El Voluspa (Old Norse: Vǫluspá) inhetembo yepakati kubva munhetembo dzeEdda, inotsanangura kuti nyika ingadai yakaumbwa uye kuparadzwa sei, maererano ne kana ngano. Nyaya, inenge 60 stanzas kureba, inotaurwa nemuoni kana völva (Old Norse: vharafu, inonziwo spakona, 'mukadzi muoni'), akadanwa namwari Odin, tenzi wemashiripiti uye ruzivo. Maererano nemashoko aya ekunyora, pakutanga kwenyika kwakanga kusina chinhu, kusvikira vamwari vasika nzvimbo pfumbamwe dzeNorse cosmology, yakabatanidzwa neimwe nzira nemuti wenyika, Yggdrasil.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuguma kweboka kwakavezwa mumatombo neboka revaoni. Pakutanga, mhuri mbiri dzavamwari dzakabatanidzwa muhondo, iyo yakaguma nerunyararo uye rusvingo rwakakomberedza nhare yavo youmwari yeAsgard. Zvisinei, vaisazogara murugare nokusingaperi, sezvo chisiko chapose pose chakashurikidzwa kubvira pakusikwa kwacho. Mwari mumwe nomumwe ane muvengi wake, yaacharwa nayo, uye vazhinji vavo vachakundwa, kusanganisira Odin, mwari mukuru.
Context
Nhetembo yekutanga, muunganidzwa wenhetembo dzeEdda
Inozivikanwa seVöluspá, zvinoreva kuti: "Chiporofita cheVölva." Vanhu vokuChamhembe vomuzana remakore rechi8 kana kuti rechi9, vatinowanzodana kuti maViking, vakanga vasina mashoko akanyorwa echitendero chavo. Vakanyora mimwe mifananidzo padombo, vakagadzira zvidhori zvematanda, uye vakadetemba nezvezvavaifunga kuti nyika yakaita. Mazana emakore mashoma mushure menguva yeizvi vafambisi vezvikepe vakashinga, vatengesi uye vaongorori, vamwe vanhu vokuIceland vakanyora nhetembo idzi, dzaiyeukwa nemadzitateguru avo. Muunganidzwa wenhetembo uyu unonzi edda, manyuko edu anokosha zvikuru ezivo pamusoro peiyi ngano dzokuNorthmen dzakanga dziri.
Yakanyorwa muOld Norse, mutauro unotaurwa muIceland, Norway, Sweden neDenmark kusvika muzana remakore rechi15. Nhetembo idzi anowanwa mumanyoro maviri: Codex Regius (the "Bhuku raMambo") nerimwe bhuku rakanzi hauksbok; Asi kurongeka kwezvidavado - mapoka emitsara mina inoumba nhetembo - kunoratidzika kuva kune musoro mubhuku rekutanga. Detembo rekutanga mumuunganidzwa nderokuti Voluspa, zvinoreva kuti "chiporofita chevölva". Snorri Sturluson, nyanzvi yeIcelandic yomuzana ramakore rechi 13, akanyorawo shanduro yengano idzi, achitaura zvakawanda zvenhetembo dziri mubhuku rake. Shanduro yandaiziva, zvisinei, inoita seinosiyana, zvichiratidza kuti nhetembo dze edda dzaive dzakakurumbira pakati maViking.
kuti nyika yakazvarwa sei
Maererano ne Voluspa, Odin, mutungamiriri wavamwari veÆsir, sokudanwa kwaiitwa mhuri youmwari yokutanga neine simba zvikuru, aigara achidisa kuziva. Akakumbira völva, muoni wekare, kuti amuke kubva muguva uye amuudze nyaya dzekare, baba vevakawa (Valfǫþr), sezvo ari iye anounza varwi kuimba yake yakakurumbira yeValhalla. Anopindura nokutaura nezvenyika pfumbamwe dzinoumba chisiko chapose pose nemuti weYggdrasil, uye anomuudzawo pamusoro paYmir, hofori kubva pamakumbo ayo denga rakasikwa.
Mukutanga kwenguva, kwaive ne "gomba guru" (Hildebrand, stanza 3). Kusikwa kwepasi rose kunoratidzika kunge raive basa revanakomana vaBorr: Odin nevakoma vake Vili naVé, vane mazita atinoziva kubva kune imwe nhetembo. Hama nhatu dzakaumba pasi, dzakatora zvigaro zvavo muGungano uye ipapo Vakatumidza nyeredzi dzokudenga mazita;, nokudaro zvichipa kurongeka kuchisiko chose. Vanamwari vakasangana kuIthavoll, nzvimbo isinganzwisisike yakataurwa kaviri chete munhetembo yacho, kwavakagadzira mafori, kugadzira maturusi, uye kukwidziridza temberi.
Mugumisiro wehondo pakati pemhuri dzavamwari dzeÆsir naVanir wakanga uri wokuti vamwari vose vakawana maruramiro mamwe chetewo okunamata.
Paaigara, varandakadzi vatatu vahofori vakasvika, ingangove ichinongedzerwa kuvorumwe, avo vakanga vari zvisikwa zvine simba zvikuru kupfuura vamwari, sezvavakaita. vakasarudza magumo emunhu wese. Kanzuru yakaitwa pakaiswa bhuku rerudzi ruduku; vashomanene vavo vanodudzwa kumwewo. Mumwe wavo, Gandalf, yakashandurwa kuita wizard naTolkien mu " Ishe wezvindori ".
Rimwe zita rinokosha ndere dvalin, uyo anoita seakapa dwarves mashiripiti runes akaita kuti vave nehunyanzvi, sezvakataurwa munhetembo yechipiri ye edda, the Tubevamál. Zvadaro tawana Andvari uyo, mudetembo rinonzi Reginsmal, inotaura kuti Loki, mwari anonyengera, akaba pfuma yake, zvichiita kuti atuke pfuma iyo yakatungamirira kurufu rwaSigurd. Iyo yekupedzisira igamba rinoshungurudza gamba, akauraya dhiragoni nepfuma yakatukwa uye akafuridzira vanyori vazhinji, kusanganisira, zvakare, Tolkien. Mushure mechikamu ichi, nevazhinji dwarves, vamwari vatatu - Odin, Hönir naLothur - vakaenderera mberi nebasa ravo uye vakasika vanhu kubva pamiti miviri, madota uye elm (Bvunza uye Embla). Mamiriro acho anoonekwa zvakare muchikamu chechi20, kwavanoveza runes mumatanda uye kudzika mitemo.
Hondo yekutanga munyika
Muporofitakadzi anozorondedzera zvaanorangarira kuti hondo yekutanga munyika, pakati pemhuri dzeumwari dzeÆsir neVanir. Iyi mhuri yekupedzisira yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekubereka uye kubudirira, kunyange zvazvo zvichifanira kutaurwa kuti vamwari veNorse, kazhinji, havagoni kuganhurirwa kune unhu hwakanyatsotsanangurwa. Chero zvazvingava, nhoroondo ye Voluspa inotaura nezvamwarikadzi Gollveig ('Simba Rendarama') sechikonzero chehondo, sezvaaipomerwa kuti akanga anyengedza vamwari. Muuyo weiyi hondo wakanga uri wokuti vamwari vose vakagamuchira kunamatwa kwakaenzana, uko zvimwe kuri nongedzero kukugamuchirwa kwavamwe vamwari vomunharaunda mutsika yavo yokutenda.
Nekukurumidza kuchinja kwechidzidzo, tinogona kutarisa zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha zvengano, zvakadai sokuvakwazve kweAsgard, nhare yaOdin nemhuri yake, uye zvichida imwe yenyika mapfumbamwe iyo muporofitakadzi akataura nezvayo. Apo hofori, inopomerwa basa iri, inoda Freyja, mwarikadzi werudo, semubairo, Loki anokokwa kuti atambe hunyengeri kwaari kuti izvi zvirege kuitika. Sezvaitarisirwa, hofori inoguma yauraiwa naThor, ane simba zvikurusa wavamwari, izvo zvinoshatirisa hofori dzinorwa nechido muAesir. Hofori dzaivewo imwe mhuri yevamwari - zita ravo haritauri kuhukuru hwavo - uye mazhinji aya aive akabatana nerudo kune vamwari vemhuri yeÆsir.
Kuguma Kwenyika
"Munoda kuziva zvakawanda here?" (Hildebrand, zvikamu 27, 29, 34, 35, 39, 41, 48, 62). Uyu mubvunzo unouya nguva nenguva, uchitiyeuchidza kuti Odin ndiye mwari anogara achitsvaka kuwana ruzivo. Nyanga yaHeimdall, iyo ichazivisa hondo yekupedzisira, yakavanzwa pasi pemuti unoyera, kwatinowana chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa, Ziso raOdin. Akabayira ziso rake kumudzimu Mímir, kuti awane humwe uchenjeri. Zvinoita sekuti ziso rakabva rashandiswa semudziyo wekunwira. Mushure mekupihwa mubairo namwari nezvindori uye mitsipa, iyo völva inoenderera mberi nehuporofita hwechokwadi hwedetembo. Ona maValkyries akaungana, achibatana nemapoka evamwari kuhondo yekupedzisira. Valkyries varwi, vakapihwa basa naOdin rekuunganidza varwi vakashinga vakafira muhondo ndokuenda navo kwaari.
Pamberi peichi chiitiko chikuru, chine magumo asati azadziswa, tinoyeuchidzwa nezvenjodzi yaive kufa kwaBaldr, anodiwa, akarurama uye asina mhosva mwanakomana waOdin naFrigg. Mamwe mashoko echiitiko ichi anowanikwa mune imwe nhetembo, Baldrs Draumar. Frigg akakumbira zvisikwa zvose kuti zvipike kuti zvisakuvadza Baldr, izvo zvavakaita vose, kunze kwehanzvadzi yaBaldr bofu, iyo yakakanda mistletoe kwaari, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaLoki. Mushure mekunge Baldr aurayiwa nemuseve wemistletoe, loki akarangwa, uye tine mufananidzo uzere wechirango chake muzvinyorwa zve hauksbok: uyu akanga akasungirirwa padombo nematumbu emwanakomana wake Narfi, akachekwa nomumwe mwanakomana wake Vali, aine nyoka inodonhedza chepfu paari nomudzimai wake akatendeka, anoedza kuiunganidza mundiro.
tsvimbo yechitunha
Mushure mekutsanangura dzimba dzevavengi vanotyisa vevamwari, pakati pavo kwete chete hofori netsvina, uyewo vakaipa vakafa vomunzvimbo yaNastrond ('tsvimbo yechitunha') yeHeri, the völva Anonyevera nezvechimwe chiratidzo chekuparadzwa: kuba mwedzi. Hazvingavi zvakashata kududzira izvi sokuora. Hondo yekupedzisira ichaziviswa neapocalyptic roosters: Fjalar naGollinkambi. Zvichida chimwe chezviratidzo zvokupedzisira zvorufu rwava pedyo chichava kupukunyuka kwaFenrir mhumhi, uyo akasungwa nengetani nechibairo chamwari weTire, uyo akarega chikara ichocho chichiruma ruoko rwake. Nguva dzerima dzichauya: "Yakanga iri mhepo, yakanga iri mhumhi / nokukurumidza nyika ichawa / kwete kunyange varume / vacharegererana" (Hildebrand, stanza 45). Odin, pasinei nokuti akaunganidza uchenjeri hwakawanda sei, Fenrir achamuuraya. Yggdrasil iri kudedera.
Izita «ragna rok» Ragnarok, inoshandiswa kutsanangura chiitiko ichi chikuru, inogona kushandurwa se "kuguma kwevamwari" uye inowanikwa muchikamu 50. Zvimwe zvinhu zvemhirizhonga zvinosanganisira: Hrym, mutungamiri wehofori; Midgardsorm, nyoka yemugungwa inotenderedza nyika; uye Naglfar, ngarava yaityisa yakagadzirwa nezvipikiri zvevarume vakafa. Iyo giant Surt inounza moto kubva kumaodzanyemba uye inorwisa mwari webudiriro Freyr, nepo Odin anozadzisa magumo ake pamberi pemukadzi wake anosuruvarisa Frigg. Kunyangwe Thor, mwanakomana waOdin nenyika, akatemerwa kuwira muhondo iyi huru yekurwisa nyoka yegungwa, iyo ichamuuraya nemweya wayo une chepfu. Apocalypse inowedzera simba mushure mechiitiko chinosanganisira vanonyanya kufarirwa nevamwari, mushure mekuti: "Zuva rinoshanduka dema / pasi rinonyura pasi pegungwa / nyeredzi dzinodziya dzinodonha kubva kudenga"
CONCLUSIONS
Uyu ndiwo magumo chaiwo here, vanhu vakarasika uye vamwari vakundwa? Aihwa; Maererano nenhetembo, nyika ichamutswa, sezvo kuchine vamwe vanamwari vanounganidza uye vanotaura nezvezviitiko zvemazuva ano uye kuwa kwaOdin, tenzi we runes. Mwanakomana wake Baldr achadzoka, minda ichazara zvakare nemichero yakaibva, uye vazukuru vaOdin vachagara kudenga. PaGimle Mountain, horo huru yegoridhe inogona kuonekwa, mukati umo munogara mutongi ane simba, asina zita.
Inonzwika senyaya yakadzama asi, sezvimwe zvakawanda zve, pane zvakawanda zvisipo zvepuzzle uye zvave zvataurwa kakawanda kuti chiKristu chinogona kunge chakapesvedzera chikamu chekupedzisira chedetembo. Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kujekesa, Nyanduri wacho angangodaro aiva muhedheni, sezvinotaurwa nenzwi, mufananidzo, mutauro wekare, uye manyorerwo enhetembo. Zvinofanirawo kutaurwa kuti zvakawanda zveNorse ngano yekusika nekuparadzwa, iyo inopfuurira kunyange mutsika yakakurumbira nhasi, chaizvoizvo inobva mukududzirwa kwaSnorri, iyo inoshandura mazano ose enhetembo kuita nyaya inowirirana zvikuru.