Rufu rwemunyori wemitambo wekuBritain uye munyori wemifananidzo Tom Stoppard ava nemakore 88 rwunoratidza kuguma kwebasa rakanaka kwazvo mumitambo yemazuva ano yeChirungu. Munyori wemabhuku ekare akadai se "Rosencrantz naGuildenstern Are Dead" uye mafirimu ane simba akadai se "Shakespeare in Love" akafira kumba kwake kuDorset , kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEngland, akakomberedzwa nemhuri yake, sezvakasimbiswa nesangano rake nenhepfenyuro dzakawanda dzekuBritain, kusanganisira BBC neThe Guardian.
Kufa kwake kunoratidza kurasikirwa kwemumwe wemazita makuru mumitambo yemitambo yeEurope yehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, munyori ane "magymnastics emuromo , " nemibvunzo yepfungwa, uye yeuzivi yakasiya chiratidzo chisingaperi pazvikuva zveLondon neBroadway , pamwe nepachiratidziro chikuru. Yaiwanzoitwa muSpain nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, Stoppard yaionekwa nevakawanda sepfuma yenyika yeUnited Kingdom , kunyangwe isina kuzvarirwa ikoko.
Nyanzvi yemutauro akapa zita rake kune izwi rekuti "Stopardian"
Simba rake guru raiva guru zvekuti Oxford English Dictionary yaisanganisira chipauro chekuti "Stoppardian" kutsanangura mabasa akanyorwa nemusanganiswa wepfungwa dzakapinza uye mafungiro ehuzivi . Tsanangudzo yacho pachayo inonongedzera kumusanganiswa wehurukuro dzakapinza, kusetsa kwakanaka, uye mibvunzo yehupenyu yaitsanangura zvinyorwa zvake.
Musiyano uyu, wakawanikwa nevanyori vashoma, unosanganisira nzvimbo yaStoppard mutsika dzeAnglo-Saxon : munyori wemitambo anokwanisa kushandura nharo pamusoro perusununguko rwekusarudza, ramangwana, sainzi, uye zvematongerwo enyika kuita mitambo inofarirwa nevanhu vakawanda. MuSpain, basa rake rakawanda rakaverengwa uye rakaitwa mumasangano akasiyana uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uko kubata ikoko kwe "Stoppardian" kwakabatana nemitambo inoda mari yakawanda iyo ichiri kupa mubayiro kune vateereri.
Kwemakumi emakore, makambani emitambo yeEurope nemitambo yemavhidhiyo ave achishandisa zvinyorwa zvake kuti asanganise varaidzo nepfungwa dzakadzama . Mitambo yakaita se "Arcadia" ne "The Coast of Utopia" yave ichiratidzwa munzvimbo huru muLondon, Dublin, Berlin, neBarcelona, zvichisimbisa chinzvimbo chake semumwe wevanyori vemitambo vane simba zvikuru mukondinendi.
Munharaunda dzedzidzo, chipauro chekuti "Stoppardian" chave nzira pfupi yekutsanangura chimiro chemitambo chaiyo: mitambo yemitambo, maumbirwo akaomarara, uye kusetsa kwakangwara kunopa pfungwa dzakadzama. Izvi, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvidiki, zvakapindawo mumitambo yakawanda yaakanyora, kunyangwe apo bhaisikopo raive rakanangana nevateereri vakawanda.
Kubva kuna Tomáš Sträussler kuenda kuna Sir Tom Stoppard: hupenyu hwakaratidzwa nekudzingwa
Tom Stoppard akaberekwa muna 1937 muZlín, mune yaimbova Czechoslovakia, mumhuri yechiJudha isingaite zvechitendero. Nhoroondo yeEurope muma1930 nema1940 yakachinja hupenyu hwake kubva pakutanga: vabereki vake vakatiza kufambira mberi kweNazi, rwendo rwakavaendesa kuSingapore ndokuzoenda kuIndia.
MuSingapore, baba vake, chiremba uye muzvipiri muhondo yeBritain, vakafa panguva yehondo, sezvakataurwa nemunyori pachake. KuIndia, amai vake vakaroorwa nemukuru wemauto eBritain Kenneth Stoppard , uye mukomana Tomáš akazozivikanwa saTom Stoppard, achitorawo rudzi rutsva netsika. Kuchinja uku kwehunhu, kwaakatsanangura serudzi rwekuzvarwa patsva, kwaizova chimwe chezvikonzero zvekunyanya kuda kwake hunhu, kuva werudzi, uye kudzurwa.
Muna 1946, mhuri iyi yakagara zvachose muUnited Kingdom , uko Stoppard wechidiki aipinda chikoro chebhodhingi muPocklington, Yorkshire . Makore akazotevera, kuburikidza nehama dzekuCzech, akanzwa kuti sekuru vake vese vana vechiJudha vakapondwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi . Aigara achitaura kuti ainzwa "ane rombo rakanaka" kuti haana kuzvionera ega, pfungwa yerombo rakanaka raipinda mumaonero ake.
Kunyangwe aigara achisimbirira kuti haana kumbobvira asangana nematambudziko ekubatana neveruzhinji rweBritain, akabvuma kuti, neimwe nzira, aisanzwa sekunge akakodzera munyika yakamupoteredza . Kuziva uku kwekuva "asiri panzvimbo" zvishoma, kwekugamuchirwa netsika dzisiri dzake, kunopinda muvanhu vazhinji vasingakodzeri kana vanogara vachidanwa nemamwe mazita.
Kubva munhau kusvika padanho: kutanga kwemunyori wemitambo anonwisa mvura
Stoppard haana kuenda kuyunivhesiti. Ava nemakore 17 , akasarudza kusiya chikoro ndokuva mutori wenhau , kutanga paWestern Daily Press muBristol. Zvisinei, kubva achiri mudiki, chinangwa chake chaicho chaive mu theatre: akatanga kunyora mitambo yeredhiyo uye kushanda semutsoropodzi we theatre , izvo zvakamubvumira kuzivana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yemitambo yeBritain yenguva iyoyo.
Mutambo wake wekutanga wechikuva, " Enter a Free Man," wakatanga kuma1960, panguva imwe chete nemamwe mabasa ekutanga akadai se "A Walk on the Water," akanyorerwa redhiyo pakutanga. Mabasa aya ekutanga akakwezva vanhu nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hweungwaru uye hunyanzvi hwavo hwekugadzira mitambo, asi muna 1966 ndipo pakatanga basa rake kuenderera mberi zvinoshamisa.
Gore iroro, akapa "Rosencrantz naGuildenstern Vafa" paEdinburgh Festival , mutambo unoratidza vatambi vaviri vechipiri kubva mu "Hamlet" yaShakespeare uye unovashandura kuita vatambi vakuru vakabatwa muchirongwa chine zvachinoreva. Basa iri, rinotamba zvisina musoro, fungidziro, uye gakava repfungwa pamusoro perusununguko rwekusarudza neramangwana , rakabudirira pakarepo.
Muna 1967, mutambo uyu wakasvika kuNational Theatre yeLondon , uko Stoppard akava mumwe wevanyori vemitambo vadiki kwazvo kuita rimwe remabasa ake padanho iroro. Nguva pfupi yadarika, wakasvika paBroadway ndokutanga kuunganidza Tony Awards , zvichisimbisa mufananidzo wake semwana anoshamisa weBritish theatre. "Rosencrantz naGuildenstern Vafa" pakupedzisira yaizoonekwa seimwe yemitambo mikuru yezana remakore rechi20 uye muenzaniso wechokwadi wemaitiro ake.
Basa rakakura uye rakadzama reEuropean theatre
Kwemakore anopfuura makumi mashanu, Stoppard akanyora mitambo inopfuura makumi matatu , pamwe nezvinyorwa zveredhiyo neterevhizheni. Mamwe emabhuku ake anonyanya kutaurwa nezvawo ndeanoti “Jumpers , ” “Travesties , ” “The Real Thing , ” “Arcadia , ” “Rock 'n' Roll , ” “The Coast of Utopia” ( “Journey, Shipwreck, Rescue” ), uye basa rake guru rekupedzisira, “Leopoldstadt,” iro rakatanga kuratidzwa muna 2020 muLondon’s West End.
Semuenzaniso , mu "Jumpers ," kusvika kwevatyairi vendege vekuBritain pamwedzi kunoshanda senzira yekuseka kweuzivi kunyange zvazvo kwakaoma uye kunonakidza, uko mashoko edzidzo, nharo dzetsika, uye ma "acrobatics" chaiwo anosangana . Vatsoropodzi nevateereri vakakamurwa pakati peavo vaiona sehunyanzvi hwake hukuru uye avo vaiona sehwakagadziriswa zvakanyanya, asi rugwaro rwakazvisimbisa sechiratidzo chemitambo yepfungwa yenguva iyoyo.
"Arcadia ," yakaburitswa muna 1993, inosanganisa nguva mbiri nemapoka maviri evanhu kuti vaongorore dingindira rakasiyana-siyana sedzidziso yenyonganyonga , hukama huripo pakati pekare neazvino , kusava nechokwadi kwesainzi , uye kunyange zvikoro zvakasiyana zvekugadzira nzvimbo nekurima . Nyaya yemukomana wechidiki anofarira masvomhu uye mudzidzisi wake, shamwari yaLord Byron, inobata nyaya yemazuva ano umo vaongorori vanoedza, nekuoma, kugadzirazve zvakaitika muimba iyoyo mazana maviri emakore apfuura.
Nerwiyo rwekuti “Rock 'n' Roll ,” Stoppard akatarira zvakare kuEastern Europe nemidzi yake yeCzech, achisanganisa mimhanzi yerock, kusabvumirana kwepfungwa muCzechoslovakia yechikominisi, uye nhetembo senzira yekupikisa. Murwiyo rwekuti “The Coast of Utopia ,” trilogy ine chinangwa chikuru, akatanga kuridza mimhanzi mikuru yepfungwa dzeRussia yezana remakore rechi19 isati yatanga chimurenga , zvichimuwanira imwe Tony Award nemitambo yakawanda munyika dzinotaura Chirungu uye munyika dzeEurope, kusanganisira Spain.
Mutambo wekuonekana kwake pachikuva wakauya ne "Leopoldstadt ," mutambo wakafuridzirwa nenhoroondo yemhuri yake, uyo vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakautsanangura serudzi rwe "Schindler's List" yemitambo . Wakaitirwa muVienna pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, unotaura nyaya yekumuka nekuwa kwemhuri yechiJudha yakabudirira inozivikanwa neruvengo rwechiJudha muEurope uye, pakupedzisira, nemisasa yekuurawa. Mutambo uyu wakarumbidzwa nekuda kwesimba rawo remanzwiro uye kutarisa kwawo kwakadzama kurangarira Holocaust , kunyanya kwakakosha kumunyori ane vanasekuru nasekuru vakaurayiwa nemaNazi.
Kubva kuWest End kuenda kuHollywood: kusvetuka mufirimu
Kunyange zvazvo imba yemitambo yaiva musha wake wechisikigo, firimu rakasimbisa chinzvimbo chaStoppard semukurumbira wemamiriyoni evaoni muEurope nepasi rese. Kupinda kwake mufirimu kwakauya nekunyora pamwe chete "Brazil" (1985), baroque dystopia yaTerry Gilliam , iyo yava kuonekwa seyekare. Pamutambo uyu, wakanyorwa pamwe chete naGilliam naCharles McKeown, akagamuchira kusarudzwa kwake kwekutanga kweOscar.
Kubudirira kwake muHollywood kwakauya muna 1998 nefirimu rinonzi "Shakespeare in Love," rakatungamirirwa naJohn Madden. Firimu iri, iro rine Gwyneth Paltrow naJoseph Fiennes, rakabudirira pasi rose uye rakawana mibairo yakawanda: rakahwina mibairo minomwe yeOscars, kusanganisira Best Original Screenplay yaStoppard naMarc Norman. Zvinoshamisa kuti, vaoni vazhinji vakatanga kumuziva munguva iyi yerudo comedy pane basa rake guru rekare mumitambo yemitambo.
Pamusoro pemafirimu ake ekutanga, Stoppard aive munyori wenyaya ane mukurumbira . Pakati pemamwe mazita, akanyora firimu rakatorwa kubva ku "Empire of the Sun" raJ.G. Ballard, rakatungamirirwa naSteven Spielberg; "The Russia House ," rakavakirwa mubhuku raJohn le Carré; "Billy Bathgate," rakavakirwa mubhuku raE.L. Doctorow; uye, muzana remakore rechi21, "Enigma , " "Anna Karenina," uye "Tulip Fever ," ese ane chikamu chakasimba chemabhuku nenhoroondo.
Vateveri vemafirimu evasori nemitambo yeCold War vanowanzo ratidza basa rake pa "The Russia House" seimwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekugadzirisa nyaya yaLe Carré, uko mifananidzo yese yehurukuro inoratidzika kunge yakakosha. Kuzvipira uku kunyaya dzakarurama , kwakagara nhaka kubva muruzivo rwake rwemitambo, kwakaita kuti ave munyori wenyaya aidiwa zvikuru wemapurojekiti akaomarara.
Stoppard akagadzirisawo basa rake, "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," kuita firimu , raakatungamira iye pachake. Firimu iri rakahwina Golden Lion paVenice Film Festival ya1990 , humbowo hwekuti nyika yake yaigona kushandurwa zvinobudirira mumutauro wemafirimu pasina kurasikirwa nekushamisa kana kudzika kwayo.
"Script Chiremba" mune makuru blockbusters
Kunze kwezviziviso zvepamutemo, Stoppard aive mumwe we "vanachiremba vekunyora" vakuru muHollywood : rudzi rwemunyori wenhau ane ruzivo anopinda muchirongwa chekuvandudza hurukuro, kugadzirisa zviitiko uye kunatsiridza vatambi pasina kuoneka mumafirimu.
Ruoko rwake rwakanyorwa mumafirimu anozivikanwa zvikuru akadai se "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ," kwaakashandura chikamu chikuru chemitsara yeIndiana Jones nababa vake; "Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith ," zvichibatsira kunatsiridza hurukuro muchikamu chakasviba chesaga; uye "Sleepy Hollow" uye "K-19: The Widowmaker." Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kubatanidzwa kwake kwakasimbiswa nevatungamiriri pachavo, kunyangwe asina kupihwa mbiri muzvikamu zvekupedzisira.
Zvinonzi kazhinji, panguva yekutorwa kwefirimu re "Schindler's List ," Steven Spielberg akamufonera achinetseka kuti vakurukure zvimwe zvikamu zvechinyorwa chacho, achitosvika pakumuburitsa mumvura, maererano nenyaya yacho, kuti agadzirise kusava nechokwadi kwekupedzisira. Kunyangwe mupiro wake usingazivikanwe zviri pamutemo mufirimu, zvinogamuchirwa zvakanyanya muindasitiri kuti akabatsira kunatsiridza mimwe mitsetse mikuru yekukurukurirana.
Akaitawo mukurumbira wake paterevhizheni nekushandisa " Parade's End" yeHBO neBBC, zvichibva mumabhuku aFord Madox Ford uye pakati pevamwe, vaitamba naBenedict Cumberbatch naRebecca Hall. Nhepfenyuro diki dzakarumbidzwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwadzo hwekunyora uye kunzwisisa kwadzakaita kuguma kwenyika yeEdwardian uye kushungurudzika kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Basa rese iri repachivande rakasimbisa mukurumbira wake muHollywood se "chiremba wepachipatara che emergency room" wezvinyorwa zvine matambudziko, achikwanisa kuunza chimiro, mutinhimira uye kusetsa kudiki kunyangwe kumapurojekiti ane bhajeti hombe akanangana nevateereri vakawanda, kusanganisira vaoni vekuEurope.
Mazano, zvematongerwo enyika uye kuzivikanwa pasi rose
Stoppard akazvitsanangura semunhu "anochengetedza pfungwa dzevanhu ," anenge ari munhu anofarira zvechinyakare kupfuura munhu anowanzo rwira kodzero dzevanhu. Kusiyana nevamwe vanyori vemitambo vekuBritain vechizvarwa chake, vaiwanzobatanidzwa nevekuruboshwe, akatsigira "chimurenga chekuchengetedza pfungwa" chaMargaret Thatcher panguva iyoyo , kunyangwe asina kuratidza pachena maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvisinei, chinangwa chake chikuru chaive chekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kudzvanywa kwevanhu . Kufunga uku kunoonekwa mumabasa ake mazhinji ekutanga, ayo ane vatori venhau, vanopikisa, vakangwara, uye vanhu vakavharirwa muhurongwa hwehudzvanyiriri. Ruzivo rwake semwana wevapoteri kubva kuEurope yakatorwa rwakamuita kuti anzwe kuda rusununguko rwemunhu uye kuramba kwake hudzvanyiriri.
Mubasa rake rese, akawana mibairo yakawanda: maTony Awards mashanu emabasa akadai se "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , " "Travesties , " "The Real Thing," uye "The Coast of Utopia" ; Silver Bear paBerlin Film Festival; Golden Lion yambotaurwa nezvayo paVenice Film Festival; uye Academy Award ye "Shakespeare in Love." MuUnited Kingdom, akapihwa mubairo we "Knight" naMambokadzi Elizabeth II , achigadzira kuzivikanwa kwaaive aita kwemakore.
Iye pachake, akatsanangurwa semurume ane hunhu hwakanaka, akanyarara uye ane hunhu husina kunaka , ane hupenyu hwerudo husina kugadzikana hwaisanganisira michato mitatu uye hukama hwakawanda hwakaziviswa zvakanyanya. Pasinei nekubudirira kwake, vazhinji vaaishanda navo vakaramba vachiti zvaive zvakaoma kumuitira shanje nekuti tarenda rake raiperekedzwa nerupo izvo zvakawedzera mukurumbira wake mukuru.
Shamwari dzake dzakachinja-chinja kubva pamabhuku, mitambo yemitambo, uye mimhanzi yakakurumbira. Muimbi mukuru weRolling Stones, Mick Jagger , aive mumwe weavo vakamurumbidza mushure mekufa kwake. Kubva munyika yemasangano, Mambo Charles III , aifarira mitambo yemitambo uye shamwari yake, akaburitsa chirevo achichema kurasikirwa ne "mumwe wevanyori vedu vakuru," achisimbisa kugona kwake kukurudzira, kufambisa, uye kukurudzira vateereri nekunyora kwake.
Chimiro chisingarambiki chakaratidza zvizvarwa
Maitiro aStoppard akajeka anoonekwa mukugona kwake kutaura , kufarira kwake kutamba kwemashoko , uye kugona kwake kusanganisa dingindira risingawirirane: uzivi hwedzidzo nejimnasium, rudo uye thermodynamics, sainzi yechaos nekurima, zvematongerwo enyika erock neCzech, kana chiJudha nekurangarira nhoroondo, kungotaura mienzaniso mishomanana.
Muzvikamu zvakaita se "Jumpers" kana "Rock 'n' Roll," musanganiswa uyu wekudzidza uye kusaremekedza unoonekwa : vateereri vanogona kuzviwana vachikurukura nezveKant, quantum mechanics, kana kuratidzira kwevadzidzi nepo vatambi vachisvetuka-svetuka pachikuva kana kutaurirana vachitevedzera mutinhimira werekodhi yevinyl. Musanganiswa uyu wekukwezva kwakasimba uye kwakakurumbira wakamubvumira kushamwaridzana nevateereri vakadzidza zvikuru nevaya vanongotsvaga nyaya yakanaka inotaurwa zvakanaka.
Panyaya yake pachake, Stoppard haana kumborega zvachose basa rake rekutanga semutori wenhau. Mukubvunzurudzwa, akabvuma kuti, achiri jaya, airota kunyora zvinyorwa kubva kunhandare dzendege dzemuAfrica achipfurwa nepfuti, asi kuti aisava neushingi hwekubvunza vanhu mibvunzo yakananga. "Ndaigara ndichifunga kuti munhu aibvunzurudzwa aizondirova netii kana kufonera mapurisa," akadaro achiseka, achitsanangura kuti sei ainzwa akasununguka kugadzira vanhu pane kubvunzurudza vanhu chaivo.
Mabasa ake akabatana zvikuru nevateereri vekuEurope, kusanganisira vaoni vekuSpain, kuburikidza nemitambo mumitambo yemitambo yerepertory nemitambo yepasi rose. Vatungamiriri vakaita saÀlex Rigola vakaunza mazita akadai se “Rock 'n' Roll” nemamwe magwaro kuTeatre Lliure nemadanho akasiyana-siyana munyika yese, zvichibatsira kusimbisa mukurumbira wake munyika inotaura chiSpanish.
Mumakore ake ekupedzisira, nezvinyorwa zvakaita se "Leopoldstadt ," zvinyorwa zvake zvakawedzera kusuruvara uye kufungisisa nhoroondo pasina kurasikirwa nekutaura kwaro. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakataura kuti, pane kuzvidzokorora, akanga awana nzira yekuvhara denderedzwa pakati pehupenyu hwake, kurangarira kweHolocaust, uye mibvunzo mikuru yekuzivikanwa uye kuva werudzi rwayo yaigara ichitaurwa mubasa rake.
Nekufa kwaTom Stoppard, munhu airatidza hunhu hwemunyori wemitambo yemazano, munyori wezvinyorwa zvechitendero, uye mhizha wepachivande wemabhaisikopo makuru afa . Nhaka yake inogoverwa pakati pemitambo yekuEurope icharamba ichiratidza mitambo yake, mafirimu ayo mamiriyoni evaoni anoziva nemusoro, uye chipauro chekuti, "Stoppardian," icho chatove chinosanganisira nzira yekunzwisisa hunyanzvi: kufunga zvakadzama pasina kurasikirwa nemufaro wekuita kwemitambo uye nyaya yakanaka.
