Kudada hakusi bati chete: Ndidzo ndangariro, rudo uye kururamisira kwenhoroondo. Mumwe nomumwe mureza une mavara mazhinji Mureza unozunguzirwa unotiyeuchidza nezveavo vakagadzira nzira kuti kusiyana-siyana kuwedzere kuoneka nhasi, kubva mumigwagwa yeGreenwich Village kusvika kumaparamende kupota nyika, vachipfuura nomumatanho, mayunivhesiti nedzimba dzenhau. varatidziri, maartist, vakangwara uye vatungamiriri avo vakatsigira rusaruro uye, nenzira yavo vamene, vakachinja nzira yenzanga dzedu.
Rwendo urwu rwunounza pamwe chete manzwi, nhoroondo dzehupenyu, uye zviratidzo zvakaratidza nguva, kubva kune avo vaive pamberi peStonewall mhirizhonga kusvika kune manhamba kubva kuAntiquity neRenaissance avo hupenyu hwepedyo hwakanyaradzwa kana kukanganiswa. mupe mutero uye munzwisise nhaka yake, kubatanidza mamiriro, kubudirira uye maronda achiri kutsanangura ikozvino.
Mapiyona nevaratidziri vakagadzira nzira
Sylvia Rivera, Latina, queer, uye drag queen, yaisanganisira mharadzano tisati tazvidaidza kudaro. Mushure meStonewall-ine anecdote yakakurumbira yechidhinha chekutanga-akavamba STAR (Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries) naMarsha P. Johnson kuti vape pekugara nerutsigiro kune vechidiki vasina pekugara vakadzingwa nekuda kwezvavaive. Trans kubviswa muNew York mirau uye akachengetedza dzvinyiriro yezvematongerwe enyika kusvikira kumagumo ehupenyu hwake, kunyange kusangana pamubhedha wake wekufa neEmpire State Pride Agenda kuti ade kubatanidzwa kwechokwadi.
Marsha P. Johnson, mutema wechikadzi uye anoita zvebonde, aive pamwoyo pekutanga kufamba muma70. Akashanda saamai venharaunda yekukweva mambokadzi, vakadzi vanochinja, uye Christopher Street vana, aive panzvimbo yeStonewall, uye, pamwe naSylvia, vakatanga STAR. activism mudambudziko reHIV; akabatwa muna 1990, akaramba achirwa. Muna 1992, akawanikwa akafa muRwizi rweHudson, uye nyaya yacho yakaramba isina kugadziriswa, chiratidzo chekushaya rubatsiro kuchiri kuremerwa nehupenyu.
Bayard Rustin, murume wemuAfrica-muAmerica uye aripachena murume wengochani, aive mutongi wesangano rekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States, chipangamazano akakosha kuna Martin Luther King Jr., uye murongi we1963 Kurume paWashington. Nekuda kwehunhu hwake hwepabonde, akatambura mishandirapamwe yakamusundidzira mumumvuri, asi haana kumbosiya basa: kumanikidzwa paNAACP pamusoro pedambudziko reAIDS uye akadzivirira asinganeti kuenzana kwemutemo nemagariro.
Harvey Milk, muzvinabhizimisi akashandura zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda yeSan Francisco, akaita nhoroondo semukuru weCalifornia akatanga kusarudzwa zviri pachena kuti ngochani muna 1977. Akapfuurira kuburikidza nezvisungo zvekurwisa rusarura, akakunda zvirongwa zvekurambidza vadzidzisi veLGB, uye akaunganidza nharaunda yake nemusanganiswa wetariro yehungwaru uye kuita sarudzo. kuponda kwake, kufira kutenda uye kurudziro kuchizvarwa chemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika.
MuSouth Africa, Simon Nkoli akavhara mukaha pakati pekunetsekana: anti-apartheid, LGBT kodzero, uye mhinduro kuHIV/AIDS. Akavamba GLOW (Gay and Lesbian Organisation of the Witwatersrand) uye akaronga yekutanga Johannesburg Pride muna 1990. sanganisira kuchengetedza LGBT muBumbiro reMitemoMuna 1995, akaenda kuruzhinji nezvemamiriro ake eHIV kurwisa rusarura nemuenzaniso.
Chiratidzo chakagoverana chekurwisana kwakawanda chakabva kuna Gilbert Baker, musiki wemureza wemuraraungu muna 1978, akafuridzirwa—maererano negamuchidzanwa—nerwiyo runonzi Over the Rainbow. Musona murwi muSan Francisco, akagadzira mireza, mambure, uye mireza. mureza wemuraraungu, chiratidzo chepasi rose yekuzvikudza, kutarisira uye kutsungirira.
MuSpain, Pedro Zerolo akanga ari munhu anokosha mukutsvaga kwekuroorana kwakaenzana, kwakagamuchirwa muna 2005. Gweta uye mumiririri, akatungamirira COGAM neFELGTB, uye akatora hondo yake kuMadrid City Council. mativi mana ane zita rake, akatumidzwa zita mushure mekufa kwake muna 2015, chiratidzo chevagari veguta rakasiyana.
Zvakare muSpain, Carla Antonelli anomiririra makumi emakore ekurwira. Kubva 1977, anga ari izwi rakakosha kuzivikanwa kwechikadzi uye kuenzana, kutora chikamu mumutemo we2007 uye kudzivirira, kuburikidza nezvematongerwo enyika uye nenhepfenyuro, mutemo wakakodzera nyika. chirevo chezvizvarwa zviduku uye humbowo hwekuti kuonekwa kunoshandura hurongwa hweveruzhinji.
Art, tsika uye mazwi akachinja fungidziro
Oscar Wilde, mufananidzo weVictorian wit, akatongerwa "kusazvibata kwakakomba" nekuda kwekuda vamwe varume. Mabasa ake-kubva paMufananidzo waDorian Grey kusvika Kukosha Kwekuva Wakasimba-anoenderera mberi achifumura hunyengeri. kutambudzwa zviri pamutemo uye kuiswa mujeri, asi chimiro chake chakaramba chiri chiratidzo chekupandukira, runako uye kuramba kune tsika dzakaiswa.
Virginia Woolf, nyanzvi yemazuva ano, akawana rudo runotyisa naVita Sackville-West, iyo yakafuridzira Orlando, yakatsanangurwa nemwanakomana waVita se "tsamba refu uye yakaisvonaka yerudo mumabhuku." Mumadhayari ake, akajekesa kuti marudzi mazhinji ekubatana uye chishuwo anogoneka. dzimwe nzira dzekuva uye kurondedzera, uye hupenyu hwake hwepfungwa hwakanga husina chokwadi nemabasa akaoma enguva yake.
Frida Kahlo, mukadzi uye ari pachena bisexual, akachinja marwadzo, kuzivikanwa, uye chishuwo kuita art. Akakudza midzi yake yeko, akapikisa aesthetic canons, uye akararama hukama nevarume nevakadzi - pakati pavo Josephine Baker - nerusununguko rwakanga rusina kugadzikana panguva yake. Self-portraits: muviri, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvepabonde, pasina kukumbira mvumo.
Federico García Lorca, nyanduri mukurusa wemutauro wechiSpanish, akambundikira chishuwo chake nekujeka kukuru mushure merwendo rwake rwekuNew York. Akadanana naRafael Rodríguez Rapún uye akadurura kusimba ikoko mubasa guru uye rine ushingi. kuuraya kwakagura inzwi rake uye yakasiya chinhu chichiri kunzwika mutsika dzechiHispanic.
Josephine Baker, nyeredzi yejazz uye pachena bisexual, akashandisa mukurumbira wake kurwisa rusarura: akaramba kuridza munzvimbo dzakapatsanurwa uye akataura paKurume paWashington muna 1963. musori weFrance munguva yehondo, achibuda mashoko aakanzwa paaitamba pamberi pemasoja eGermany.
Keith Haring akashandura nzira yepasi pevhu yeNew York kuita musangano wakavhurika. Mitsetse yake yakataura nezvebonde, hupenyu, rufu, rusununguko, uye AIDS, uye nheyo yake yakaendesa zviwanikwa ipapo apo denda rakarova zvakanyanya. shanda semakumbiro ekuona kwemakore gumi uye chiratidzo chekubatana mukutarisana nekushorwa.
Ifti Nasim, mudetembi wekuPakistan akatapwa kuUnited States, akaburitsa Narman, akafunga muunganidzwa wekutanga wenhetembo dzengochani muUrdu. yakatangwa SANGAT/Chicago kutsigira South Asia diaspora uye akapinzwa muChicago Gay uye Lesbian Hall of Fame muna 1996.
Nancy Cárdenas, mumwe piyona wekuMexico, akabuda paterevhizheni akazvipira kunyora kwake—nhetembo nemitambo yemitambo—kune ngochani uye ngochani ruzivo, mukuwedzera pakugadzira nzira semumiriri. kiyi yekudyara gakava pamusoro pokuenzana muMexico apo anenge pasina munhu akaita kudaro pachena.
Mumimhanzi, Elton John akashandura mukurumbira wake kuita simba risingamisiki rekutarisira. Sangano reElton John AIDS Foundation raunganidza mazana emamiriyoni emadhora mukurwisa HIV/AIDS. kutsigira zviri pamutemo uye kupa rubatsiro uye, pamusoro pazvose, hupenyu hunoponeswa.
Freddie Mercury, nezwi rake rakasiyana uye kuvapo, akapikisa stereotypes yehurume mudombo. Mushure mekufa kwake muna 1991, koniti yemutero kuWembley yakasimudza mari uye ruzivo rweAIDS pasi rose. mimhanzi uye nhaka yevanhu inoramba ichikurudzira zvizvarwa zvitsva kuti zvirarame pasina mavara akamanikana.
Ellen DeGeneres akatora danho renhoroondo muna 1997 nekubuda pane yake sitcom uye muhupenyu chaihwo, achichinja zvachose. LGBT inomiririra munguva yekutanga. rutsigiro uye zvipo kumasangano, zvichiratidza kuti varaidzo inofambisawo tsono dzenzanga.
RuPaul, wekutanga pachena gay muratidziri weTV muna 1996, akaunza tsika yekukwevera muhurukuro yepasirese neDhonza Race. key speaker to normalize uye kupemberera kuzivikanwa nemataurirwo, pamwe nekusimudzira mishandirapamwe yekuenzana uye kurwisa rusarura.
Jodie Foster, mutambi-akahwina mibairo yakawanda uye director, akataura pachena nezvemaitiro ake pa2013 Golden Globes, chiitiko chinooneka zvakanyanya muHollywood. Basa rinoratidza kuti tarenda uye chitupa hazvisi zvega., uye kuti iyo muenzaniso inoverengera zvese zviri pairi uye kunze kwehwindo.
Jim Parsons, anoyeukwa nokuda kweThe Big Bang Theory, ari kuita kuti hupenyu hwake sevakaroorana vaonekwe uye vachisarudza mapurojekiti ane LGBT kuzvipira, zvakadai semutambo 8-pamusoro pekubviswa kweChirevo 8-uye Vakomana vari muBand. rudzi runoita kuti LGBT hukama zvakasikwa.
Elliot Page, mushure mekubuda sengochani muna 2014, akazivisa shanduko yake muna 2020, achiva mumwe wevanonyanya kuoneka trans people muindasitiri iyi. kutaura chokwadi kwaikurudzira kunzwisisa nerutsigiro rwekuenzana, uye kuratidzira kwake kunoenderera kune zvikonzero zvakaita seIniwo uye kodzero dzekubereka.
Sayenzi, mazano uye zvematongerwo enyika: kubva kuEnigma kuenda kuhupfumi
Alan Turing, baba vekombuta uye kiyi yekubvisa Enigma panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, akamhan'ara nekuda kwemaonero ake uye akaiswa kemikari castration. kukumbira ruregerero kwepamutemo (2009) uye kuregererwa (2017)Hungwaru hwake hwakaponesa hupenyu; nyaya yake inotiyeuchidza kuti sei vimbiso dzekodzero dzichikosha.
John Maynard Keynes, munhu wepakati mune 20th-century pfungwa yehupfumi, akararama hukama nevarume uye akadzivirira zvine hungwaru Nyika inoshanda mukutarisana nematambudziko. bisexuality used to disqualify, asi kwete hupenyu hwake hwepachivande kana kuti caricature yemukurumbira wake "munguva refu ..." inoderedza simba uye chokwadi chebasa rake.
Mumamiriro ekunze eCold War, iyo inonzi Lavender Scare yakakurudzira kucheneswa uye kutya kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kune ngochani muUS, zvichitungamirwa nenhamba dzakaita seSenator McCarthy. chirevo chinodzvinyirira chinotsanangura kunyarara, uye zvinobatsira kuverenga nhoroondo dzeupenyu hwepanguva yacho zvakanaka.
Mareferensi kubva kune dzimwe nguva uye anotangira epfungwa
Sappho wekuLesbos, ngano yemanyepo akazvarwa pakati pe630 na560 BC, akaimba zverudo pakati pevakadzi vane hunyoro hwakatora mireniyamu. Pazviuru zvemitsara yaakanyora, vashoma chete ndivo vanopona, pamwe nekuti mabasa akapiswa muna 1073Izvo zvinosara zvakakwana kuti zvimuise sechiratidzo chikuru chengochani munhoroondo.
Kune nyaya dzakawanda pamusoro paSocrates dzinomuratidza akakomberedzwa nevadzidzi vechidiki uye rudo rukuru. Kupfuura anecdotes, tsika nedzidziso zvakabvunzwa uye vakatambudzwa nokuda kwazvo, kusvikira atongerwa rufu muna 399 BC.
Plato, mudzidzi waSocrates uye mudzidzisi waAristotle, akasiya nhaurirano dzichiri kutsigira uzivi hwokuMadokero. Kushamwaridzana kwake naDion uye zviratidziro zviri muThe Symposium makiyi etsika ekunzwisisa chishuwo chechirume munyika yekare. zvinyorwa zvaipa mutauro kuhurukuro pamusoro rudo nebonde izvozvo zvaizogara kusvikira muzana remakore rechi19.
Alexander the Great akatyora stereotype yeheteronormative hero: akaroora nekuda kwezvikonzero zvesimba, hukama hwake hwepakati hwaive naHephaestion. hupenyu hweveruzhinji uye hwepfungwa hunoratidza kuti urume hahutsamiri pane zvaanoda, uye nhaka yake yezvematongerwo enyika yakaparadzira tsika dzechiGiriki mumakondinendi matatu.
Michelangelo, murudo nemuviri wechirume, waakafananidza nemarble uye akapenda mufrescoes, akatsaurira soneti kuvarume vechidiki vakaita saGherardo Perini, Febo di Poggio, uye Tommaso de Cavalieri. basa nemavhesi anotaura nezvechido izvo mhuri yakaedza kuvanza pashure porufu rwake, ichichinja mazita kuvanza ufakazi.
Eleanor Roosevelt, akanyanya kudarika mukadzi wekutanga, akatungamira komiti yakanyora Universal Declaration of Human Rights uye yakachengetedza hukama hwepedyo nemutori wenhau Lorena Hickok. tsamba dzinoratidza rudo rwakadzama —sokuti “je t’aime et je t’adore”—iyo yatinorava nenzira yakasiyana nhasi.
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, mumiriri weGerman, anoonekwa nevakawanda semurwiri wekutanga wemazuva ano wekusunungurwa kwengochani. Mushure mekumanikidzwa kusiya basa muna 1854, akanyora mapepa uye muna 1867 akataura neCongress of Jurists muMunich achida kuenzana kwepamutemo. kupayona kushinga kweruzhinji namavara ose.
Michael Dillon ndiye aive wekutanga trans man kuita phalloplasty uye akapayona testosterone therapy yekuchinja kwake. Akadzidziswa sachiremba uye akashanda muNavy. Kutambudzwa neMedia kwakamusundidzira kuIndiaA pamberi uye shure mune trans history.
Muna 1868, Karl-Maria Kertbeny akagadzira mazwi ekuti "ungochani" uye "ungochani," kiyi yekukurukura nezvekodzero nesainzi yemazuva ano. Akashora Chikamu 143 chePrussian Code, icho chakatambudza hukama pakati pevarume (gare gare Chikamu 175 muGermany kusvika 1994). key conceptual mupiro izvo zvakashandura mazwi ekusunungurwa.
Sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld anofanirwa kutaurwa semusayendisiti uye muratidziri wekuchinja kwepabonde muGermany. tsvakurudzo uye activism basa Yakakurudzira masangano ekutanga uye hurongwa hwekunzwisisa kusiyana kwepabonde uye zvepabonde.
Munhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeEurope, kune madzimambo akaita saRichard the Lionheart kana Edward II ane ukama hwepedyo nevarume hwakakakavadzana uye, kwemazana emakore, vakacheneswa kana kusekwa. Kudzimwa kwakarongeka muzvinyorwa 'zvakakomba' Inodzokororwa mumakesi akadai saHans Christian Andersen, ane zvishuwo zvakanyorwa seanexual, kana mufungidziro nekunyarara nezveShakespeare, Leonardo da Vinci kana Isaac Newton.
Pakati pezviitiko zveSpain, Antonio de Erauso-anozivikanwa saCatalina de Erauso-anofashukira nemavara emazuva ano, asi hupenyu hwake se "nun sign" akapokana tsika dzevakadzi muzana ramakore rechi 17. muenzaniso wekutanga wekupokana kupesana nebhinarism mukati mekoloni uye yechitendero masisitimu.
Pave zvakare nekukakavadzana nezveMiguel de Cervantes zvichibva pane zvinongedzo uye mamiriro, kupfuura zvakavharwa mhedziso. Izvo zvinoenderana nekuti sei Iyo academy inotora mibvunzo uye zvinyorwa izvo zvakasiiwa nemaune kwemazana emakore.
Iri basa rekudzokorora rakasvika kune vateereri vakawanda nemapurojekiti akafanana neaÁlvaro J. Sanjuán, uyo, kuburikidza neshinda, podcasts, uye mabhuku, akarondedzera hupenyu hwe "magotsi makuru enhoroondo" nekuseka uye nehasha. nzira inofarirwa nezvidzidzo zvequeer, uye debunks pfungwa yokuti zvose LGBT "itsva" kana mutorwa kune tsika tsika dzedu.
Kune zvakare mazita akakosha saNancy Cárdenas muMexico kana Ifti Nasim muSouth Asia diaspora anotiyeuchidza kuti kuoneka hakusi kweAnglo-Saxon monopoly. geography yezvizhinji kudada, uye kuverengwa kwenguva kwayo hakutangiri kana kupera paStonewall, kunyange zvazvo usiku ihwohwo hwaiva pfarivari uye chiratidzo.
Nyaya dzakaunganidzwa pano, neayo chiaroscuros, dzinoratidza mapatani: tsigiro network, kugadzira zviratidzo, kurwira zviri pamutemo, dzidziso yeruzhinji, uye zvakare censorship, mhirizhonga, uye kunyarara. Nhaka iyoyo inokunda mukufambira mberi kwemutemo kwese, mukirasi yega yega pasina kudheerera, pabasa rese rinotiita kuti tione kuti kune nzira dzine chiuru dzekuvapo nerudo pasina kukumbira ruregerero.
