Vicuña imhuka inonzi artiodactyl uye idiki diki remuSouth America camelids. Inogara mumapani eAndes akakwirira, kunyanya muPeru. Nokudaro, kuva nyika inogamuchira mienzaniso yakawanda, mhuka iyi chiratidzo chenyika yePeruvia, inotomiririrwa mujasi rezvombo. Iyi camelid yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri; yekumusoro vicuña uye yekumaodzanyemba vicuña. Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvose pamusoro pemhuka iyi.
Hunhu hweVicuna
Mhuka iyi ine hunhu hweruvara rwebeige uye dzimwe nguva, sezita rayo rinoratidza, vicuña ruvara kumusana (chiedza tsvuku tsvuku). Kune rumwe rutivi, nzvimbo yepakati yemuviri wayo, makumbo uye chiso zvakachena. Mithunzi yemavara aya inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda iyo vicuña inogara. Kumaodzanyemba kwakasviba pane kumaodzanyemba uye kune tuft yebvudzi refu jena pachipfuva.
Mutumbi we vicuña mutete uye wakashongedzwa kana uchienzaniswa neiyo yehama dzayo, alpacas uye guanacos. Kutaura zvazviri, makore akawanda apfuura zvaidavirwa kuti mhuka iyi yaiva tateguru wemusango we<em>alpaca, asi nhasi ma<em>alpaca ne<em>llamas zvinoonekwa sezvizvarwa zveguanaco. Musoro wekamera iyi mudiki uye wakaita seweji; nzeve dzakatetepa uye dzakanongedza; uye maziso makuru, akatarisa mberi. Zvakare, aya akaumbwa nematabo akakora anodzivirira kupinda kweguruva nejecha.
Mutsipa wemhuka iyi wakarebesa uye wakachenuruka, sezvakaita makumbo ayo, asina mahwanda asi ane mapedhi. Iyi anatomical adaptation inovatendera kuti vafambe pane chero mhando yepasi, kunyangwe pamatombo ane matombo. Kufamba kwaro kunoshamisa, umo makumbo etsoka chete uye kwete zvigunwe zvinoshandiswa, zvinokurudzira kubata zviri nani kana zvasvika pakuve munzvimbo dzine matombo akawanda nematombo.
Muviri waro wakafukidzwa nedense, silky uye yunifomu fur ye dzvuku dzvuku toni kumusoro, beige kumativi uye chena pachipfuva nemutsipa. Makushe enzvimbo yechipfuva akareba kupfuura aya emuviri wese, achitosvika anenge masendimita makumi matatu pakureba. Faibha yemvere dzayo inoonekwa seimwe yedzakanakisa pasi rose, ine dhayamita inosvika 30 microns, isingasviki hafu yehukuru hwebvudzi remunhu. Faibha idzi dzinokura dziri pedyo nepedyo kuitira kudzivirira mhuka kubva kuchando, mvura nemhepo.
Subspecies
Kune marudzi maviri emhuka iyi; maodzanyemba kana maodzanyemba vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna vicugna) uye maodzanyemba kana Peruvian vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna mensalis). Yekutanga subspecies inogara muChile, Argentina neBolivia, uye yechipiri inogara Chile, Bolivia nePeru. Kunyange zvazvo mhuka iyi ichiwanwawo munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeAndean dzeEcuador, ikoku imhaka yokuti vicuña yakaunzwa munyika iyoyo muna 1988 nebetsero yePeru, Chile neBolivia, nyika dzaiunza zvienzaniso kubva munhamba yadzo dzimene.
Kugovera uye pekugara
Iyi camelid iripo mudunhu reSouth America, inowanikwa kuPeru, Chile, Argentina neBolivia. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, yakaunzwa muEcuador makumi emakore apfuura, sezvo mamiriro ayo ekuchengetedza aive ari panjodzi. Pakati pa1998 na1999 mazana ezvienzaniso akasvika muEcuador achibva kuPeru, Bolivia neChile. Kubva ipapo, kubva kune vakapihwa vicuñas, huwandu hweEcuadorian hwave kupora.
Kugoverwa kwechisikigo kwevicuña kunofukidza makomo eAndes muEcuador, pakati peSierra, uye kumaodzanyemba kwePeru, uko kunogara vanhu vakawanda vemarudzi aya. MuBolivia, ma<em>vicuña anogara mumamoor ari kumadokero kwenyika, anenge mamita 3.600 4.800 neXNUMX XNUMX ekukwirira. Inogarawo kuchamhembe kweChile munzvimbo dzeArica neParinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArgentina, mumatunhu eMisiones, Corrientes neChaco.
Mhuka iyi inogara muAndean Altiplano yose, bani rakakura. Munzvimbo idzi dzine makomo zvinomera zvakaderera uye zvinoiswa mumhando nhanhatu: swampy tundra, prairies, halophilous, support cacti, shrub steppes, herbaceous steppes, uye shrub steppes ine tolar (miti). Iyo vicuña inokwanisa kuramba kukwirira kweanosvika zviuru zvishanu zvemamita pakureba, nekuda kwemoyo wayo wakakura uye masero eropa ehemoglobin anobvumira hukama hukuru hwekutora oxygen.
Saizvozvowo, mavicuña anonakidzwa nemamiriro ekunze asina kuoma, mamiriro ekunze anoonekwa nekuoma uye kupisa mukati mezuva asi kutonhora usiku, tembiricha inowanzoiswa pasi pe0ºC. Pasinei nokuti vanogara munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru, kusiyana nemamwe makamera akadai sengamera, vicuña inoda kunwa mvura zuva nezuva, saka inofanira kugara pedyo nemitumbi yemvura.
Zvokudya
Kudyiswa kwemhuka iyi kunobva pakudya kwemiti chete. Zvisinei, zvakatinetsa kuziva kuti vicuña inodyei, sezvo munzvimbo yayo zvinomera zviri zvishoma. Kutaura idi, fundo dzakasiana-siana dzesayenzi dzakaedza kuziva marudzi emiti yainodya pairi, kupfurikidza nokucherekedza mamiriro emiti yakambomedzwa kana kuti nokuongorora madonhwe adzo, asi hakusati kwave kusina mashoko anogutsa.
Pasinei neizvi, vicuña inonyatso kusarudza kana zvasvika pakudya kwayo. Inodya pamiti isingaperi, inewo anatomical adaptation yemhino yayo inobvumira kusarudza huswa huduku kubva pakati pemiti yakasimba. Iyi miriwo iyo inowana pasi pematombo, inocheka uye inotsenga nekuda kwemazino ayo e incisor, ayo, semakonzo, anokura muupenyu hwavo hwose.
Aya makamera anodya ari mapoka, kazhinji pamasara akasiiwa nedzimwe mhuka. Kana vapedza kudaro, vanoenderera mberi vopararira. Vicuñas inodzivirira chero kukakavara nemamwe marudzi pamusoro penzvimbo dzekudyisa zvachose. Dzimwe nguva zvienzaniso zvinogona kuonekwa zvichinanzva matombo ecarbonate, ayo akapfuma mumunyu. MaVicuña anonwawo mvura yemunyu, kunyangwe achigona mazuva akati wandei asina kunwa mvura, muviri wavo unoda munyu.
Nzvimbo dzekudya dzinodzivirirwa nevarume vakuru, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha kune vakadzi vari munguva yekubereka. Aya matunhu anosvika 184 mahekita anochengetwa nemavicuñas kuburikidza nemafuro enguva dzose, nekudaro zvichifarira kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzakasvibira. Zvose zvienzaniso, mushure mekudya zvokudya, zvinowanzoita ruminate mumamiriro ekuzorora.
Maitiro
Vicuñas vane hunhu hwakafanana nehwehama dzavo, guanacos, imhuka dzinoshamwaridzana, ndiko kuti, dzinowanzogara dzakaungana mumapoka. Sangano ravo rezvemagariro evanhu rinogona kuiswa sezvinotevera; mapoka emhuri, bachelor mapoka uye varume vari voga. Mapoka emhuri aya anoumbwa nemurume anotungamira, pakati pevakadzi vatatu ne3 uye vana vashoma kana vadiki mienzaniso. Mukuwedzera, imhuka dzinonyara uye dzakanyarara. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva vanogona kunge vari nzvimbo chaiyo. Vicuña varume vanodzivirira nharaunda dzavo nekurwa.
Pakati pemiganhu yenharaunda dzemhuri imwe neimwe pane ma bosteaderos akawanda (kuunganidza madonhwe emombe), ayo, pamwe chete nekuvapo kwemukuru weboka, zviratidzo zvinodzivisa vapambi kusvika. Nguva zhinji idzi bosteaderos dzinoshanda sechiratidzo chekutamba. Nenzira iyi varume vanosiyanisa kana mukadzi ari mukupisa munharaunda yavo, sezvo weti yavo ine kunhuhwirira kwakasiyana.
Kana chirongwa ichi chekubereka chikaitwa, vanaamai vanogona kubatazve pamuviri vhiki mushure mekusununguka. Vanaamai vanokwanisa kutsigira uye kudyisa vana vaviri panguva imwe chete, iya inenge iri mudumbu neyakatosununguka, izvo zvinoda kuti vayamwise kwemwedzi misere yokutanga yeupenyu. Naizvozvo, hadzi dzinoumba mapoka emhuri aya dzinopedza yakawanda yenguva yadzo dzichidya, kuti dzizviriritire dzimene uye vana vadzo.
Masangano emavicuña akaomesesa uye akavharwa, haabvumidze chero mumwe munhu kupinda mumombe dzawo, anoramba ari pamwe chete gore rose uye anenge asina kumboparadzaniswa nevamwe. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kune mapoka makuru evana bachelors uye varume vari voga, sezvo varume vatove vakura, uye vasati vambokwanisa kubatana neboka revakadzi vane vaduku, vanosarudza kuungana pamwe chete.
Aya makamera anozorora pazvikomo nemateru, nekuti anoedza kusaonekwa nezvikara zvavo zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, uye anoedzawo kusagovana nzvimbo dzakafanana dzekudyisa uye dzekugara. Nekuda kweizvi, vakakudziridza kugona kunoshamisa kwekunzwa, kana angonzwa kuti paki yake iri munjodzi, mukono unotungamirira unoburitsa chiratidzo kuti azivise vamwe. Vanokwanisa kumhanya makiromita makumi mashanu paawa kuti vatize zvikara zvavo.
Mavicuñas ane humbowo hwekugara munzvimbo mbiri. Vanopedza husiku pamateru akaoma uye masikati vanodzika kumachakwi, kumafuro nemapani kunotandara nekudya. Iyi yakasarudzika inoita kuti ive imwe yemhuka shoma dzinosarudza mbiri dzakasiyana uye dzinozvitonga nzvimbo, imwe yekuzorora uye imwe yekudyisa. Mazoni ese ari maviri anowanzo aine danga revhu rinoapatsanura asi zvakare rinoasiyanisa nenyika dzemamwe mapoka.
Munguva yekuzorora kwavo, vanoratidzirwa kune tembiricha yakaderera usiku. Zvisinei, ma<em>vicuña ane simba rokutsungirira nokuda kwekupisa kwechiedza chezuva chaakawana mukati mezuva, icho chave chakachengetwa muganda rawo uye chinovachengeta chichidziya usiku. Saizvozvowo, aya mapoka emhuri emavicuña ane mitsetse munzvimbo dzawo umo anopfumbura faibha yemvere dzawo, nokudaro achidzivirira kuti isanyanya kupfava kupfuura nguva dzose.
Kuberekerwa
Vicuña imhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine viviparous, ndiko kuti, dzine mwana mudumbu anokura mukati mechibereko chaamai kwenguva refu, imomo anodyiswa nezvokudya zvinodiwa kuti akure kutozosvikira nguva yokubereka. Kupfimbana kwekamera iyi kunogona kunzi ndekwechinyakare, sezvo murume ari kufara anoedza kudzingirira hadzi kusvika yaneta, oisundidzira uye kutoiruma, ichimanikidza kurara pasi, panguva iyoyo ndipo panoitika. kusvirana.
Iyi nzira isati yasangana inopa pfungwa yekuti murume anomanikidza kuita zvepabonde. Nechikonzero ichi, kusangana kunoitwa mukadzi akapfugama kana akarara, kashoma kuti mukadzi amire. Nenzira imwecheteyo, izvi zvinogonawo kudzivirirwa, kune zviitiko zviri kure apo mukadzi haadi kuti chiito chepabonde chiitike zvachose uye anoramba kuswedera kwemurume, kutiza uye kukanda shure.
Hunhu hwakanyanya hwerudzi urwu kana zvasvika pakuzvara ndehwekuti murume anotungamira weboka remhuri anosangana nehadzi dzese dzakura dzinoita. Ma<em>vicuña echikadzi anosvika uku kukura kwevatano pashure pemwedzi 14 yezera, zvisinei, haabereki kutozosvikira ava namakore maviri kana kuti matatu okukura. Kune rumwe rutivi, varume verudzi urwu vanosvika pakukura kwepabonde pamakore maviri, asi havagadziri mhuri kusvikira vava nemakore matatu kana mana.
Kazhinji kusangana kunoitika pakati pemwedzi waKurume naApril. Zvisinei neizvi, mwaka wekubereka unogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda iyo mombe iri. Kune rumwe rutivi, nguva yekuzvitakura inowanzotora mwedzi inosvika gumi nemumwe, mazuva angangoita 11. Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechekuti amai vanozvara mhuru imwe chete, asi pakupedzisira hadzi inogona kuita vana 330 panguva yekuzvara.
Zvinenge zvese zvekuzvarwa izvi zvinoitika munguva yekunaya kwemvura, pakati paKukadzi naKubvumbi. Mukuwedzera, mhuru idzi dzinoberekwa mangwanani, izvo zvinoita kuti dzive dzakaoma masikati uye dzakagadzirira kutarisana nemadutu echimvuramabwe anogara ari zuva nezuva. Hadzi dzerudzi urwu dzinokwanisa kupinda mukupisa nguva pfupi mushure mekusununguka, saka dzinobereka gore negore. Aya ma<em>vicuña maduku anodya amai vawo kwemwedzi inenge gumi, asi anoramba ari muboka iri kusvikira ava nemwedzi 10.
Amai vanoenda nemhuru yavo kunzvimbo yakakwirira mukati memavhiki maviri okutanga eupenyu, muitiro wavanoita kuti vave kure nezvikara zvinobvira sezvinobvira. Pavanenge vasvitsa mwedzi mina yekuberekwa, vana vaduku vanopedza nguva yakawanda yezuva ravo vachitamba nemamwe twana anobva kunharaunda dzakavakidzana. Pasinei nekuti varume vanodzivirira nzvimbo dzavo kubva kune chero munhu wekunze, vana vane mukana wekuyambuka miganhu pakati penzvimbo. Nenzira iyi, vicuñas vasina ruzivo vanowana kudzidza kwakanaka kwehupenyu hwemagariro emarudzi ane rusununguko rwakakwana.
Uyewo pamwedzi mina, mvere dzemakwai dzinotanga kushanduka kubva kune ruvara rutsvuku kusvika kune rimwe dzvuku toni uye vhudzi refu jena rinotanga kukura munzvimbo yechipfuva. Pamwedzi 4, murume anogara achisiya nharaunda yake kuti abatanidze paki yakazara nema bachelors. Ava varume vakasimba uye vane hutano vasina murume vanorwa nevarume vane simba vemamwe maharem kuti vatore chinzvimbo chavo uye vatore paki. Mhedzisiro yevakadzi yakasiyana, sezvo ivo vanodzingwa kubva kuvakadzi vane gore rimwe chete uye vanobatana nemapoka anoumbwa nevarume vakachena, vachimirira kuumba imwe.
Mhando dzekubata
Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekuberekesa nekuwana makushe emhuka iyi. Yokutanga ndeyemusango kana kuti yakasununguka, iyi inosanganisira kutorwa kwevicuñas iyo iri mumamiriro ekusununguka. Kubva ipapo, nzira yekare inonzi Chaco inoshandiswa, nzira yekutora vicuñas inoshandiswa nevaInca. Mariri, nhamba huru yevanhu inobata tambo dzine mavara ane mavara, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzira mamwe marudzi ezvipingamupinyi zvinoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzavanogara.
Zvipingamupinyi zvinogadzirwa nemapango akareba-mamita maviri uye ane mambure kunze kwawo, saka anogona kubviswa uye anogona kuendeswa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti aite maitiro akafanana. Kureba kwezvipingamupinyi izvi kunosvika kiromita imwe chete, zvinoshandawo semafunnels, sezvo pavanenge vachiwedzera, vanobatsira vicuñas kupinda mumapeni ari kumagumo.
Muiyi nzira yokuvhima isingakuvadzi, vose vanotora rutivi vanofanira kuva netsinhirano yakawanda pakati pavo vamene kuitira kuti pasave nevicuña inogona kutiza. Mushure mokunge zvienzaniso zvose zvatorwa, zvimwe zvacho zvinotanga kuveurwa, semuenzaniso avo vane makushe akareba kupfuura masendimita mana, asi vachiedza kusazviita nevana kana naamai vari munharaunda. advanced stage of pregnancy. Pamusoro peizvi, vanoongororwa kuti vaone mamiriro ehutano hwavo kuburikidza nesampuli dzeropa kana stool samples, mushure mebvunzo idzi vanoburitswa vachidzokera kunzvimbo yavo yechisikigo.
Kazhinji, muuyu mutoo, mhindu inowanwa mukutengeswa kwemvere dzemhuka inoenda kunzanga dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzinogara ma<em>vicuña kana kuti kune avo vakabatanidzwa mukutapwa. Kunyange zvazvo pasina kukuvadza kunoitwa kumhuka, inogona kuvhiringidzika zvishoma panguva yekutora. Saizvozvo, iyi nzira yekushandisa vicuñas ndiyo chete nzira inogoneka muBolivia. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzePeru, Chile neArgentina inoshandiswa asi haina kunyanya kuwanda.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kune nzira yechipiri yekusimudzwa, muhusungwa kana kuvharirwa. Zvisinei, mune izvi mune marudzi maviri ekutapwa; mukutanga anochengetwa mumapeni mahombe anosvika 1000 10 hectares kana mune madiki chaizvo semuArgentina, uko anosvika mahekita gumi muhukuru. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vachidana rudzi rwekutanga semi-captivity nokuti ine nzvimbo yakawanda, chero rudzi rwehutungamiri husingatenderi mhuka kufamba yakasununguka inorongwa sehutapwa.
Kana kufamba kwakasununguka kwemhuka idzi kuchirambidzwa, kunetsana pakati pevarume kubva kumapoka emhuri uye varume kubva kumapoka asina kuroora kunowanzoitika, vese vanonyanya kusimba mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu angaita kuti vasagadzikana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti munzvimbo yavo yechisikigo bachelor mapaketi anowanzo kure kure nemapoka emhuri. Naizvozvo, kudzivirira kurwa kuti kurege kuitika, boka rimwe chete rinofanirwa kupatsanurwa kubva kune rimwe kana kuti vanogonawo kuchekwa.
Mapeni aya, angave madiki kana akakura kwazvo, ane mutengo wakakura kana agadzirwa, sezvo mafenzi achifanirwa kunge akareba mamita maviri. Saizvozvowo, mapeni aya kazhinji haana nzvimbo dzinoita kuti vicuñas idye zvakakwana, sezvo isina mafuro ane mashizha kana nzvimbo dzokugara dzichinwa mvura. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ichibatsirawo vanhu vakawanda, mhuka inokuvadzwa sezvo biology yemhuka iri kuvhiringwa.
State of kuchengetedza
Mamiriro ekuchengetedza evicuña ari muchikamu che "Kunetseka Kusina" paRed List yeInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ichi chikamu chinowanikwa muAppendices I uye II yeConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), pamwe neAppendix I yeConvention on Migratory Species (CMS kana Bonn Convention), kunze kwePeruvia. nharaunda dzakanyorwa muAppendikisi II.
Kare, rudzi urwu rwakasvika kune vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu. Zvisinei, munguva yeInca, vicuñas vakatanga kutorwa kuti vawane makushe avo uye vashandise kugadzira zvipfeko. Sangano reInca raive nemhando ye "nzira" yavaiedza kuchengetedza kugara kwemhuka iyi nehuwandu hwayo, umo muganho wepamusoro wezvienzaniso wakagadzirirwa kuvhima. Mukuwedzera, madzimambo chete aigona kushandisa makushe avo ezvokupfeka, zvakanga zvisingabvumirwi zvachose kuti mugari wepakati apfeke majasi akagadzirwa kubva kuvicuña wool.
Kwemakore, kudiwa kwevicuña wool fiber kwakawedzera, sezvakaita kuvhima kwakanyanya uye kuderera kwehuwandu hwayo hwakawanda. Mamiriro ekuchengetedza akabva pakuva akanaka kusvika pakunyanya kunetseka, sezvo nekusvika kwevakundi veSpain kunzvimbo dzeSouth America, vaive nebasa rekushandisa dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana nedzaishandiswa nevaInca, sekushandisa pfuti kuvabata uye. kufambisa kutumirwa kwemazana emakopi kuEurope.
Kuvhima kwakanyanya kwakakonzera kudzikira kwakanyanya muhuwandu hwe vicuña, nemitengo yakaderera kwazvo muma1969. Mumakore gumi aya, mhuka idzi dzaivhimwa kusvika dzatsakatika. Muna 10, huwandu hwevanhu hungadai hwakaderedzwa kusvika kumakopi zviuru gumi. Pakasvika 1974, kwakanga kune anenge makopi 6.000 XNUMX bedzi akanga asara munyika yose.
Nemhaka yaikoku, muna 1979 nyika shanu dzeSouth America umo ma<em>vicuña anogara; Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Peru neBolivia dzakasaina chibvumirano chinonzi Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña. Nharaunda dzeAndean dzakabatwa nedambudziko iri ndidzo dzainyanya kufarirwa pachibvumirano chakataurwa. Kubva ipapo, nharaunda dzakakanganisika dzakagadzira nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa kuitira kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwadzo.
Kutenda kune idzi nhamburiko dzekuchengetedza pakati pemarudzi, uko zvipikirwa zvakaitwa kuburikidza nemitemo nemirairo kumisa kuvhima kusingasaruri kwezvipenyu, kuwedzera kwenhamba yevicuña kwaigara kuchiwedzera. Zvichipa 200.000 makopi mukati memakore asingasviki makumi matatu. Nhasi, chiverengero chavagari vapasi chinotopfuura 350.000 XNUMX zvienzaniso zve vicuña, nenzira yokuti mhuka yacho haichaonekwi semhuka iri mungozi yokutsakatika.
Hurumende imwe neimwe yakagadzira hurongwa hwekuita hwakasiyana hwekuchengetedza kwayo. Bolivia, semuenzaniso, inotsigira kushandiswa kweshinda yevicuña nenharaunda dzenharaunda, chero bedzi mushure mekunge yaveurwa ichiburitswa ichidzokera kunzvimbo yayo yechisikigo, nyika ino inoshandisa rudzi rweutariri hunozivikanwa semusango. Kune rumwe rutivi, Argentina inoshandisa rudzi rwechipiri, iyo yavanochengeterwa nhapwa, kazhinji ichikonzera kukanganisa kune ecosystem. Kuedza kuchengetedza mhuka idzi kwakaunza kutangazve kunoshamisa kwe vicuña.
Saizvozvo, kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo yayo yakasikwa ndeimwe chikonzero chinokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwezvienzaniso. Kufudza zvakanyanya kunoreva kuti nzvimbo dzekudyisa hadzina nguva yakakwana yekupora uye kubudirira. Saizvozvowo, mabasa evanhu akadai semigodhi, kusvibiswa kwemitumbi yemvura kana kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa pane ecosystem ye vicuña. Munhu akatowedzera kutyisidzira pamepu, uku ndiko kusikwa kwemusanganiswa pakati pe alpaca ne vicuña, inonzi pacovicuña.
Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakawanda uye matanho akashandiswa kuitira kuchengetedza kwayo uye indices yadzoka, kutyisidzira kwese kwataurwa pamusoro apa kunogona kukonzera dambudziko kuti riitike zvakare. Mamiriro ekuchengetedza anongove netarisiro panorama kana matanho akapihwa nehurumende akateverwa. Iyo vicuñas mweya uye moyo wemakomo eAndean, imomo ndimo mune kukosha kwekutarisira nekuchengetedza mhuka.
Kokorodzano Yekuchengetedza uye Kutungamira kweVicuña
Vicuña ndechimwe chezvipenyu zvishoma zvakawanwa kuva zviri mungozi yokutsakatika uye zvakagamuchira ngwariro huru munyika yose, mamiriro ezvinhu umo marudzi mazhinji akabatira pamwe kuti adzivise kutsakatika. Kubva 1900, muRepublic yeBolivia kune mitemo yekudzivirira mhuka iyi, asi kusvika muna 1969 apo dzimwe nyika dzinogara mavicuñas, Peru, Argentina, Chile neEcuador dzakasarudza kuita chibvumirano umo marepublic ose akavaka. matanho akasimba pakuvhima zvisina tsarukano kwemhuka iyi.
Zvisinei, kubva muchibvumirano ichocho, makore gumi gare gare zvakasarudzwa kuti zvigadzirise kuomarara kwenyika dzenyika dzambotaurwa kuti zviite nyore nyore, nekuti zvinogona kuve zviri pamutemo kutora mukana wemhando iyi chero ichingove nekuveura zvipenyu zvipenyu. vazvipedze kuti vazvitengese. Idzi nyika, kuitira kuti dzirambe dzichikurudzira kuchengetedza uye kutarisira kwakanaka kwevicuña, yakavandudza Kokorodzano yeKuchengetedza uye Kutungamirirwa kweVicuña, umo nhamba yakawanda yemashoko yakatsanangurwa.
Hurumende dzakasaina chibvumirano chacho dzakabvumirana kuti kuchengetedzwa kwevicuña kwaizoreva betsero yezvemari kunzanga yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nechisungo chokuti yaizoshandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, mukuwedzera kuidi rokuti ivo vaizove vari pasi pekucherechedza kwakasimba uye kunopfuurira kweHurumende. . Nenzira iyi, nzira dzakakodzera dzaizoshandiswa kubata mhuka dzesango dzemakomo eAndean, zvipenyu zvine hunyanzvi ndizvo zvichange zvichitungamira nyaya yakataurwa.
Saizvozvo, hurumende idzi dzakarambidza kuvhima zvisiri pamutemo uye kutengeswa kwemhando iyi, pamwe nechero chigadzirwa chinobva mumvere dzayo munzvimbo yese yenyika dzinoenderana. Muchibvumirano ichi, chero munhu upi zvake anotorerwa kutengeserana kwemukati nekunze kwevicuña, kunze kwekunge yakambobvumirwa uye pasi pekutonga kwakasimba kwehurumende. Shanduko yeshinda yeshinda kuita machira kana mbatya inogona kutengeswa chete kuburikidza nekutanga kurongeka neAdministrative Technical Commission yechibvumirano chakataurwa.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora yakaitirwa muWashington, USA muna 1973, yakarambidza kutengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kunze kwenyika mavicuña ari munguva yakaorera, pamwe chete nembeu yawo kana zvimwe zvinhu zvokubereka. Izvo zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa kune dzimwe nyika dzenhengo dzechibvumirano chekutsvaga kana zvinangwa zvekuwedzera vanhu zvinosiiwa.
Saizvozvo, nyika dzese dzakavimbika dzakazvipira kusimudzira nekuvandudza kuvandudzwa kwemapaki, matura uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzinogara vanhu vakawanda vevicuñas. Saizvozvowo, nzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu dziri pasi peutungamiriri nekudzora kweHurumende dzinofanira kuwedzerwa, kuitira kuti mhuka idzi dzidziviswe kutorwa zvakare semhuka iri munjodzi yekutsakatika.
Vatungamiri vevicuñas munyika dzose idzi, kunyange nhasi, vane mitemo yakananga yekuvimbisa kuchengetedza kwavo, iyo yose inotungamirirwa neNational Program for the Sustainable Use of Vicuña. Parizvino vanhu vevicuña vakakamurwa kuva marudzi matatu enzvimbo; iwo akadzivirirwa, ayo ekushandisa uye umo pasina mhando yekutonga inoitwa. Pasinei neizvi, vicuña wool inowanzokohwewa munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa.
Mune dzinoverengeka dzenyika idzi kushandiswa kwefiber kunobvumirwa chete kuVicuña Management Communities, hapana munhu asiri wenharaunda idzi ane simba rekugera mufananidzo werudzi urwu. Nekudaro, maneja-emhando yepamusoro haivimbisi zvakakwana zvekutsigirwa nemhando, mune dzinoverengeka nzvimbo dzavanowana chete pakuwana mvere dzemhuka, tsika inomiririra, nekuti mhuka inomiririra kupfuura yehupfumi, ichi chipenyu uye chine kukosha kwakakosha kune ecosystem yedunhu.
Kushambadzira kweVicuña fiber
Munyika shanu dzeAndes kunogara mhuka iyi; Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina neEcuador, umo mune zvishoma zvishoma, kune mamwe matanho ekushandiswa kwemvere dzemakwai. Mushure memakore mazhinji enhaurirano nezveramangwana reiyi South America yakamirira, kubvumirana kwakasvikwa kuburikidza neConvention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), ichionekwa mu "Appendix II" yegungano kubvumidzwa kwekutengeserana. vicuña faibha inowanikwa kubva mumienzaniso mhenyu.
Zvisineyi kuti mutemo unoti munyika dzese idzi faibha inogona kuwanikwa chete kubva mukuveurwa kwezvienzaniso mhenyu, hapana kana imwe yadzo inoregedzwa kubva mukuvhima zvisiri pamutemo. Vavhimi vakawanda zvisiri pamutemo vakave nemhosva yekugura-gura huwandu hwevanhu veAndean vevicuñas nekuda kwezvinangwa zvehupfumi, sezvo vicuña wool iri imwe yeakanakisa pasirese, inongotangirwa nemvere dzemuTibetan antelope. Vicuña wool inogadzirwa netudiki uye yakatetepa faibha ine dhayamita inosvika gumi nemaviri mamicrons, ayo akamonererana uye anokwanisa kuparadzanisa mhepo.
MuPeru kutengesa mhuka iyi kunze kwenyika kunorambidzwa. Zvakadaro, kutengeswa kwenyika dzese kwezvigadzirwa zvemachira zvinogadzirwa nefiber iyi zvinotenderwa uye zvinosimudzirwa neHurumende, sezvakaita kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwemvere dzisina kugadzirwa, asi nenzira yakadzorwa. Vicuñas munyika iyi ndevevanhu vemunharaunda, ava ndivo chete vanowana rubatsiro rwehupfumi nerubatsiro rweCommunal Committees yeVicuña.
Panyaya yeBolivia, nharaunda hadzisi dzemhuka, asi kuti dzinogamuchira purofiti inowanikwa kubva mukutengesa makushe. Mukuwedzera, Bolivia ndiyo chete nyika inotarisira vicuñas musango, kusiyana nemamwe marudzi ose anoatungamirira mukutapwa uye musango. MuChile neArgentina pfuma yemhuka idzi haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwehurumende. Kunyangwe muArgentina kubva kuMACS Project (Management of Wild Camelids) yaive yekuti kushandiswa kwakasimba kwemhuka iyi kwakatanga, kusati kwamboshandiswa vicuñas mukutapwa.
Sezvakaitika kare, uko chete madzimambo akashandisa zvipfeko zvakagadzirwa neshinda yevicuña, nhasi kushandiswa kwefiber iyi ndeyevanhu vakapfuma chete. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti vashoma ndivo vane humbozha hwekutenga chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa nefiber ye vicuña wool. Pakazosvika 2007, mita mumusika weEuropean specialized inogona kuita mari inosvika zviuru zvitatu zvemadhora.
Nechikonzero ichi, vatengi vanogaro tenga izvi zvigadzirwa zvemachira kana makushe asina kugadziridzwa ndiwo makuru ehaute couture mabhureki ane mukurumbira mukuru wepasirese, senge French kana Italian. Mafemu aya anogadzira mbatya dzakagadzirwa-ku-kuyera chete kubva kuvicuña wool. Saizvozvo, mamwe emaindasitiri ezvipfeko emuEurope aya anopinza makushe kubva kunyika dzeSouth America kuzoagadzira neshinda kubva kune dzimwe mhuka.
Nemicheka iyi zvipfeko zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa, sekuti; masokisi, shawls, majuzi, majasi, pakati pezvimwe. Saizvozvo, zvimwe zvidimbu zvemba zvinogadzirwa zvakare, senge magumbeze uye quilts. Skafu yakagadzirwa nemagiramu mazana mashanu emucheka wevicuña faibha inoita $500. Kune rumwe rutivi, jasi hombe rakagadzirwa nemusoni ane mukurumbira wokuEurope rinogona kuita $2.500.
Ese marudzi efiber manejimendi, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwayo nekushambadzira, ane zvakanakira nekuipira. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune zvikomborero zvehupfumi zvehupfumi hwehupfumi hwenyika dzose idzi. Maererano neNational Service of Natural Protected Areas yePeru, nharaunda dzeko dzakabatsirwa zvikuru nekushandiswa kweshinda yevicuña yezvinangwa zvekutengesa. Nharaunda dzinogadzira 1.300 kilograms yefiber pagore, zvinoreva mari inodarika zviuru mazana mashanu emaeuro pagore.
Pasinei neizvi, kuenzana kwevanhu vanoitawo basa rekugadzirisa mune zvisingabatsiri, sezvo kwete matunhu ose anoshanda sePeru, mamwe matunhu umo vicuña inorarama haibatsirwi, asi vatungamiri vavo uye masangano ehurumende. Saizvozvowo, dzimwe nguva kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvemarudzi kunokanganiswa nekuti vanhu vanovaona sevasina chinhu kunze kwezvigadzirwa uye vanovachengeta vari muusungwa. Mafungiro evanhu anofanira kuchinjwa, mhuka mhenyu inokosha zvikuru kupfuura yakafa. Vicuña inogona kurarama kusvika kumakore gumi nemaviri nekutarisirwa kwakakodzera.
CONCLUSIONS
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, vicuñas inhengo dzemhuri yeCamelidae, mhuri yemhuka dzinoyamwisa artiodactyl dze suborder Tilopoda. Parizvino kune nhengo nhatu muSouth America; guanaco (Lama Guanacoe), the llama (Lama Glama) uye alpaca (Lama pacos). Urwu ndirwo rudzi rudiki pane ese makamera, iyo vicuña inorema kusvika ku40 kilogiramu uye inotenderera 90 masendimita kureba.
Kufanana nemamwe makamera ose ekuSouth America; dzine mitsipa mirefu inopfakanyika zvikuru, makumbo matete, tsoka refu dzisina mahwanda, uye maziso makuru akaurungana. Mvere dzayo dzakakora uye dzakatsetseka dzine ruvara rwevicuña dzinoibatsira kutsungirira usiku hunotonhora hwemakomo eAndean. Mukuwedzera, vane anatomical adaptations inovabvumira kurwisana nepamusoro-soro, pamusoro pe3.000 mamita kumusoro, uko kusanaya kwemvura kunowanzogara.
Vicuña imhuka inodya zvinomera, yakagadzirirwa kufamba madaro marefu ichitsvaga chikafu. Ine nharaunda mbiri dzekugara, imwe panguva yemasikati yekudyisa uye imwe manheru yekuzorora. Zvinofungidzirwa, kunyange zvisati zvave zvichiratidzwa, kuti alpaca idzinza rinochengetwa remusango vicuña. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro iyi mhedzisiro yekusarudza kuberekesa makore anenge 6.000 apfuura.
Sezvo dzichiwanzova mhuka dzomusango, dzinogara mumapoka emhuri maduku anotungamirirwa nomurume womunzvimbomo, anotarisira uye anodzivirira mamwe makono kana kuti zvikara zvikara kuti zvisapinde munharaunda yazvo kuti zvikuvadze hadzi nepwere dzeboka. Vicuña imhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine simba, hadzi dzine nguva yokuzvimba iyo inowanzotora inenge mwedzi 11, apo mwana anokura kusvikira panguva yokuberekwa. Vana mai Vicuna vanozvara mhuru imwe chete.
Mhuka idzi dzinokurukurirana zvakanyanya, dzinokwanisa kuratidzana mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nemaitiro emuviri, zvinyoro-nyoro ichifamba nzeve kana muswe. Vane nzira yekutaura inovabvumira kunyevera dzimwe nhengo dzeboka kune ngozi inogona kuitika yemhuka inodya mhuka, iyi yambiro yechiratidzo inosanganisira screech yakakwirira. Zvakare, dzimwe nguva vanoburitsa imwe mhando yekukwazisana kana ruzha rwepamoyo kuratidza kutsamwa kana kutya.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chave chekuda kwako, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: