Chakavanzika cheMesopotamia yekare chinopfuurira kufadza avo Vanoda kunzwisisa kwakabva budiriro yevanhu uye kushanduka kwayo kwemazana emakore. Kana tichitaura nezve 'The Cradle of Civilization: Kuongorora Zvipfeko muMesopotamia', tiri kutanga rwendo runonakidza runosanganisa. nhoroondo, unyanzvi, teknolojia, hupfumi uye, zvechokwadi, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vayo, kubva kumizinda kusvika kudzimba dzevhu. Zvipfeko zvakanga zvisiri kungoratidza fashoni, asiwo chiratidzo chesimba, chitendero, sangano remagariro evanhu, uye hukama hwepakati.
Muchikamu chino tinopa rwendo rwakakwana uye rwakadzama rwe mavambo eMesopotamia, kubuda kwehupenyu hwayo hwemumaguta, kuoma kwenzanga yaro uye kuti zvipfeko nezvimwe zvinhu zvakabatsira sei tsanangura zvimiro uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vayoTichaongorora kuti zvipfeko zvakabatwa sei muunyanzvi, zvichikanganiswa nengano, hupfumi uye mamiriro ekunze, uye sei, kuburikidza nezvinyorwa, zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo uye mabhuku, Tinogona kudzidza zvishoma nezvemavara, machira uye zvishongedzo zvakaratidza kurova kwekutanga budiriro huru panyika.
Iyo Mesopotamian nharaunda: kuberekwa kwekufambira mberi uye kusika
Mesopotamia iri pakati peTigris neEuphrates nzizi, munharaunda iyo nhasi inoenderana zvakanyanya neIraq, uye chikamu kuSyria neTurkey. Iyi nharaunda, inoratidzwa nekubereka kwayo uye mamiriro ekunze akanyanya, yakapupurira kuzvarwa kwedzimwe dzetsika dzakanyanya kupesvedzera dzekare: vaSumerians, vaAkkad, vaAsiriya, nevaBhabhironi.
Kupfuma kwevhu rayo, nekuda kwe alluvial deposits uye kuwanikwa kwemvura, Yakasimudzira kurima kwepamusoro izvo zvakabvumira kugara pasi uye, nguva pfupi yapfuura, kubuda kwekutanga maguta akadai seUri, Uruk neLagash. Masisitimu ekudiridza, migero nemadhiki, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvematemberi uye ziggurats, akabatanidza hupenyu hwemudhorobha uye kuwedzera kutsanangurwa nharaunda.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu yaitenderedza vapirisita-madzimambo, vainyanya kusimbisa simba rezvematongerwo enyika nerechitendero, uye chimiro chekirasi chakapatsanurwa pakati pevakuru, vakuru vakuru, vapirisita, varwi, mhizha, vatengesi, varimi nevaranda. Izvi kuoma kwemagariro evanhu kwakaratidzwa nenzira dzakawanda, asi chimwe chainyanya kuoneka chakanga chiri chipfeko, icho chakashanda sechinhu chinozivisa chimiro nebasa mukati menzanga.
Vagari veMesopotamia vakagoverawo maonero akasimba echitendero netsika. Ngano dzavo nengano, dzakadai seEpic yaGilgamesh yakakurumbira, yakaratidza kurwisana kuri pakati zvisikwa neguta, pakati penjere uye kufunga, pakati pehupenyu hwekumaruwa nehurongwa hwemudhorobha. Zvipfeko, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvaifananidzira kwete chete yeguta-nyika kana boka revanhu, asiwo hukama pakati pevanhu nenyika yehumwari.
Mesopotamian civilizations uye maitiro avo etsika
Iyo mosaic yetsika muMesopotamia inosanganisira vaSumerians, vaAsiriya nevaBhabhironi, imwe neimwe ine mipiro yakakosha mukusimudzira nzanga, tekinoroji, chitendero, uye fashoni. Kugara kwavo pamwe chete, uye dzimwe nguva kukwikwidzana, kwakasimudzira tsinhano huru yetsika neyokutengeserana iyo yakapfumisa zvose zviri zviviri unyanzvi hwokugadzira nezvitaera zvembatya.
Art uye mabhuku Kubva kuMesopotamia, kune zvakawanda zvinotaurwa nezvezvipfeko: mifananidzo yakavezwa, zvivezwa, mahwendefa, uye nhetembo zvinoratidza vanhu vakapfeka nguwo dzeumbozha, zvishongo, uye zvishongo, uyewo zvipfeko zvisingashamisiri zvevanhuwo zvavo. Unyanzvi uhwu hwakanga husina basa rekushongedza chete, asi zvakare hwakabatsira kutaura nyaya, kusimbisa simba, uye kuenderera mberi kwetsika nemagariro.
Hupenyu hwemumaguta nehupfumi Dzakarongwa dzakatenderedza mizinda mikuru, temberi, uye matura, zvose zvaitsigirwa nekurima nezvipfuwo. Kutengeserana kwemvere dzemakwai, machira, zvishongo, uye dhayi ndizvo zvainyanya kukosha mune zveupfumi, uye zvipfeko zvairatidza hupfumi hweguta nemabviro nebasa revagari varo.
Sangano reMesopotamian uye kukosha kwekupfeka
Iyo Mesopotamian yemagariro chimiro chaive kunyanya hierarchical uye chakaumbwa madzimambo, machinda, vaprista, mhizha, varimi uye vanhu vazhinji vanotsamira pamabasa okurima nemaoko. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvipfeko zvakava chishandiso chine simba chekuzivisa chinzvimbo, basa, uye, kazhinji, hupfumi kana kushomeka kwahwo.
Hupenyu mumizinda yakapa musiyano mukuru pakati peumbozha hwemhuri dzehumambo uye nhamo ine mwero yevashandi vanogara ikoko. Vahosi nemachinda, sezvinopupurirwa nezvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo paUri neNimrud, Vakaratidza pfuma yechokwadi yezvishongo, Kuratidzwa kwegoridhe, lapis lazuli, nematombo anokosha ari muhuro, mhete, korona, uye magirazi. Mapfekero echikadzi aya aive anoonekwa, akagadzirirwa kupenya uye ratidza chiremera uye pamutemo. Zvisinei, havasi vakadzi vose vaiva mumuzinda wamambo vainakidzwa neropafadzo dzakadaro: vakawanda vaiva vasungwa vehondo, vairuka, vachikuya zviyo, kana kuti manheru enziyo, vaipfeka mbatya dzakapfava uye vachiwana muripo muduku muzviyo.
Munyika yekumaruwa uye pakati pevashandi, zvipfeko zvainyanya kushanda. Nguo dzaive dzakapfava, dzakapfupika, dzakagadzirwa nedonje kana kuti shinda dzakakora, dzakasununguka kuti dzimire pakupisa uye dzichibvumira kufamba munzvimbo yakasimba yebasa. Vese varume nevakadzi vaigona kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakupfuya zvipfuwo kusvika pakuvaka nekutakura zvinhu, nemusiyano wemupfekero waive usina kucherechedzwa mumakirasi akaderera.
Zvipfeko zvevarume
El Gender uye zera zvakare zvakasarudza kuwana mamwe marudzi ezvipfeko uye zviwanikwa. Varume vaiwanzopiwa zviyo zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura vakadzi nokuda kwebasa rakafanana. Vakadzi vakura nevana vaipiwa mari yakasiyana-siyana; Tembere nedzimba dzehumambo zvaichengeta zvinyorwa zvemuripo zvinoenderana nebasa; Bonde nezera. Vamwe vakadzi, vakadai sa<em>nadītum, kana kuti vapristakadzi vakatsaurwa, vaigona kugamuchira vamwe kuti vave nechokwadi chokuchengetwa muukweguru, uye ukama uhwu hwakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo uye hwakarongwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro nezvibvumirano, nokudaro kuchipfuuridzira magamuchidzanwa chaiwoiwo enzanga namapfekero.
Zvipfeko: machira, magadzirirwo uye zviratidzo zvechimiro
Zvipfeko muMesopotamia zvakashanduka pamusoro pemireniyamu, zvichichinjika kune hutsva hwetekinoroji, fashoni, uye pesvedzero yemarudzi akavakidzana. VaSumer, semuenzaniso, pakutanga vaishandisa matehwe emhuka nemvere dzemakwai, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakanatsa kuruka nekudhayiwa kwenguo dzavo.
Iyo 'kaunakes', siketi yemvere ine mipendero kana nguo, Zvichida ndicho chipfeko chinonyanya kukosha uye chiratidzo chenharaunda yacho. Yaipfekwa nevose varume nevakadzi uye inoita seinomiririrwa zvakanyanya muzvinyorwa uye mabhana, akadai seakakurumbira 'Standard of Uri'. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvipfeko zvakava zvakanyanyisa uye zvakasiyana-siyana: mapfupi-mapfupi kana marefu-emaoko majasi, majasi, majasi, uye shawls akaputirwa nemitumbi yevagari maererano nechinzvimbo chavo uye chirevo chefashoni.
Dhizaini uye ruvara zvaiva zvinhu zvinokosha. Madhayi echisikigo akadai sendigo, safironi, copper oxide, uye, pamusoro pezvose, mvere dzemakwai dzakadhayiwa nemavara akajeka, dzakagadzira zvipfeko canvas yekutaura, mhemberero, uye zviitiko zvakakosha. Ruvara rwaigonawo kuratidza chinzvimbo: mimwe mithunzi yaingochengeterwa vapristi vepamusoro kana vemadzimambo.
Zvishongo uye zvishongo zvemunhu Vakapfeka zvipfeko. Mhete, nekiresi, zvishongo, uye korona dze<em>lapis lazuli, ndarama, nesirivha zvaiperekedzwa nenguo dzamapati, pamariro, uye zviitiko zvehurumende. Zvakawanikwa mumakuva eumambo eUri naNimrud zvakatibvumira kuyemura uyu mupfuri wegoridhe, anotaurwa mumagwaro uye dzimwe nguva aine zvinyorwa zvine mazita emadzikadzi nemachinda.
Basa rezvipfeko rakapfuura maitiro. Haina kungodzivirira kubva kumamiriro ekunze kana kufambisa kufamba, asi yaive chifambiso chine simba chekurukurirano yemagariro, yechitendero, uye yezvematongerwo enyika. Kuburikidza nezvipfeko, veMesopotamiya vakasimbisa kuzivikanwa kwavo pamwe chete uye kuva kwavo munharaunda ine mitemo nemirau yakanyatsotsanangurwa.
Basa revakadzi muMesopotamia yekare: simba uye basa
Upenyu hwevakadzi vekuMesopotamia hwakanga hwakasiyana uye kazhinji hwakaoma kupfuura zvatinowanzofungidzira. Kubva pavakadzi vakapfeka zvoumbozha kusvika kuvaruki, vagayo, vaimbi, uye varandakadzi, vakadzi vaiita mabasa anokosha muzvikamu zvose, uye zvipfeko zvavo zvaifanira kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri chimiro chavo nebasa ravo rezuva nezuva.
Zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo, zvakadai se mabwe anokosha ePuabhi muUri kana mhemberero dzemariro dzavahosi vaNimrudhi, Vanopupurira hupfumi uye kuoma kwevakadzi vepamusoro. Mhete, maketani, appliqués, uye kunyange magirazi anoratidza kutarisirwa kunoitwa nechitarisiko uye kukosha kwefashoni. sechombo chekumiririra veruzhinji nevezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvisinei, chokwadi chakanga chakasiyana zvikuru kune vakawanda. Vakadzi varombo nevasungwa vehondo vaipfeka machira ari nyore uye vachiita mabasa akaoma.Vamwe vakarovedzwa sevaimbi kana kuti vaimbi uye, kuti vachengete chitarisiko chavo, vakagamuchira zvokudya zvaizova nechokwadi chokuti runako rwavo; Aya maratidziro anoratidza zvese zvekunaka kunetseka uye utilitarian maonero echikadzi chifananidzo munzvimbo yemuzinda. Basa revakadzi rakanyorwa zvakanyatsonaka mumagwaro ekutonga, ayo Vakanyora kunyange muripo muduku webhari pamabasa chaiwo. zvichiratidza kuvepo kwegender pay gap kare panguva iyoyo.
Kuchembera uye kuraramira zvaifungwawo mumitemo netsika. Mazita ekubhadhara akarekodhwa mibairo yevakadzi vakuru nevarume, kuvimbisa kurarama kwavo, uye kurerwa nevabereki yakanga iri nzira yekuona kuchengetwa uye kuenderera mberi mukukwegura. Vakadzi vakazvitsaurira, vakadai senadītum, vakasimbisa hukama uhwu kuburikidza nemitambo yaienzanisa chisungo chekugamuchira neiyo biological.
Textile tekinoroji uye kutengeserana muMesopotamia
Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yematekinoroji yaive imwe yesimba rekufambisa rekufambira mberi muMesopotamia. Micheka, yaiwanzoratidzwa mumifananidzo uye yaitaurwa mumahwendefa ecuneiform, yaiita kuti zvikwanise kuruka zvipfeko zvehukuru hukuru uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Ruzivo rwemafiber, madhayi, uye nzira dzokurukisa nokurukwa, pamwe chete nekuedza nguva dzose, zvakabatsira mukusimudzirwa kwefashoni yomunzvimbomo uye kutengeswa kunze kwenyika machira nezvishongo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeNear East.
Zvipfeko muunyanzvi nemabhuku
Unyanzvi hweMesopotamian, kubva pazvidhori kusvika pazvivezwa uye zviumbwa zvayo, zvinotiratidza kusiyana uye hupfumi hwefashoni yenguva iyoyo. Iwo mameta emajasi, kutarisirwa kwakatorwa mukushongedza, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemusoro uye vhudzi rebvudzi zvinotora zvakasikwa zvezviratidzo uye zvirevo.
Kuratidzwa kwezviitiko zvemazuva ese, zvemafaro, uye zvechitendero zvakabvumira vanochera matongo kuti vagadzirise masitaera akanyanya uye shanduko yavo nekufamba kwenguva. Mipimo, yakafanana neyeUri, inopa chiono chenyika, chinoratidzira chinhu chiri chose kubvira kuvarwi namadzimambo kusvikira kuvaimbi navaranda, mumwe nomumwe ane mapfekero ake amene.
Fashoni yaivewo nyaya yekunyomba uye kushoropodzwa munharaunda mune mamwe magwaro, kupi ostentation kana kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya kwakasekwa, zvichiratidza kuti kuva nehanya nechitarisiko nomukurumbira kwaikosha panguva iyoyo sezvazvakaita nhasi.
Zvidimbu zvinowanikwa muumambo necropolises Havasi ivo chete vanoshumira basa rekunaka, asi ivo vanowanzobatanidzwa kune zvemashiripiti uye zvechitendero zvitendero. Mazango, zvishongo, uye zvishongo zvakarukwa zvaive nezvinangwa zviviri zvekushongedza nekudzivirira vaizvipfeka kubva kunhamo nemasimba asingaonekwe.
Kuenderera mberi kweMesopotamian Fashoni: Nhaka uye Curiosities
Kunyange zvazvo mireniyumu yapfuura kubva pakatanga kubudirira Mesopotamia, kufambira mberi kwayo kwakawanda mune zvefashoni, zvemichina yemachira, uye kugarisana kwevanhu kuri kuramba kuchikurudzira vagadziri, vanyori venhoroondo, uye vanyori vemifananidzo nhasi. Kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kwemavara, kusarudzwa kwemachira echisikigo, kushandiswa kwezvishongo sezviratidzo zvesimba, kusiyanisa kwechimiro kuburikidza nenguvo, uye kunyange maitiro ekutanga e "advertising" uye mutemo wekutengeserana achiripo, kunyange akashandurwa kune mazuva ano.
Nhasi, mamiziyamu neshoo dzenguva pfupi dzinoratidza zvishongo, zvipfeko, uye mienzaniso zvinopa muchidimbu runako uye kusiyana-siyana kwefashoni yokuMesopotamia. Kuvakazve nhoroondo uye kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kubva pakuongororwa kwemachira kusvika pakudzidza pigment uye alloys, zvinobatsira mukupfumisa ruzivo rwedu nekuchengetedza ndangariro dzeavo, zviuru zvemakore apfuura, vakaisa mwero mufashoni, tekinoroji, uye kugona.
Rwendo rwezvipfeko zveMesopotamian kukoka kune kunzwisisa zviri nani kuzvarwa kwebudiriro yedu, kuvandudzwa kwekuzivikanwa kwevanhu pamwe chete uye basa iro fashoni yagara ichiita mukuratidza zvishuvo zvevanhu, kutya, uye zviroto. Kuongorora zvipfeko zvechinyakare chebudiriro, pakupedzisira, tarisiro yemavambo ezvatiri nhasi.
