye Tembere yeTrajan.

Maforamu eRoma akagovera rudzi rwapakuvamba rwokuronga maguta, sezvo kwakanga kune maforamu mumamwe mativi oUmambo hweRoma akadai sepaPalmyra, Samaria, Dhamasiko, Antiokia, Baalbek, uye Bosra muSiria; Pegamo muAsia Minor; Timgad neTebessa muNorth Africa; uye Silchester muEngland. Zvose izvi zvakavakwa nemigwagwa yakavharwa kuti zvidzivirire mamiriro okunze.

Basilicas

Basilica yaiva kamuri hombe rine makona makona maererano nemavakirwo eRoma, kazhinji kacho kureba kwayakanga yakapamhama kaviri. Mabasilica aiva matare uye misika yezvokutengeserana uye yaiva nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru muRoma. Imba huru yemukati yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemikoto ine maberere pamusoro pemikoto. Nekuda kwezvinangwa zvemutemo, vakuru vakuru vedare vaigara panzvimbo yakasimudzwa mune imwe semicircular apse (wedzero yedenderedzwa yekamuri ine rectangular).

Denga rebasilica rakange rakashongedzwa kwete kuvharwa, asi richiri kuvhara nzvimbo huru yehoro nekuda kweruzivo rwechiRoma rwekuvaka truss. VaGiriki vakanga vatanga nekutya kushandisa pfungwa yeretisi, asi vaRoma vakakwanisa kuishandisa zvinobudirira. Kutenderera horo huru yebasilica pasina kushandisa matanda ekutsigira kwaida ushingi hwakati pakutanga. Kunze kwaiva nyore uye kusina kushongedzwa, zvichienzaniswa nemaitiro echinyakare echiRoma.

Muenzaniso unokosha iBasilica yeTrajan, Roma 98-112 AD. Yakavakwa naApollodorus weDhamasiko, yakanamirwa nekupinda kubva kuTrajan's Forum, uye yairatidza maraibhurari echiGiriki nechiLatin. Kureba kwemukati kwaiva mamita 120 uye sirin'i yakanga yakagadzirwa nematanda, chivakwa chebasilicas.

Mumwe muenzaniso webasilica yakanga iri Basilica yaConstantine, Roma. Yakabatanidzwa neRoman Forum, yakanga yakakura zvisina kujairika pakureba kwemamita makumi masere nemamita makumi masere nenhatu pakufara. Asi chinonyanya kukosha inguva yekuvakwa, 80-83 AD, iyo inoisa mumazuva ekupedzisira eHumambo. Nekuda kweizvi, dzimwe shanduko mumaitiro ekuvaka eRoma uye mavakirwo anotanga kubuda.

Iyo dhizaini yemidziyo inopindirana inotsigirwa nepier inogashira, inotangira kuchimiro cheGothic, inosanganisirwa mukuvakwa kweBasilica yeConstantine. Iyi pfungwa yekugadzira inoshandiswa zvakare gare gare muConstantinople.

Iyo basilica yakaratidza humambo nenzira yakafanana kune foramu. Senzvimbo yekutengeserana, yakagonesa uye yakabatsira hupfumi hweRoma; uye senzvimbo yezvemitemo yakagonesa kutevedzwa nekutevedzwa kwemutemo uye yakakurudzira veruzhinji. Uku kwaiva kutaura kwakaderedzwa kweumambo, sezvinoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwakapfava kwechimiro chacho.

Imba huru yeBasilica, yakagoneka nekuda kwenjodzi dzaifungidzirwa nevaRoma mukuvakwa kwayo. VaGiriki vakanga vashandisa pfungwa yokuva nemadziro, asi vaRoma vakaishandisa noushingi, vachigadzira horo yechechi iyi yakanga isingatsigirwi.

Temples

Temberi yaive nzvimbo yemhiko dzemunhu, mhemberero dzetsika, kushambadza kwezviito zvehurumende, zviito uye zvinyorwa. Nzvimbo iyi yakapa nzira yekuzivisa veruzhinji zviri kuitika muhurumende, mauto nemamwe masangano ari pamutemo. Uyezve, uye zvakanyanya kukosha pabasa rayo muhumambo, temberi yaive chiratidzo chechiremera uye, sekutsanangura kwaLivy:

"Yakakodzera madzimambo nevarume, uye nesimba reRoma."

Tembere dzeRoma dzaive dzakaita makona uye dzakaita denderedzwa, chimwe chinhu chainyanya kuzivikanwa nemavakirwo evaRoma. Matemberi ane rectangular akavakwa nenzira yevaGiriki vane podium uye portico. Tembere dzechiGiriki dzaiwanzova dzakareba zvakapetwa kaviri pakufara kwadzo, asi temberi dzeRoma dzakanga dzakapfupika.

Matemberi mazhinji eRoma ane makona akaenzana aive zvimiro zvakapfava zvichienzaniswa nemitambo yemitambo, maamphitheatre, uye yekugezera, asi tembere humbowo hwakanaka hwekuti zvivakwa zveRoma zvaigona kuvhara nzvimbo dzakakura pasina rubatsiro rwezvitsigiro (50 kusvika 60 tsoka).

Vitruvius akapa maviri eMabhuku ake Gumi kukugadzira uye kuvaka temberi. Caveat yake yekutanga ine chekuita nekuenzanisa. Kuumbwa kwetemberi kunobva pane symmetry, iyo nheyo iyo vagadziri vanofanira kutora zvakanyanya kutarisisa kugona. Symmetry inobva pachiyero, icho chinodaidzwa kuti analogy muchiGiriki.

Chiyero ndicho kuenzanisa kuenzanisa kwechimwe nechimwe chebasa uye chese, kubva kune iyo proportional system inowanikwa. Hapana temberi inogona kuva nehurongwa hwekuumba pasina kuenzana uye kuenzana, kunze kwekunge, sekutaura, iine hurongwa hwekunyorerana nemufananidzo wemunhu akaumbwa zvakanaka.

Kupfuurirazve Vitruvius aitsamira zvikuru pamavambo echiGiriki mumirairidzo yake patembere, achidudza zivo yechiGiriki muzviitiko gumi chaizvo nehafu yeganhuro kutsanangura hwaro hwechiGiriki hwokushandiswa kwenhamba. Izvi zvinosimbisa simba rechiGiriki pazvivakwa zveRoma.

Tembere dzechiRoma dzaisiyana nedzeEtruscan nedzeGreece mukuti dzaive dzakarongwa kuti dzitarise foramu yadzo yakabatana nechisimbiso pamatanho neberere. Tembere dzechiGiriki dzaishandiswa kutarisana kumabvazuva uye temberi dzeEtruscan dzakatarisa kumaodzanyemba. Mienzaniso yematemberi eRoma ane rectangular inosanganisira:

• Temberi yeFortuna Virilis, Roma kubva kuma40 a. c.
• Temberi yeMars, Roma pakati pe14-2 a. c.
• Tembere yeConcord muRoma pakati pe7 a. C. uye 10 d. c.
• Temberi yaCastor naPollux, Roma kubva 7 BC
• Maison Carrée Temple, Nîmes - France kubva 16 a. c.

Mamwe matemberi ane rectangular anocherechedzwa ndeaya: Tembere yaDiana, Nimes; Tembere yeVenus, Roma; Tembere yaAntoninus naFaustina, muRoma; Tembere yaSaturn, Roma; Tembere yaJupiter, Baalbek; uye Temberi yaBacchus, Baalbek. Matemberi ese aya anoratidza dhizaini yepodium, vharanda, uye vharanda remamwe matemberi ane makona.

MaRoma akavakawo mabasa ezvivakwa akasiyana siyana matembere akatenderera, pakati pawo anotevera anobuda pachena:

Temberi yeVesta, Roma, 205 AD. Izvi zvakachengetedzwa neVestal Virgins avo vakarinda moto unoyera, izvo zvaireva nzvimbo uye tsime rehupenyu hweRoma uye simba. Zvinofadza kuti Vesta yakaparadzwa nemoto uye yakavakwazve kakawanda. Vesta yakavakwa ine podium uye colonnade uye yakanga yakafanana nematemberi ane rectangular, asi zviri pachena kuti yakasiyana pakuva denderedzwa.

Chivako chakadzivirirwa chakanakisa kubva panguva yekare ndiyo Pantheon. Izvi zvakagadzirwa munguva mbiri dzakasiyana. Yekutanga senzvimbo yakavhurwa naAgripa, mukuwasha waAugustus, uye yakapedzwa muna 25 BC. C. Rotunda ine mukurumbira yakawedzerwa naHadrian pakati pe118 ne125 AD. C. The Pantheon inoshandisa kushandiswa kwedome, chimwe chezvinhu zvakatanhamara zvezvivakwa zveRoma.

Iyo Pantheon, zvisinei, chimiro chakasiyana munzira dzinoverengeka. Kuvakwa kwedome yePantheon ine dhayamita ye143,5 tsoka ndeye