Munzvimbo yakasvibira yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico, tsika yeZoque yeTabasco inomira seimwe yekare uye yakadzama mbiru dzenhaka yenyika. Kuvapo kwavo muTabasco, kunyanya, kunobata nhaka yemadzitateguru ehukoshi husingaverengeki hunoratidzwa mumitambo, tsika uye maonero epasirese apo munhu uye zvisikwa zvinofambidzana. Kutaura nezve Zoques muTabasco ndeyekunyura mukati menguva uye kuwana inofananidzira zvakasikwa iyo yakaramba colonization, zvemazuva ano uye matambudziko enguva imwe neimwe, kuchengetedza hunhu hwayo uye simba retsika.
Rwendo urwu kuburikidza nenhaka yakavanzika yeZoque tsika muTabasco haingori rwendo rwenhoroondo; iwo mukana wekunzwisisa kuti sei, kuburikidza zvemweya, kuronga munharaunda, uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, Iwo maZoques akaziva maitiro ekugadzirisa pasina kusiya izvo zvinovatsanangura.. Kubva pamhemberero dzechinyakare dzakasungirirwa panyika kusvika pakusikwa kwezvidimbu zvakagadzirwa nemaoko zvinova uchapupu hwekuzivikanwa, mhinduro dzekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, kutama, uye dambudziko retsika chikamu chemosaic iyo, kunyange nhasi, inoramba ichizvivandudza uye nekushamisika.
Nhoroondo uye nharaunda midzi yeZoque tsika muTabasco
Nhoroondo yeZoques inoratidzwa nehukama hwavo netsika dzaamai dzakadai seOlmec., vakafunga madzibaba eMesoamerican civilization uye vaigara munzvimbo iyi kubvira kare. Zvinotendwa kuti maZoque anobva kuOlmecs, akatamira kunzvimbo yeChiapas uye gare gare kuTabasco neOaxaca. Saka, maitiro eOlmec tsika zvakakosha kuti unzwisise midzi yavo zvakadzama.
Vanhu veko ava vakagara munzvimbo dzine zviwanikwa, vachikurudzira kusimukira kwekurima uye magariro akaomarara. Munguva yepre-Hispanic nguva, nharaunda yayo yakafukidza kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChiapas, kumaodzanyemba kweTabasco uye chikamu cheOaxaca.MuTabasco, kuvepo kweZoque kwakabatanidzwa mumataundi eTacotalpa neHuimanguillo, uko kwasara matongo ekuchera matongo anowanikwa, senge nzvimbo yeMalpasito, iyo yega yerudzi rwayo yakavhurika kune veruzhinji mudunhu uye ichipupurira kubatana nemamwe budiriro seMaya.
MaZoque, mumazana emakore, akagara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kutama-tama uye maitiro ekuparadzana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya mushure mekusvika kwevaSpanish. Nekusikwa kwenyika dzakabatanidzwa muMexico yakazvimirira, boka reZoque Yakakamurwa pakati peChiapas, Oaxaca neTabasco, uye iyo inonzi Zoque-Popoluca muVeracruz. Kupatsanurwa uku kwakagadzira matambudziko ekuchengetedza tsika nemitauro, asi kwakakurudzirawo kusikwa kwezvitupa zvitsva nemhando dzekuramba.
Kuputika kweChichonal volcano muna 1982 uye zvimwe zviitiko zvepanyama kana zvemagariro evanhu vakakurudzira kutamiswa kwezviuru zveZoques, izvo zvakonzera kupararira kwevanhu.
Kwakabva zita uye pfungwa yokuzivikanwa
Izwi rokuti "Zoque" rinouya, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, kubva kuNahuatl "zoquitl", zvinoreva kuti "dhaka" kana "gomba revhu" uye zvichireva "varume vematope" nekuda kwekusangana kwavo nemhoteredzo yedhamu uye kushandisa kwavo hozhwa dzemurwizi. Zvakadaro, dzimwe dudziro, dzakaita sedziya dzenyanzvi dzemitauro Søren Wichmann, dzinoratidza kuti izwi iri rinogona kubva kukwazisa inoshandiswa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yeZoque. MaZoque pachavo vanozviti "O'de püt" muChiapas, iyo inogona kushandurwa se "vanhu veshoko ravo" kana "vanhu vechokwadi.", nepo muOaxaca vanoda “Angpøn”, “vaya vanotaura mutauro wacho”.
Este pfungwa yokuzvisarudzira inoratidza kudada nemutauro uye tsikaMutauro weZoque, wemhuri yeMixe-Zoquean, chishandiso chipenyu chekupikisa uye kubatana. Kunyangwe huwandu hwayo hwevatauri hwadzikira nekuda kwekutama uye kumanikidzwa kubva kuSpanish, kumutsiridza uye kushandiswa kwayo mukudzidzisa kwetsika kunozivikanwa sekukosha mukupona kweZoque kuzivikanwa.
Maonero epasirese uye kukosha: zvemweya, hunhu uye nharaunda
Iyo Zoque worldview yakabatana zvakanyanya kune zvakasikwa, izvo zvavanofunga sechinhu chinoyera. uye tsime roupenyu hwose. Vanotenda zvakasimba mukubatana kwezvisikwa zvose, uye hupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva hunotenderera pakutsvaga kwekuenzanisa uye kuwirirana pakati pevanhu uye zvakatipoteredza. Kuremekedza pasi, nzizi, mhuka, uye miti kunokosha, uye kunoratidzwa kupfurikidza nesangano razvo renzanga nemiitiro.
Iyo "tequio" kana basa rekubatana ndeimwe yezvakakosha kukosha kweZoquesIyi tsika yekare inosimudzira kubatana, kushanda pamwe, uye pfungwa yekuva munhu, sezvo nharaunda yese ichibatanidzwa mukuvaka dzimba, kuvandudza zvivakwa, uye kuronga mitambo. Nenzira iyi, kugara pamwe chete kunokunda kusarudzika, kuchengetedza kubatana munharaunda uye kuendesa hunhu hwekubatsirana kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Zvemweya zveZoque zvinoratidzwa nechitendero syncretism, kubatanidza zvinotendwa nemadzitateguru nezviya zvakatemerwa panguva yekoloni. Saka, vamwari vakadai saTajaj Jama (Baba Zuva) vanogara pamwe chete nenhamba dzekarenda yevasande yechiKaturike. Ukama nemadzisekuru nemidzimu yemusikirwo hunoramba huri hwakakosha uye hunoratidzwa mumipiro, kutamba, uye tsika dzekurima umo vanhu vanopa kutenda nekuda kwegoho kana kunamatira dziviriro uye hutano hwenharaunda.
Mutauro, kutaurirana uye kufambiswa kweruzivo
Mutauro weZoque ndeimwe yembiru dzekuzivikanwaKunyangwe kudzikira kwevatauri, kuchengetedzwa kwayo kwakakosha pakuchengeta tsika, ngano, uye hunhu huri hupenyu. Mutauro une misiyano yemutauro zvichienderana nenharaunda uye unozivikanwa nekuve mutauro weagglutinative, unobvumira kusikwa kwemazwi akaomarara kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwemamorphems. Inosanganisirawo tonal system apo zvinoreva mazwi zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nezwi, zvichiwedzera kupfuma uye kuoma mukutaurirana.
Kutumira nemuromo Ndiyo nzira huru yekupfuudza ngano, ngano, uye ruzivo. Nyaya dzinotaurwa nemuromo dzinoumba nhoroondo, dzinodzidzisa tsika, uye dzinochengetedza midzi yetsika. Mumakore achangopfuura, nekuda kwekuedza kwenharaunda uye kutsigirwa kwemasangano ezvidzidzo uye masangano, dzidzo yemitauro miviri uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekudzidzisa zvinosimbisa kushandiswa nekudzidzisa mutauro weZoque pakati pevechidiki zvakasimudzirwa.
Kuvandudzwa kwemitauro kunozivikanwawo senzira yekupokana netsika kurwisa homogenization yepasirese, ichibvumira maZoques. kusimbisa kuvapo kwayo mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano pasina kuramba kuzivikanwa kwemadzitateguru ayo.
Sangano remagariro uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Iyo Zoque social sangano yakachengetedza zvimiro zvemadzitateguru, kazhinji zvichibva pazera, ruzivo uye basa kunharaunda.
Iyo sisitimu yekubhadharisa, mitambo uye hutariri inoramba ichiita basa rakakodzera muhupenyu hwechitendero uye hwemagariro. Vatariri, vatungamiri nevamwe vakuru vechivanhu vanosarudzwa kurongedza mitambo yevatsvene, kuronga tsika, uye kuchengetedza kubatana kwenharaunda, kuratidza kukosha kwenharaunda pamusoro pemunhu.
Magungano nedare revakuru vane simba rokuita zvisarudzo nechiremera chetsika, kuve nechokwadi chekufambiswa kwetsika nemaitiro echinyakare. Kunyangwe zvazvino uye kutama kwakasvibisa mamwe eaya masisitimu, nharaunda zhinji dzeZoque muTabasco dzichiri kuchengetedza tsika yekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kutonga zviwanikwa zvemuno pamwechete.
Zoque hunyanzvi: kubva kune utility kuenda kune yekufananidzira kuzivikanwa
Art uye hunyanzvi zvinotora nzvimbo yepakati muhupenyu hweZoque.Aya matauriro haashande chete aesthetic uye utilitarian basa, asi zvakare anomiririra inobatika kuratidzwa kwemaonero avo epasirese uye pamwe chete ndangariro. Ihari, bhasikiti, uye kuruka ndiwo maitiro makuru akagadzirwa, anopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa uye akaremerwa nezviratidzo.
Zoque pottery inomira pakushandisa kwayo ivhu remunharaunda, maitiro ekugadzira nemaoko, uye kushongedza uchishandisa slip uye kupisa.Mavhasi, mahwendefa, griddles, uye zoomorphic manhamba zvakajairika, uye anowanzo ratidza motifs anofemerwa nezvisikwa, zviono zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kana zvinhu zvengano.
Mubhasiketi, izvo zvakanyanya kugadzirwa rattan nemichindwe. Mabhasikiti, mateti uye zvinhu zvekushandisa zvinogadzirwa kubva kumiti yemiti, zvichigadzira zvidimbu zvinopikisa uye zvakanaka.Zoque weaving, inoitwa nevakadzi, inoitwa pamusana kana pedal loom uye inogadzira zvipfeko zvakaita sehuipiles, sashes, uye rebozos ane yakaoma geometric uye ekufananidzira madhizaini anoyeuchidza Zoque ngano uye cosmology.
Art haina kubatwa pano sechishongo chete, asi se kuwedzera kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye motokari yekufambisa tsika, apo chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chinotaura nyaya uye chinobatsira pakuzivikanwa kwevanhu vose.
Traditional zvipfeko: kuzivikanwa uye kuramba
Traditional Zoque zvipfeko chiratidzo chine simba chekuva uye chitupa.Vakadzi vanowanzopfeka mabhurauzi akarukwa nemaruva, geometric, uye zoomorphic motifs, masiketi akazara, ane mavara, uye vanoshongedza misoro yavo nemarabhoni nemaruva pazororo. Varume, kune rumwe rutivi, vanopfeka hembe chena dzedonje nemabhuruku edonje, kazhinji anoperekedzwa neheti dzemichindwe neshangu.
Munguva yemhemberero, zvipfeko zvinopfumiswa nemidziyo uye neruzivo rwunoratidza chimiro, dunhu, uye hunhu, senge hembe dzemusoro kana masatchel akarukwa. Iyi wardrobe haingoshandisi basa rekushandisa chete, asiwo chirevo chekupikisa kwetsika kune zvekunze pesvedzero uye fashoni yekuMadokero.Kunyangwe zvipfeko zvemazuva ano zvakajairika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kune zviitiko zvakakosha nharaunda yeZoque inovandudza kushandiswa kwezvipfeko zvechinyakare sechiito chekuzivikanwa.
Zoque gastronomy: zvinonaka zvepasi uye ndangariro
Zoque cuisine chiratidzo chekusiyana kwezvipenyu zvenharaunda yayo uye tsika dzakapfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa. Chibage, bhinzi, uye squash zvinoumba hwaro hwechikafu, nendiro dziri nyore asi dzakapfuma mukunaka uye zvadzinoreva. Pozol, chinwiwa chinozorodza uye chinovaka muviri chinogadzirwa nechibage chakaviriswa, chinhu chikuru pakudya kwemhuri nemazororo.
La Kuvhima uye kubata hove zvichiripo, kunyanya kumaruwa, kupa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai se armadillo, hove yakaputirwa mumashizha ebhanana, kana mutambo wakagadzirirwa nemishonga yekuzvarwa uye zvinonhuwira. Kushandiswa kwechilies yemuno, condiments, uye zvirimwa zvinopa Zoque cuisine yakanyanya uye yakasarudzika nuances.
Chipilín tamales, mole, the sispolá (yakajairika nyama yemombe yemabiko), putsinú (manhanga mhodzi candy), iyo cacapote (yakagadzirwa necocoa) uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotapira uye maatoles zvakagadzirirwa nezvigadzirwa kubva munharaunda chikamu chinokosha chemhemberero gastronomy uye kudya pamwe chete kunosimbisa hukama hwevanhu.
Mhemberero nemhemberero: syncretism uye tsika kuramba
Hupenyu hwemafaro eZoque hunone simba uye hwakasiyana, hunoratidzwa nechitendero uye tsika syncretism. iyo inobatanidza pre-Hispanic uye zvechiKristu zvinhu. Pakati pemhemberero dzakanyanya kukosha muTabasco iMutambo weSan Miguel, Vhiki Dzvene, uye Mutambo weParachicos, kunyangwe iwo akapararira muChiapas, pamwe neZoque Carnival yeOcozocoautla, inofungidzirwa. imwe yemitambo yekare muMexico.
Iyo Zoque Carnival ndiyo yakanakisa muenzaniso wesyncretism: Inosanganisa miitiro yepre-Hispanic mavambo, pesvedzero dzechiArab dzakaunzwa neSpanish, uye tsika dzechiKristu.Vatambi vakuru, vakadai sa“Mohammed Musoro Wenguruve,” “Bhiza,” “Goriati,” uye “Davidi,” vanobatanidza kurwisana pakati pechakanaka nechakaipa mukuratidzira kwounyanzvi noruvara. "Mahombekombe," vatambi vakafukidzwa vakapfeka zvipfeko zvine mavara, vanomiririra zvakanaka, nepo Tiger Dance uye mamwe echinyakare choreographies anopedzisa kutenderera kwemafaro. Iyo zapoyol bath, talcum powder fight iyo inofananidzira kucheneswa kwemweya, inoisa icing pakiki.
Zoque kutamba uye tsika, senge Dhanzi reCalalá, inzira dzokukurukura naMwari uye dzokutenda kukohwa. Mimhanzi, ine zviridzwa zvakadai sengoma, nyere, uye marimba, inoperekedza kutamba uko nzanga inobatanidzwa nenzira yokushingaira, kwete bedzi sevaoni asiwo savatambi vakuru. Kwegore rose, nharaunda yega yega Zoque vanopemberera mhemberero dzevatsvene nezvipo, midungwe, kudya kwakaungana, mimhanzi nekutamba, kusimbisazve kubatana kwevanhu uye kuva veboka.
Dzimba uye ekuvaka nzvimbo: iyo Zoque imba
Yechinyakare Zoque imba inopindura kune logic yekushanda uye kuremekedza nharaunda yakasikwa. Inowanzoita rectangular uye inogona kuve nekamuri imwe kana maviri, ine wattle uye daub kana adobe madziro uye mataira kana matenga akapfirirwa. Patio kana solar inoita basa rakakosha, sezvo ichishandiswa kurima miti yemichero, miti yemishonga, uye maruva, mukuwedzera kushanda senzvimbo yekuungana kwemhuri nenharaunda.
Mumaruwa eTabasco, Uchiri kuona dzimba dzine matenga euswa, mawattle and daub madziro uye pasi pevhu., kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwechimanjemanje kwakaunza zvinhu zvakaita semendi nesimbi simbi. Ikicheni inowanzove mune yakavhurika annex, uko chikafu chinogadzirwa pamwe chete uye ruzivo rwezvekudya runopfuudzwa kuburikidza nezvizvarwa.
Economy uye chibereko chinobatana nenyika
Zvekurima zvagara zviri izvo zvehupfumi axis yeZoque tsika.Zvirimwa zvikuru chibage, bhinzi, squash, chili, uye mufarinya, pamwe nemipiro inokosha inobva mukofi, koko, uye michero yakadai seplantain, mamey, uye magwava. Kurima kunowedzerwa nekupfuya huku nenguruve, kubata hove, uye kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvemusango.
Kunyangwe kushomeka kwenzvimbo yakanaka yemhando, hupfumi hweZoque hunoramba huchivimba nekuzviraramisa uye kuchinjana kwezvigadzirwa mumisika yemuno uye maratidziro ematunhu, uko mhizha nemicheka inoitawo basa rinokosha.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mamwe matunhu akasangana nekusiyana-siyana nekuda kwekushanya kwetsika uye mapurojekiti ekugadzira anosimudzirwa nemasangano nehurumende, kunyanya zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi, eco-tourism uye organic kugadzirwa kwekofi.
Kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi uye zvemimhanzi
Zoque hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hunoratidzwa zvakanyanya mumimhanzi uye kutambaMarimba, chiridzwa chakajairika munharaunda yacho, pamwe chete nengoma nenyere, zvinoperekedzwa pamhemberero dzakawanda. Madhanzi inguva dzechirairo nekugovana ruzivo, umo vana, vakuru, uye vakwegura vanotora chikamu.
Tapestries, pendi, masks emapuranga anoshandiswa mukutamba, uye kugadzira zviridzwa ndemamwe akadzika midzi mafomu eunyanzvi, anoratidza syncretism uye kusimba pamberi peaccultuation.
Zvinetso zvemazuva ano: zvazvino, kutama uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose
Vanhu veZoque havasi vaenzi kumatambudziko emazuva ano.Pakati pezvinetso zvakakomba zvikurusa kutamira kwepwere kunharaunda dzomumaguta, kurashikirwa nomutauro wavo zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kukamukana kwokuzivikanwa kwenzanga. Zvinhu zvakadai sekuwana kushomeka kwedzidzo uye hutano, rusarura, uye rusarura zvakakonzera kusarudzika kweZoque.
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunounza mararamiro matsva nemhando dzekushandisa izvo zvinokanganisa kuenderera mberi kwemaitiro emadzitateguru uye pfungwa yekuva munhu. "Dambudziko retsika" uye kupera simba kwekufambiswa kwetsika kwemarudzi chinhu chinogara chichifunganya munharaunda, umo mhemberero nemitambo, mune dzimwe nguva, kurasikirwa nekuvapo uye kutora chikamu.
Zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza nekusimudzira tsika
Kuchengetedzwa kwetsika yeZoque hakubvi panharaunda chete; zvinoda kutsigirwa nemasangano, hurumende, uye nzanga yose.Kuedza kwakanangana nedzidzo yemitauro miviri uye yetsika, kusimudzira mapurojekiti etsika, uye kuparadzirwa kwenhoroondo yeZoque nehunyanzvi.
Masangano emunharaunda akagadzira mapurojekiti ekunyora mutauro, kugadzira maduramazwi uye zvekudzidzisa, kudzidzisa vadzidzisi, uye kutanga nzvimbo dzekudzidza munharaunda. Kudyidzana nenheyo, maNGOs, uye masangano ehurumende kwakagonesa kusimudzira kushanya kwetsika, kuwana mari yezvirongwa zvehunyanzvi, uye zviitiko zvekusimudzira tsika dzeZoque pazviitiko zvenyika nezvepasi rose.
Kucherechedzwa kwekusiyana kwetsika senhaka yakajairwa ndiyo kiyi kune ramangwana reZoques uye kuvaka nzanga ine ruramisiro.
Historical legacy uye emblematic nzvimbo
Iyo Zoque nhoroondo yenhaka iripo munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo, tsika uye tsika dzakapfuura nekufamba kwenguva.Malpasito, muHuimanguillo (Tabasco), ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha, chirevo chemagariro uye tekinoroji sophistication inowanikwa neiyo pre-Columbian Zoques. Dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai seSan Miguel de Allende muVeracruz uye "El Viejo" bako muTapijulapa, ndiyo mamiriro emhemberero nemhemberero dzine pre-Hispanic midzi.
Nhoroondo yemuromo, ngano, uye sangano renharaunda zvichibva pane tequio uye hutungamiri hwemweya hweTsotsol kana shaman. Ivo vanosimbisa kufambiswa kwehunhu hwemadzitateguru uye kudzivirira kwenzvimbo, kuchengetedza pfungwa yenharaunda uye kuva.
Basa reZoque tsika mukuzivikanwa kweMexico
Kure nekuve boka rakazvimirira, maZoques akakurudzira chivanhu cheMexico.Mimhanzi yavo, matambiro, magamuchidzanwa, uye maratidziro azvinoita zvakapfumisa mifananidzo yenyika, zvichipa muenzaniso wokuchinjira, kusimba, uye simba retsika.
Kuvapo kweZoques mukati midhiya, mabhuku uye cinema zviri kuwedzera, pamwe chete nezviitwa zvemunharaunda zvinopa simba nhengo dzeboka pacharo kuti vataure nyaya yavo zvechokwadi uye pasina vamiriri.
Yese nyaya, mhemberero dzese uye ese Zoque embroidery ndeye hwindo rakavhurika kune yakawanda Mexico, apo yakapfuura uye yezvino nhaurirano uye inopindirana mukuvaka nzira itsva dzekuve uye dziripo munyika.
Iyo yakavanzika nhaka yeZoque tsika muTabasco inoramba iri mhenyu. nokuzvivandudza zuva rimwe nerimwe. Dziviriro yekuzivikanwa, kuchengetedzwa kwemutauro, hunyanzvi, gastronomy, uye tsika hazvisi zvekungoratidzira zvakapfuura, asi zvisungo zvekuziva kune ramangwana umo kusiyana uye kusanganiswa kwetsika manyuko erudado, kwete kukanganwa. Kushanyira Zoque zvakasikwa uye kuzvibvumira kuzadzwa neruzivo rwavo kudzidza kuti, kunyangwe kudyidzana kwepasi rose kuchikurumidzira uye kumisa, kuchiri. Kune nharaunda dzinokwanisa kuchengetedza, kugadzira patsva uye kupemberera nhaka yemadzitateguru avo. senzira yakanaka yekuenderera mberi tichienda mberi pamwe chete.