Muzvisikwa, kupona inyanzvi yakaoma inodarika simba kana kukurumidza. Mhuka dzakawanda dzakagadzira nzira dzinoshamisa dzokunzvenga zvikara nokunyengera. Pakati pemazano aya, thanatosis inomira pachena, inozivikanwa se "kutamba yakafa," asi kune mamwe akawanda anonakidza zvakafanana. Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kuti hunhu hwekupona hwakaumba sei maitiro asingatarisike uye ehungwaru ayo achiri kushamisa sainzi nhasi.
Murwendo urwu tichapinda munyika yecamouflage, kutevedzera uye mamwe maitiro ekudzivirira akadai sekunyepedzera rufu, vachitsanangura kuti mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandisa sei unyanzvi uhwu kunyengedza vose vari vaviri vanobatana navo uye vavengi. Kubva pazvipembenene zvemashizha zvinoita sezvinomera kusvika kumaruva anotevedzera mamwe maruva, isu tichawana yechokwadi theatre yehupenyu uko hunyengeri huri protagonist.
Thanatosis: mutambo wekutamba wakafa
Thanatosis, kana tonic immobility, ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzvidzivirira maitiro mumhuka. Zvinosanganisira kunyepedzera kunge munhu afa kuti ape chikara chisafarira. Mamwe marudzi anotoperekedza kuita uku nekuvanzika kana kumira kwemuviri kunosimbisa manyepo.
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Virginia opossum. Mhuka iyi inopinda muchimiro chekuoma mitezo isingaite kana ichinzwa kuti ichityisidzirwa. Munguva iyi, inobudisa kunhuhwirira kwechitunha, zvichiita kuti ive mhuka isingafadzi kune vavengi vayo. Kusafamba uku kunogona kugara kwemaminetsi kana maawa, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Munyika yezvinokambaira, hognose nyoka nyeredzi chaidzo. Vasati "vafa," vanotanga kurwisa kwekunyomba, kuridza muridzo uye kubata kumeso mitsipa yavo kuti inakidze. Kana zvese zvikasabudirira, vanofuratira kumusana, vovhura miromo yavo, uye vangatobuda ropa. Uku kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kunowanzo kukwana kuodza mwoyo vanorwisa vazhinji.
Antlion manyoka anotambawo nerufu, asi nenzira dzisingafungidzirwe. Zvisikwa izvi zvinoramba zvisingatauriki kana zvabatwa, zvichinyengedza zvikara. Ongororo yakaitwa neYunivhesiti yeBristol yakawana kuti, kunyangwe nguva chaiyo ye "kumuka" kwavo isingatarisike, maitiro akajairwa anodzokororwa muhuwandu hwese, zvichipa zano rekuchinjika.
Isu tinowanawo maitiro akafanana mumoto-bellied toad. Dumbu rayo rinopenya rinonyevera nezvehuturu hwayo. Kana izvo zvisina kukwana, inotendeuka uye inoratidza dumbu rayo risingafambi senzira yekupedzisira yekudzivirira. Iri zano rinosanganisa makemikari kudzivirira ne thanatosis.
Camouflage: Masters of Animal Disguise
Camouflage izano rinobvumira mhuka dzakawanda kusanganisa nekwadzinenge dzakatenderedza kuti vanzvenge zvese zvikara nemhuka. Mimwe mienzaniso yakaoma kunzwisisa zvekuti inonyengedza kunyange ziso remunhu rakanyatsodzidziswa.
Mashizha uye zvipembenene zvinonamira ndezvechokwadi illusionists. Vanotevedzera mashizha akaomeswa kana matavi, ane ruzivo rwakadai setsinga, mavara e mold, kana kunyange kuumbwa kwepamusoro. Nyaya yechipembenene inonzi Uropia meticulodina inonakidza chaizvo: kutaridzika kwayo kwemativi matatu eshizha rakakungurutswa ingori manyepo pamapapiro akafuratira.
Camouflage inogonawo kuita simba, sezvakaita squid. Kutenda kune machromatophores ayo, inogona kushandura ipapo ruvara uye chimiro kuti iwirirane nechero pasi pegungwa. Zvinoshamisa kuti, kunyange zvazvo isingakwanisi kusiyanisa mavara, ine chiedza chekugamuchira muganda rayo, zvichiita kuti ione mavara uye ienderane nenharaunda yayo pasina kushandisa maonero echinyakare.
Dzimwe mhuka, dzakadai sembizi, dzinoshandisa kuvharidzira kunovhiringidza. Mitsetse yavo inofamba inogadzira zvinoonekwa zvinokanganisa maonero ekutungamira nekumhanya. Chiitiko ichi, chinozivikanwa se stroboscopic effect, chinoita kuti zviome kuti zvikara zvikwanise kuverenga mafambiro emhuka, zvichidzipa masekonzi anokosha ekupukunyuka.
Countershading chimwe chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya checamouflage chishandiso. Mhuka dzakaita se orcas, penguin, uye weasels dzine matumbu ane mavara akajeka uye misana yakasviba. Ruvara urwu runoita kuti zvisaonekwe, zvingave zvichionekwa kubva kumusoro kana pasi, nekuda kwekupindirana kwechiedza chechisikigo nemumvuri.
Mimicry: Biological Lies kuti Urarame
Mukuedzesera, mhuka kana zvisikwa zvinotora chitarisiko, maitiro, kana zviratidzo zvemakemikari zveimwe mhuka kuti zvibatsirwe. Kune kunyanya marudzi maviri: Batesian uye Müllerian.
Kutevedzera kweBatesian kunoitika kana mhuka isingakuvadzi inotevedzera ine ngozi. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewe hoverflies, nhunzi dzinotevedzera ruvara rutema neyero rwenyuchi nemanyuchi. Kunyangwe vasingarume, vanokwanisa kudzivirira kurwiswa nekuda kwekuzvivanza uku.
Imwe nyaya inotoshamisa inowanikwa mune dzimwe shiri dzeAmazonian. Manhiyo egrey mochema ane minhenga yeorenji ine matipi machena anoita kuti aite semakonye ane chepfu. Uyezve, kana dzaona njodzi, hadzipemhi zvokudya sezvinoita mamwe nhiyo, asi dzinofambisa misoro yadzo kubva kune rumwe rutivi ichienda kune rumwe, dzichitevedzera mafambire anoita makonye aya. Zvese zvinoita sezvinoratidza kuti kupona kwavo kunoenderana nekunyengedza vangango kurwisa nekuona uye nemaitiro.
MuMüllerian mimicry, mhando mbiri dzine ngozi dzakafanana uye dzose dzinobatsirwa nekudzidza kubva kune zvikara. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kune viceroy uye monarch butterflies. Kwenguva yakareba, viceroy yaifungidzirwa kuti inongotevedzera isingakuvadzi, asi zvakaratidzwa kuti hainakidzewo mumukanwa, nokudaro kusimbisa kodhi yekuzivisa yekuona.
Kunyengedza mune chirimwa uye fungal nyika
Mimicry haisi yemhuka chete. Miti yakawanda nefungi zvinorishandisawo. Somuenzaniso, ma<em>orchids anowanzo kutevedzera maruva emamwe marudzi anopa mibairo yokukwezva ma<em>pollinator pasina kuvapa chero chinhu chipi zvacho.
Imwe yemisungo yakaomesesa ndeyefungus Fusarium xyrophilum. Chipembenene ichi chinotapura zvidyarwa zverudzi Xyris muGuyana uye chinogadzira pseudoflowers anooneka anotevedzera chinhu chaicho. Inoshandisa fluorescent pigments inoonekwa kune zvipembenene uye kunyange kunhuhwirira "kunyengera" nemapheromones akadai sea-farnesene kana nerolidol, anozivikanwa kukwezva nyuchi uye bumblebees. Chinangwa: kunyengedza mapollinators kuti aparadzire mbeu dzayo.
Kuwedzera pakutevedzera zvinooneka, zvimwe zvipenyu zvinonyengera nezvinonzwika kana kuti zviratidzo zvemakemikari. Kune zvipfukuto zvinobereka manzwi ezvikara zvazvo, zvichizvivhundutsa, kana kuti zvirimwa zvinobudisa zvinhu zvinochinja maitiro ezvipembenene zvinozvifarira.
Disguise sechombo chekudzivirira uye kurwisa chiri pasi rose. Maruva ese ari maviri anotevedzera mamwe maruva kunyengedza tumbuyu nefungi anoburitsa maruva enhema maruva anobatanidzwa mune yakaoma network yekudyidzana umo unyengeri hunokosha pakubudirira kwavo kwekushanduka.
Mhindumupindu yakaita kuti unyengeri huve chishandiso chinokosha kumarudzi akawanda. Kungave kuburikidza ne thanatosis, camouflage, kana kutevedzera, zvipenyu kubva kuhumambo hwese zvakagadzira nzira dzekuvhiringidza, kutyisidzira, kana kunyengedza vadzivisi vavo. Ingave possum, orchid yakafa nenzara, kana howa hwemanyepo, vese vari kutamba mutambo mumwe chete: kupona kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwekunyengera.