Rufu rweBritish playwright uye screenwriter Tom Stoppard ku 88 makore Inotaridza kupera kwerimwe rebasa rinonakidza kwazvo mumitambo yemazuva ano yeChirungu. Munyori wema cult classics akadai "Rosencrantz naGuildenstern vafa" uye yezviratidziro zvine simba zvakadai se "Shakespeare muRudo" Akafira kumba kwake mudunhu re Dorsetkumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEngland, akakomberedzwa nemhuri yake, sekusimbiswa nesangano rake uye akati wandei eBritish media media senge. BBC y The Guardian.
Kufa kwake kunomiririra kurasikirwa kwerimwe remazita makuru muEuropean theatre yehafu yechipiri ye20 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi21, munyori ane "Gymnastics yemashoko"Mitambo yehungwaru nemibvunzo yehuzivi yakasiya chiratidzo chisingaperi pamatanho e London y Broadway sezvakangoita pahwindo guru. Kazhinji inoratidzwa muSpain uye imwe yeEurope yose, Stoppard yaiva yechokwadi kune vakawanda pfuma yenyika yeUnited Kingdom, pasinei nokuti haana kuberekerwa ikoko.
Nyanzvi yemutauro akapa zita rake kune izwi rekuti "Stopardian"
Kusvika kwesimba rake kwaive kwakadaro Oxford English Dictionary akabatanidza chivakashure "Stoppardia" kutsanangura mabasa akanyorwa ne musanganiswa wehuzivi hwakaoma uye huzivi hunoratidzaTsanangudzo yacho inotaura nezvemusanganiswa unoputika wenhaurirano yakapinza, kusekesa kwakanaka, uye mibvunzo iripo inofananidzira zvinyorwa zvake.
Musiyano uyu, unowanikwa nevanyori vashoma, unopfupisa nzvimbo yaStopard mu Anglo-Saxon tsikamunyori wemitambo anokwanisa kushandura gakava kuzvisarudzira, magumo, sainzi, kana zvematongerwo enyika mumitambo ine mukurumbira mukuru. MuSpain, basa rake rakawanda rakaverengwa uye rakaitwa mumasangano uye mamwe matunhu, uko iyo "Stoppardian" chitambi chakabatana neinoda zvigadzirwa, asi zvinopa mubayiro kune veruzhinji.
Makambani uye European theatre Vakatendeukira kumagwaro ake kwemakumi emakore nekuda kweizvozvo musanganiswa wevaraidzo nekudzika kwenjere. Mabasa akadai "Arcadia" o "Mhenderekedzo yeUtopia" Mitambo yake yakarongwa munzvimbo dzinotungamira muLondon, Dublin, Berlin neBarcelona, kusimbisa chinzvimbo chake semumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira wekutamba mukondinendi.
Mumadenderedzwa ezvidzidzo, chivakashure chekuti "Stoppardian" chatoshanda senzira yekudimbudzira kuratidza chimiro chakanyanya chetiyeta: mitambo yemetatheatrical, zvimiro zvakaoma, uye kuseka kwakangwara mukushandira pfungwa dzakadzama. Chimwe chinhu icho, chine nuances, zvakare chakapinda mazhinji ezviratidziro zvaakanyora, kunyangwe iyo cinema yaive yakanangana nevateereri vakawanda.
Kubva kuna Tomáš Sträussler kuenda kuna Sir Tom Stoppard: hupenyu hwakaratidzwa nekudzingwa
Tom Stoppard akaberekwa muna 1937 Zlín, mune yaimbova Czechoslovakia, saTomáš SträusslerAkazvarwa mumhuri isingaite yechiJudha, hupenyu hwake hwakaumbwa kubva pakutanga nenhoroondo yeEurope muma1930 nema40s: vabereki vake vakatiza mafambiro eNazi, rwendo rwakatanga kuvatora kuenda. Singapore uyezve ku India.
MuSingapore, baba vake, chiremba uye muzvipiri muhondo yeBritain, vakafa munguva yehondo, seizvo munyori pachake aizorondedzera gare gare. Gare gare, muIndia, amai vake vakaroorwa nemukuru mukuru weuto reBritain. Kenneth StoppardUye mukomana Tomáš akava Tom Stoppard, achitorawo nyika itsva netsika. Iyi shanduko yekuzivikanwa, iyo iye pachake akatsanangura serudzi rwekuzvarwa patsva, yaizova imwe yemidzi yekunyanya kwake kunyora nekunyora. kuzivikanwa, kuva munhu uye kudzura.
Muna 1946 mhuri yakagara zvachose mumusha United Kingdomuko mudiki Stoppard aipinda chikoro chebhodhingi mukati Pocklington, YorkshireMakore akati gare gare, kupfurikidza nehama dzokuCzech, akaziva izvozvo Vanasekuru vake vana vechiJudha vakanga vapondwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNaziAiwanzotaura kuti ainzwa "nerombo rakanaka" kusafanirwa kurarama kuburikidza nechiitiko ichocho pachake, kunzwa kwerombo rakanaka rakazara nemaonero ake enyika.
Kunyangwe aigara achisimbirira kuti haana kumbobvira aita matambudziko ekubatanidzwa munzanga yeBritish, akabvuma kuti, neimwe nzira, Akanga asinganyatso kuzviona ari munyika yakanga yakamupoteredza.Kuziva uku kwokuva “kunze kwenzvimbo” zvishoma, kutorwa netsika yaisava yavo, kunopinda muvazhinji mavara asinganyatsoenderana kana kuti vanogara vachidaidzwa nemamwe mazita.
Kubva munhau kusvika padanho: kutanga kwemunyori wemitambo anonwisa mvura
Stoppard haana kuenda kuyunivhesiti. 17 makore, akasarudza kusiya chikoro ndokuva mutori wenhau, kutanga mu Western Daily Press kubva kuBristol. Kubva achiri mudiki, zvakadaro, shuviro yake chaiyo yaive munhandare: akatanga kunyora mitambo redhiyo kutoshanda se theatre mutsoropodziizvo zvakamubvumira kuziva chiitiko cheBritish chenguva iri pedyo.
Basa rake rekutanga pachikuva, “Pinda Munhu Akasununguka” (“Munhu akasununguka”) “Kufamba Pamvura” ("Kufamba pamusoro pemvura"), pakutanga yainyorerwa redhiyo. Aya mabasa ekutanga akakwezva kutarisa kwavo matauriro ane hungwaru uye kuvakwa kwetheatre chaikoAsi maive muna 1966 umo basa rake rakaita zvekusvetuka zvinoshamisa.
Gore iroro akapa paEdinburgh Festival "Rosencranz naGuildenstern Vakafa", chidimbu chinoisa mavara maviri echipiri kumberi kwe "Hamlet" Mitambo yaShakespeare uye inovashandura kuita ma protagonist akavharirwa muchirongwa chine zvarinoreva kwavari. Iro basa, iro rinotamba nekupusa, metafiction, uye gakava rehuzivi nezve kuzvisarudzira uye magumoYakava kubudirira pakarepo.
Muna 1967 basa racho rakaita kuti chimukire National Theatre yeLondonuko Stoppard akazova mumwe wevadiki vanyori vemitambo kuona basa rake richiitwa pachikuva ichocho. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, akadzika paBroadway ndokutanga kuunganidza Tony Awardsachibatanidza mufananidzo wake semwana mudiki weBritish theatre. "Rosencrantz naGuildenstern Vakafa" pakupedzisira yaizoonekwa serimwe remabasa makuru ezana ramakore rechi20 uye muenzaniso wakajeka wemaitiro ake.
Basa rakakura uye rakadzama reEuropean theatre
Kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, Stoppard akasaina mitambo inodarika makumi matatupamwe chete nezvinyorwa zveredhiyo neterevhizheni. Pakati pemazita ake anonyanya kutaurwa ndeanoti “Vanosvetuka”, “Mitambo”, “Chinhu Chaizvo”, "Arcadia", "Rock 'n' Roll", "Mhenderekedzo yeUtopia" ("Mhenderekedzo yeUtopia: Rwendo, Kuputsika kwechikepe, Kununura") uye chikamu chake chikuru chekupedzisira, "Leopoldstadt", iyo yakatanga muna 2020 muLondon's West End.
En “Vanosvetuka” ("The Jumpers"Semuyenzaniso, kusvika kwevanyamudenga veBritish paMwedzi kunoshanda semashure ekunyomba kwehuzivi kwakaoma sekuseka, kwavanopindirana. makotesheni ezvidzidzo, nharo dzetsika, uye manyorero chaiwoVatsoropodzi nevacherechedzi vakakamurwa pakati peavo vairiona sebasa rake guru naavo vairirangarira kuva rakanyanyogadzirwa, asi rugwaro rwacho rwakazvisimbisa rumene somucherechedzo wemitambo youngwaru yenguva yacho.
"Arcadia", yakabudiswa muna 1993, inopindirana nguva mbiri uye mapoka maviri evanhu kuti vaongorore madingindira akasiyana-siyana. Chaos theoryhukama huripo yapfuura neyazvinola kusava nechokwadi kwesayenzi uye kunyangwe zvikoro zvakasiyana zve kugadzira munda nekurimaNyaya yemukomana ari kuyaruka anonakidzwa nemasvomhu uye mudzidzisi wake, shamwari yaLord Byron, inopindirana nehurongwa hwemazuva ano umo vaongorori vanoedza kuvaka patsva, mukuwirirana nekutanga, zvakaitika muimba imwe cheteyo mazana maviri emakore apfuura.
Con "Rock 'n' Roll"Stopard akatarisa kumashure Eastern Europe Midzi yake yeCzech yakabatanidza mimhanzi yerock, kupesana kwenjere muCommunist Czechoslovakia, uye nhetembo senzira yekudzivisa. "Mhenderekedzo yeUtopia", rondedzero yezvitatu, yakatanga kuita mutambo mukuru nharo dzehuzivi dze pre-revolutionary Russia yezana ramakore rechi 19, izvo zvakamuwanira mumwe Tony Mubairo uye zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa munyika dzinotaura Chirungu uye munyika dzeEurope, kusanganisira Spain.
Kuonekana kwake pachikuva kwakauya "Leopoldstadt"ibasa rakafuridzirwa nenhoroondo yemhuri yake, iyo vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakatsanangura semhando ye "Schindler's List" yeimba yemitamboYakagara muVienna pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, inotaura nyaya yekumuka nekudonha kwemhuri yakabudirira yechiJudha inoratidzirwa neEuropean antisemitism uye, pakupedzisira, nemisasa yekuparadza. Mutambo wacho wakarumbidzwa nokuda kwawo uremu hwepfungwa uye maonero ake epedyo pakurangarira kweHolocaust, kunyanya kune munyori ane vanasekuru navanasekuru vakapondwa nevaNazi.
Kubva kuWest End kuenda kuHollywood: kusvetuka mufirimu
Kunyange iyo yemitambo yaive imba yake yechisikigo, bhaisikopo pakupedzisira yakashandura Stoppard kuita zita remhuri kune mamirioni evaoni muEurope nekune dzimwe nyika. Kupinda kwake kwakakomba mufirimu kwakauya pamwe nekunyora kwake "Bhuraziri" (1985), iyo baroque dystopia ye Terry gilliam, zvino rava kunzi sechitendero chekare. Kune iyo skrini, yakanyorwa pamwe naGilliam naCharles McKeown, akagashira yake yekutanga Oscar kusarudzwa.
Kubudirira kwake muHollywood kwakauya muna 1998 ne "Shakespeare murudo"Inotungamirirwa naJohn Madden. Nyeredzi dzemufirimu Gwyneth Paltrow naJoseph Fiennes, vakave budiriro yepasi rose uye chiitiko chemubairo: yakahwina maOscar manomwe, kusanganisira iyo ye Yakanakisa Yekutanga Screenplay yaStopard naMarc Norman. Zvinoshamisa kuti, vataridzi vazhinji vaimuziva pakutanga kubva panguva ino yerudo museketi kwete kubva kune yake yakawanda yekare yemitambo yemitambo.
Pamusoro pezviratidziro zvake zvepakutanga, Stoppard aive nemukurumbira novel-to-film adapterPakati pemamwe mazita, akatungamira iyo firimu vhezheni ye “Umambo hweZuva” naJG Ballard, inotungamirirwa naSteven Spielberg; "Imba yeRussia", yakavakirwa pabasa raJohn le Carré; "Billy Bathgate" kutanga naEL Doctorow; uye kare muzana remakore rechi21, "Enigma", "Anna Karenina" y "Tulip Fever"zvese zvine chikamu chakasimba chekunyora uye chenhoroondo.
Mafeni emafirimu evasori uye Cold War madhirama anowanzo ratidza basa rake mukati "Imba yeRussia" seimwe yeakanakisa kugadziridzwa kwebasa raLe Carré, uko pasina pfuti kana mutsara wenhaurirano unoratidzika kunge wakanyanyisa. Kuzvipira uku kune kurongeka kwerondedzeroIzvi, zvakagarwa nhaka muchikamu kubva muchiitiko chake chemitambo, zvakamuita iye anonyanya kutsvakwa-munyori wescreen wemapurojekiti akaomarara.
Stoppard akachinjawo basa rake kuita firimu. "Rosencranz naGuildenstern Vakafa"izvo akazvitungamirira. Firimu rakagamuchira Golden Shumba paVenice Film Festival muna 1990, uchapupu hwokuti chadenga chake chaigona kushandurirwa zvinobudirira mumutauro wemubhaisikopo pasina kurasikirwa nechienzi kana kudzika kwacho.
"Script Chiremba" mune makuru blockbusters
Kupfuura zvikwereti zvepamutemo, Stoppard aive mumwe wevakuru "script doctors" kubva kuHollywood: rudzi irworwo rwemunyori wekare anopinza chinyararire purojekiti kuenda Polish dialogues, gadziridza zviratidziro, uye natsa mavara pasina hazvo kuoneka mumakiredhiti.
Ruoko rwake rwakanyorwa mune dzinozivikanwa blockbusters se "Indiana Jones uye Yekupedzisira Crusade", kwaakagadzirisa zvakare chikamu chakanaka chemitsetse yehunhu hweIndiana nababa vake; "Star Wars: Chikamu III - Kutsiva kweSith", kubatsira kunatsiridza nhaurirano munzvimbo ine rima yesaga; kana "Hollow Hollow" y “K-19: Muiti Wechirikadzi”Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kubatanidzwa kwavo kwakasimbiswa nevatungamiri pachavo, kunyange zvazvo zvisingaonekwi muzvikwereti zvekupedzisira.
Zvakagara zvichinzi, panguva yekutorwa kwemafirimu "Schindler's List"Steven Spielberg akatomushevedza mukupererwa kuti akurukure dzimwe ndima dzechinyorwa, kusvika pakuti, maererano neanecdote, akamubudisa kunze kwemvura kuti agadzirise kusava nechokwadi kweminiti yekupedzisira. Kunyangwe mupiro wake usiri kubvumwa zviri pamutemo mufirimu, zvinozivikanwa muindasitiri iyo akabatsira natsa mamwe makiyi nhaurirano.
Akaitawo chiratidzo chake paterevhizheni nekugadzirisa kwe "Kupera kweParade" ("Kupera kweparade") yeHBO neBBC, zvichibva pane zvinyorwa zveFord Madox Ford uye ane nyeredzi, pakati pevamwe, Benedict Cumberbatch uye Rebecca Hall. Miniseries yakarumbidzwa nekuda kwayo Literary pulse uye nekunaka kwaakaita nekuguma kwenyika yaEdwardian uye kushungurudzika kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Zvose izvi shure-zvinoitika basa rakasimbisa mukurumbira wake muHollywood semhando ye "emergency room chiremba" yezvinyorwa zvinonetsa, zvinokwanisa kupa chimiro, mutinhimira uye kusekesa kwakapusa kunyangwe mumapurojekiti makuru-bhajeti akanangana nevateereri vazhinji, kusanganisira vataridzi vekuEurope.
Mazano, zvematongerwo enyika uye kuzivikanwa pasi rose
Stoppard akazvitsanangura se "inochengetedza ine vadiki c"Aive akanyanya kusununguka kupfuura murwiri webapiro rekurudyi. Kusiyana nevamwe vanyori vemitambo yeBritish yechizvarwa chake, kazhinji akabatana neruboshwe, akatsigira panguva iyo Margaret Thatcher's "Conservative Revolution" yaMargaret Thatcherkunyange zvazvo asina kuita zviratidzo zvikuru pachena zvezvinzvimbo zvake zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Kunyanya kunetseka kwake, zvisinei, kwaitenderera kune kodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuongororaIzvi zvinoonekwa mumabasa ake mazhinji ekutanga, ayo ane vatori venhau, vanopikisa, vakangwara, uye vatambi vakavharirwa muhurongwa hwehutongi. Chiitiko chake semwana wevapoteri kubva kuEurope yakagarwa yakagadzira kunzwa uku kune ... rusununguko rwomunhu uye kurambwa kwehudzvinyiriri.
Muhupenyu hwake hwose akawana mibairo yakawanda: mashanu Tony Awards kumabasa akadai "Rosencranz naGuildenstern Vakafa", “Mitambo”, “Chinhu Chaizvo” y "Mhenderekedzo yeUtopia"; the Silver Bear paBerlin Film Festival; zvambotaurwa Goridhe shumba of Venice; uye Hollywood Academy Award chifananidzo ye "Shakespeare muRudo". KuUnited Kingdom kwaiva Anozivikanwa naMambokadzi Elizabeth IIIzvi zvakaita kuti pave nekuzivikanwa kwevanhu kwayakanga yanakidzwa nayo mukuita kwemakore.
Pachake, akarondedzerwa somurume tsvarakadenga, yakachengeterwa uye ine inosekesa pfungwa yekusekaNehupenyu hwerudo hwainetsa hwaisanganisira michato mitatu uye hukama hwakati wandei hwakashambadzirwa, kunyangwe kubudirira kwake, vazhinji vaaishanda navo vakasimbirira kuti zvaive zvakaoma kumuitira shanje nekuti tarenda rake raiperekedzwa nerupo rwaingowedzera mukurumbira wake mukuru.
Shamwari dzake dzakafamba pakati pemabhuku, mitambo yemitambo, nemimhanzi yakakurumbira. Muimbi we The Rolling Stones, Mick JaggerAive mumwe weavo vakamupa mutero mushure mekuziva nezverufu rwake. Kubva kumasangano enyika, the Mambo Charles IIIMumwe anofarira zvemitambo uye shamwari yake, akaburitsa chirevo achichema kurasikirwa kwe "mumwe wevanyori vedu vakuru," achisimbisa kugona kwake kudenha, kufamba, uye kukurudzira kuvateereri nepeni yake.
Chimiro chisingarambiki chakaratidza zvizvarwa
Chitambi cheStopardian chinozivikanwa mu kugona kwenhaurirano dzavo, kuravira kwe Mitambo yezwi uye kugona kusanganisa zvinoita sezvisingaenderane zvidzidzo: zvedzidzo uzivi uye gymnastics, romanticism uye thermodynamics, chaos sainzi uye gadheni, rock uye Czech zvematongerwo enyika, kana chiJudha uye nhoroondo ndangariro, kutaura mienzaniso mishomanana.
Muzvidimbu zvakadai “Vanosvetuka” o "Rock 'n' Roll" kusangana uku kunoonekwa erudition uye kusava nehanyaVateereri vanogona kuzviwana vachikurukura nezveKant, quantum mechanics, kana kuratidzira kwevadzidzi nepo vatambi vachisvetuka pachikuva kana kuita nharo kusvika pakurova kwevinyl rekodhi. Uku kusanganiswa kwemaitiro akaomarara uye anosvikika akabvumira kuti ibatane nevateereri vakadzidza zvikuru uye avo vanongotsvaga nyaya yakanaka inotaurwa zvakanaka.
Pane imwe nhanho yemunhu, Stoppard haana kumbosiya zvachose kufona kwake kwekutanga semutori wenhau. Mukubvunzurudzwa, akabvuma kuti, sejaya, akarota kunyora zvinyorwa kubva kuAfrica airports pasi pemoto-pfuti, asi kuti akanga asina ushingi hwekubvunza vanhu mibvunzo yakananga. “Ndaigara ndichifunga kuti munhu aibvunzurudzwa aizondirova musoro netii kana kuti kufonera mapurisa,” akaseka kudaro, achitsanangura chikonzero nei ainzwa akasununguka. kugadzira mavara pane kubvunza vanhu chaivo.
Mabasa ake akapindirana zvakanyanya nevateereri vekuEurope, kusanganisira vataridzi veSpanish, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa mukati repertory theatre nemitambo yenyika. Vatungamiri vanoda Àlex Rigola Vakatakura mazita akadai "Rock 'n' Roll" nemamwe magwaro ku Vadivelu Comedy Free Theater yatova matanho akasiyana enyika, zvichibatsira kubatanidza mukurumbira wayo muchiitiko chekutaura chiSpanish.
Mukukura kwake, nezvidimbu zvakadai "Leopoldstadt", kunyora kwake kwakapinda kuora mwoyo uye nhoroondo yekufungisisa pasina kurasikirwa nepfari yake yekutaura. Vatsoropodzi vakawanda vakaratidza kuti, kure nokuzvidzokorora, akanga awana nzira yekuvhara denderedzwa pakati pehupenyu hwake, kuyeuka kweHolocaust, uye mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekuzivikanwa uye kuve yakagara ichiita mubasa rake.
Nekufa kwaTom Stoppard, munhu akabatana, mumunhu mumwe chete playwright yemazano, kapoka screenwriter, uye akavanzika mhizha yevakuru blockbustersNhaka yake yakakamurwa pakati pemitambo yeEurope iyo icharamba ichiratidzira mitambo yake, mafirimu ayo mamiriyoni evaoni anoziva anenge nemoyo, uye chirevo ichocho, "Stoppardian," chinotopfupisa nzira yekunzwisisa unyanzvi: kufunga zvakadzama pasina kusiya kunakidzwa kwekuita kwetiyeri uye nyaya yakanaka.
