Zvakatipoteredza ndechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru izvo munhu akatarisa pakuchengetedza kuchengetedza hupenyu panyika, kuisa mitemo, mitemo uye zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza zvinokurudzira kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinomiririra huwandu hwemashandisirwo ezviwanikwa papasi, ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezve Environmental Indicators muchinyorwa chinotevera.
Zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza
Munhu akaonekwa nekuwana bhenefiti huru kubva kune zviwanikwa zvinoumba zvakatipoteredza, zvichiratidza kushandiswa kwakanyanya uye kusingadzoreki muzvinhu zvakawanda, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakakomba sekuparara kwevhu, kutema miti zvakanyanya, kuwedzera gasi rinobuda, kusvibiswa kwemvura inoyerera, pakati. vamwe vakawanda. Naizvozvo, marongero nemirau zvakavambwa zvezvisarudzo zvinoitwa zvine chekuita nezvisikwa, zvichipa kusimuka kwezviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza.
Chiratidzo chinomiririra rudzi rweruzivo rwemhando kana uwandu hunoumbwa neboka re data rinobva pamafungiro, nhamba, nhamba, chokwadi uye zviyero; Kuburikidza navo, maitiro uye ongororo dzinogona kuitwa kune sarudzo mune imwe nyaya. Vanomiririra chinhu chinotariswa mune dzakasiyana nyaya dzepasirese dzakadai sehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro uye kunyangwe zvakatipoteredza.
Zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza zvinoenderana nematanho anoshandiswa kureva hurongwa hwezvakatipoteredza, uchifunga nezvemuviri, makemikari, zvipenyu, zvemagariro uye zvehupfumi. Kuburikidza navo iwe unogona kuongorora ruzivo rwese rwezvakatipoteredza rwenyika kana nharaunda yakaita semamiriro ekunze, ecosystem, nzvimbo, pakati pezvimwe; Vanobata nehuwandu hwehuwandu hunokwanisa kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu umo nharaunda yeimwe chikamu inowanikwa.
Kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, kugadzikana kwezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa uye kuwirirana kwazvinoita nemabasa evanhu zvinogona kubudiswa pachena; Kunyangwe yakashandiswa zvakanyanya, inosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuoma, nekuda kweichi chikonzero vanogona kuverengerwa sehuwandu kana hwemhando yezvakatipoteredza zviratidzi, yekutanga ine basa rekupa ruzivo pane chimwe chiitiko, nepo chechipiri ichitarisa pane zvakaonekwa zvechokwadi.
Zviratidzo
Zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza zvinosanganisira seti yeruzivo kuti ishandiswe sechiridzwa, inoshanda mukuongororwa kwesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika mukati menharaunda, inotoshandiswa mukati memasangano nemakambani kuve mareferenzi ebudiriro yakadzikama, mukuwedzera mukubatana nekuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. . Hunhu hukuru hunofanirwa kuve nezviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza ndeidzi:
- Funga nezve data inomiririra kunaka uye kuvimbika.
- Iva nyore data kubata uye nyore kunzwisisa.
- Kufanotaura kwezvinogoneka kushanduka kwakashata mukati mezvakatipoteredza.
- Mutengo unofanirwa kuenderana nekubudirira.
- Sensitive kune dzakasiyana shanduko.
- Ruzivo rwakananga rusingapi chero imwe mhando yekududzira.
- Ipa kuenzanisa kune dzimwe nyika kunobvira.
- Fukidza zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro evanhu sehurongwa hwemashoko hune hukama kune mumwe nemumwe.
Mhando dzeEnvironment Indicators
Zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kuve uwandu, zvinomiririra parameter inoongorora maitiro, zviyero zvakamisikidzwa uye inoongorora zvinangwa zveprojekiti; tichiratidzawo hunhu hunoenderana nemaonero nemaonero akaongororwa. Nekuda kwezvinhu izvi kune marudzi matatu ezvakatipoteredza zviratidzo:
Tora I
Iwo ndiwo maratidziro ane kutarisisa zvachose, kupa-kusvika-zuva uye ruzivo rwakakwana.
Type 2
Iwo maratidziro anoda kuverenga nekuti data ravo harina chidimbu uye rinobva mukutarisisa zvachose, saka, ivo vanoda rumwe ruzivo, kuongororwa uye kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro yakawanikwa.
Type 3
Iyi mhando yechiratidzo haina hwaro hwemasvomhu uye haina kubva pane iripo data kana, inoonekwa seyepfungwa; mune zvimwe zviitiko vanogona kuonekwa semhando.
Mienzaniso yeZviratidzo zveMhoteredzo
Nekurongedza zviratidzi zvezvakatipoteredza, zvinobvumira kutsvaga panowanikwa data uye panodiwa kuvandudzwa kwekuunganidza. Naizvozvo, zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kushandiswa zviratidzi zvezvakatipoteredza zvicharatidzwa pazasi:
Sustainable Economic Welfare Index (IBES)
Indekisi yekugara zvakanaka kwehupfumi inozivikanwa neiyo acronym IBES, chiratidzo chehupfumi, inoreva kusimba kwehupenyu hwehuwandu hwevanhu; Ndicho chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuzvidavirira mari inogadzirwa nevatengi uye zvakare mupiro wepamba.
Iyi indekisi yakagadzirwa naHerman Daly naJohn Cobb pakati pe1989 na1994, iri nhamba yenhamba inobatanidza huremu chaihwo uye hupfumi, kwezvakatipoteredza uye magariro akasiyana; kuva neshanduko yakagadziridzwa kushandiswa uye Gini coefficient (zvichireva kusaenzana kwemagariro nehupfumi). Kusimbisa chinhu chekupedzisira ichi chekusvika kukosha pakati pa 0 na 1, kana yave pa zero inomiririra kuti kuenzana kwakakwana ukuwo kana yakaenzana neimwe zvinoreva kusaenzana.
Iyo inoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha imwe chiratidzo chekuongorora budiriro yakadzikama yenzvimbo yakati, inosanganisira zvinhu zvedanho redzidzo, hutano hwehuwandu, kutorwa kwezvinhu, pakati pezvimwe. Kushandiswa zvakanyanya pamwe chete nemamwe ma indices kuziva mamiriro ehupfumi hwenyika.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index inoenderana nechiratidzo chine basa rekuongorora budiriro yevanhu munyika tichifunga nezvehutano hwayo, dzidzo uye mari yehupfumi. Rudzi urwu rwechiratidzo runoyera zvese zvakawanikwa muzvikamu zvakakosha zvinovimbisa hupenyu hurefu uye hune hutano, kubva pamakore echikoro chevana kusvika kuyunivhesiti yevakuru vanopfuura makore makumi maviri nemashanu.
Iyo HDI yakagadzirwa neUnited Nations Development Program (UNDP), kuve arithmetic zvinoreva iyo inoshandisa yakajairwa indices yezvikamu zvitatu zvakaratidzwa (hutano, dzidzo nehupfumi), chimwe nechimwe chichaongororwa zvichienderana nehunhu hunotsanangurwa pazasi :
- Hutano, hunoyerwa kubva pakurarama pakuzvarwa.
- Dzidzo, ine basa rekuyera kuverenga nekunyora kwevanhu vakuru nekuibatanidza nedzidzo yekutanga, yechipiri, yepamusoro uye yekuyunivhesiti.
- Kutorwa kwehupfumi, kunoyerwa negross domestic product per capita (PPP) nemadhora ekuAmerica.
Environmental Sustainability Index (ISA)
Indekisi yekusimudzira kwezvakatipoteredza yakagadzirwa muna 2001 neWorld Economic Forum, Yale University uye Columbia University. Ine basa rekuita zviyero zvenguva refu zvenhamba huru yezvakasiyana (zvinosvika makumi matanhatu nenomwe pamwero), ichiumbwa nenzira ine hierarchical pahukama hwemagariro nehupfumi hwenyika, kusanganisira zvakati wandei zvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa maverengerwo ayo.
Pakati pezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvakaongororwa, makumi maviri nemaviri anomira pachena, achifukidza misoro inotevera: kuderedzwa kwemarara, kushandiswa kweagrochemicals, kusvibisa gasi kubuda, kunaka kwemvura, kushanda nesimba, kuwanda kwemvura, kuwedzera kwevanhu, maonero ehuori, kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvepasirese, pakati pevamwe. Rudzi urwu rwechiratidzo runosanganisira simba renharaunda uye rinofunga nezvekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza, asi zvinofanirwa kunge zvine hukama kune imwe nharaunda parameter kuti inyatso mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro.
Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
Inoonekwa sechiratidzo chezvakatipoteredza, inomiririra acronym EPI yezita rayo muChirungu Environmental Performance Index. Iyo inzira ine basa rekuenzanisa mashandiro emamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ezvakatipoteredza mukati menguva. Yakagadzirwa muna 1999 uye 2005 neInternational Center yePasi Sayenzi (Yale University) pamwe chete neInformation Network yeInternational Center yePasi Sayenzi (Columbia University). Zvine chinangwa chekushambadza pesvedzero yemitemo nemitemo pane zvakatipoteredza.
Yakagadzirwa pamwe chete neEnvironmental Sustainability Index (ISA) nemayunivhesiti ese ari maviri.Panyaya yeISA, pesvedzero yemagariro ehupfumi hwenyika inozoburitswa, ndosaka ichionekwa separameter yekuunganidza data, nepo iyo EPI inotarisa pane mhedzisiro yechiratidzo chekutanga, ichibvumira kuona kuenzanisa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye zvakare simba resainzi. Pakati pe2018, iyo Environmental Performance Index (EPI) yakaita shanduko kune akasiyana uye uremu, kusanganisira zvikamu zvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza uye simba rezvipenyu mukati mekubatana kwayo pakati pezviratidzo.
Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)
Inozivikanwa nechidimbu chayo muChirungu Global Green Economy (GGEI), yakagadzirwa muna 2010 payakaburitswa nekambani yezvekubvunza nezvezvakatipoteredza Dual Citizen LLC. Iyo ine yekuNorth America consultant yakaburitsa gwaro rakaunza shanduko huru mukudyara kwenyika dzinosvika makumi masere, yakanangana nekutungamira hupfumi hwenyika kumaitiro akasimba uye ane hushamwari.
Nokudaro, GGEI inosimudzira hupfumi hwezvakatipoteredza pasi rose kune hupfumi hwakasvibirira, hunobva pakuyera kushanda kwezvisarudzo zvezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvinogona kukurumidza kuchinja kune mamwe maitiro ekushanda ane hushamwari. Zvese izvi zvichiongorora mana makuru ma paramita: shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika, mari nekuita zvakanaka uye nharaunda.
Tichifunga kuti nekusimudzira hupfumi hwakasvibirira inogona kunge iri mhinduro huru kumatambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye ehupfumi ayo nyika iri kufamba nayo, saka chiratidzo chinoshandisa hunhu uye huwandu hwemaitiro kune nyika dzine kufambira mberi kwezvakatipoteredza, seJapan, Netherlands, Canada , New Zealand, Italy, South Korea, China, Thailand, Switzerland, Norway, Germany, Taiwan, France, Finland, Mexico, Albania, Chile, Colombia, pakati pevamwe.
Ecological Footprint (EF)
Inozivikanwa sechiratidzo chekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, yakazvarwa nekuda kwechikumbiro chemunhu kune zviwanikwa muzvisikwa zvepasi, zvese izvi nechinangwa chekugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu uye shanduko yenharaunda. Naizvozvo, chiratidzo ichi chine chekuita nekugona kwevhu kuvandudza zvese izvo zviwanikwa zvakawanikwa nemunhu, zvichiratidza kuti kune zviwanikwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekukurumidza (zvirimwa, mafuro, pakati pezvimwe) asi kune zvimwe zvinotora makore mazhinji. -kubuda (masango, mafuta, zvicherwa, pakati pevamwe); tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvipenyu, zvemakemikari uye zvemuviri zverudzi urwu rwechiratidzo.
Chinangwa chikuru chekuongorora Ecological Footprint ndechekuziva maitiro anogadzirwa nezviito zvemunhu papasi, kusvika pakuti zvinopesvedzera mararamiro avo nekusimudzira nzanga asi zvichiunza kuparara kukuru kwezvipenyu, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwemvura, kurima zvakanyanya, kusabereka kwevhu, kurasikirwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kubudiswa kwemagasi anosvibisa mumhepo, pakati pezvimwe. Nokudaro, kudiwa kunomuka kuenzanisa maitiro evanhu anoitwa gore negore nenyika imwe neimwe, nenzira iyi kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa kuchadzorwa.
Parizvino, avhareji yetsika yezvipenyu ingangoita mahekita 2,2 pasi rose maererano nekudyiwa kwemunhu wega wega, nepo maverengero edzidziso ari ekuti anofanira kunge ari 1,8 mahekita; kucherechedza kuti simba rakapfuura uye kuvandudzwa kwakakwana kwepasi hakubvumirwi. Kunyange zvazvo pakuita ongororo iyi nenyika avhareji iri pamusoro zvikuru, munyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seUnited States ine mahekita 8,2, Japan mahekita mashanu; asi nyika dzisina kubudirira dzakaita seColombia dzinosvika mahekita 5.
Living Planet Index (LPI)
Inofambirana nechiratidzo chine basa rekuyera kuwanda kwezvipenyu zvesango zvinowanikwa pasi pano, zvichitarisa pakutarisa kusiyana kwemhuka dzakadai seshiri, zvinokambaira, amphibians, mhuka dzinoyamwisa nehove. Yakagadzirwa nesangano reWorld Wildlife Found International (WWF) muna 1970.
Kuburikidza nechiratidzo ichi, zvave zvichibvira kuona kuderera kwakasimba kwemhando dzemhuka kubva kuma1970 kusvika 2010, inosvika 52%, tichiona kudzikiswa kwezvakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzinodziya uye munzvimbo dzinopisa, mhedzisiro yekuderedzwa kwe nzvimbo dzekugara uye kunyanya kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. Rudzi urwu rwechiratidzo runotiudza kuti isu tinofanirwa kumisa matanho ekudzivirira efauna munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Carbon tsoka
Iyo carbon footprint indekisi inoratidza huwandu hwemagasi egreenhouse anobudiswa mumhepo pamunhu, sangano, guta uye indasitiri; izvi zvinoburitsa zvinoburitsa zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga mhedzisiro papasi. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare semutsindo wetsoka yemurume inokonzeresa pasi, yakazvarwa iine chinangwa chekurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunobva mukunyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta emafuta uye kuburitsa magasi akaita secarbon dioxide nemethane izvo zvinoshatisa iyo ozone.
Kuburikidza nekabhoni tsoka, iyo heta ye greenhouse effect emissions inogona kuverengerwa, zvichibva pamhando nhatu dzechiyero:
- Chikamu 1 - Yakananga Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Yekutanga chiyero inotarisa pane yakananga greenhouse gasi kuburitswa, kazhinji ayo akabatana nekushandiswa kwesimba rekutanga uye rinoshandiswa kugovera. Semuyenzaniso, izvo zvinobva muvira, boilers, mupoteri emissions kubva air conditioning, methane emissions kubva ducts, pakati pevamwe, anomira pachena. Izvo zvinhu zvinodzorwa nemasangano anoapa.
- Chiyero chechipiri - Kubuda kweGasi reGreenhouse isina kunanga
Aya ndiwo mabudiro asina kunanga emagasi egreenhouse, anogadzirwa nekushandiswa kusiri kwakananga kwesimba muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemazuva ese kwesimba remagetsi pakuisa midziyo yakadai semicrowaves, firiji, makomputa, michina yekuwachisa, pakati pezvimwe; Zvinosanganisira izvo zvinonwiwa zvinobva kudzimba, mahofisi, zvitoro uye kunyangwe nemakambani.
- Scope 3 (Zvimwe Zvisina Kunanga Emissions)
Inosanganisira kuburitswa kunobva musimba rine chekuita nemaitiro ekugadzira, muenzaniso wenyaya iyi kutorwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa kubva kumasangano, kutakurwa kwezvinhu, nzendo dzebasa nenzira dzekunze dzekufambisa, pakati pezvimwe; inoenderana neavo vari vechitatu mapato uye vanoshandisa masevhisi emamwe midhiya.
Mvura yetsoka
Inomiririra indekisi yezvakatipoteredza iyo ine basa rekuenzanisa mabatirwo emvura, kutsanangura huwandu hwese hwemvura yakachena yakashandiswa kugadzira masevhisi anodyiwa nevanhu mazuva ese. Tichifunga kuti inoongorora mvura inopedzwa, inoputika kana yakasvibiswa muhuwandu hwenguva nemunhu, nharaunda, makambani, nyika, pakati pevamwe.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXjBehYvRIQ
Ichi chiratidzo chinotsvaka kuziva kukanganisa kwemvura yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kusanganisira kuverenga kunoyera kudiwa kwekushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwemvura kubva painotangira kusvika kumutengi wekupedzisira. Kune marudzi matatu etsoka dzemvura ane basa rekuburitsa kwakabva mvura, akaoneswa pazasi:
- Green Water Footprint
Inoreva iyo miviri yemvura inobva mumvura inonaya, ichichengetwa muvhu uye ichiungana pamusoro uye pasi pevhu, inowirirana nemvura iyo inowanikwa kune zvirimwa kuti zvirambe zvichikura.
- Blue Water Footprint
Inopindirana nemvura inobva kune zvakasikwa kana zvinyorwa zvekugadzira, inobata neiyo zvivako zvinoshandiswa nemunhu, zvine chokuita nekushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemvura yakachena.
- Grey Mvura Footprint
Iyo yakasvibiswa mvura mushure mekubatwa, inowanzokurudzirwa kuti inyungurudze kana kuimisa kuti isangane nematanho ese anoratidzwa mumitemo yenyika imwe neimwe.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira: